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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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Hiotographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STRilET 

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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


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Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
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the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


D 


D 


D 
D 
D 


D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pellicul6e 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


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mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  7ilm6es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl6mentaires: 


L'institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
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point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reprocluite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dan^  la  m^thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 


The 
toti 


I      I   Coloured  pages/ 


\/ 


□ 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 


□    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pellicul6es 


Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachetdes  ou  piqudes 


The 
posi 
oft! 
film 


Orig 

begl 

the 

sion 

othc 

first 

sion 

orii 


I      I    Pages  detached/ 


Pages  ddtachdes 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Quality  inigale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materi{ 
Comprend  du  mat6riel  suppl^mentaire 


r~~|    Showthrough/ 

I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I    Includes  supplementary  material/ 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totaiement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  film6es  i  nouveau  de  fapon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


The 
shal 
TiNI 
whi( 

Map 
diffi 
enti 
bogi 
righ 
reqi 
met 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmd  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu^  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

X 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


ire 

details 
les  du 
modifier 
ler  une 
filmage 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

York  University 
Toronto 
Scott  Library 

The  Images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  In  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


L'exemplaire  filmt  fut  reproduit  grfice  d  la 
g6nArosit4  de: 

York  University 
Toronto 
Scott  Library 

Les  Images  sulvantes  ont  AtA  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soln.  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
de  la  netteti  de  l'exemplaire  filmi.  et  en 
ccnformltA  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


des 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  Illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  orlginaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  Imprlmte  sont  fllmto  en  commen^ant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  termlnant  soit  par  la 
dernlire  page  qui  comporte  une  emprelnte 
d'impresslon  ou  d'lllustratlon,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
orlginaux  sont  fllmte  en  commengant  par  la 
prarnlAre  page  qui  comporte  %ine  emprelnte 
d'impresslon  ou  d'lllustratlon  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
emprelnte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  —»•(  meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  y  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  sulvants  apparaftra  sur  la 
dernlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  -^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  ▼  signlfle  "FIN". 


ire 


Maps,  plates,  cherts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  Jarge  to  be 
entirely  included  In  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  Illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
fllmfo  A  des  taux  de  reduction  dlffirents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA,  II  est  f  llmi  A  partir 
da  Tangle  supArlour  gauche,  de  gauche  A  drolte, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'Images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  sulvants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


ly  errata 
Bd  to 

nt 

ne  peiure, 

1900  d 


m 

32X 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

■iW^^ 


1 


THE 


SILVA  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

A  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  TREES  WHICH  GROW 

NATURALLY  IN  NORTH  AMERICA 

EXCLUSIVE  OF  MEXICO 


B7 


CHARLES   SPRAGUE    SARGENT 

DIRECTOR  OP  THE  ARNOLD  ARBORETUM 
Oir  HARVABD  UNITEBSITT 


!IUu0trateo  tintQ  ftgurejs  anD  9naltsie0  uraton  from  Mature 


CHARLES   EDWARD   FAXON 


AHD  EMOBAVED   BT 


PHILIBERT  AND  EUGENE   PICART 


VOLUaiE  V. 
HAMAMELIDEJE— SAP  OTA  CE.E 


BOSTON  AND  NEW  YORK 
HOUGHTON,  .AflFFLIN  AND  COMPANY 


Mocccxcin 


1 


CopyrlRbt,  1803, 
Bl  (HARLKb  brUAOL't  UUUKN1. 


AU  riyfus  nstrvcd. 


The  liivfTtidg  Preu,  Cambndge,  A/au.,  l\  S.  A. 
Klei'triityped  ftinl  PrltitAd  by  H.  U.  Hougbtou  and  Cuuipaiiy. 


"■'^ 


To 
FilEDERICK    LA>\-  OLMSTED, 

THK  GREAT   ARTIST 

WHOSE   LOVE   FOR   NATURE   HAS    BEEN    A   PRICELESS   BENEFIT 

TO    HIS    FELI  OW-COUNTRYMEN, 

THIS  FIFTH  VOLUME  OF 

THE   SILVA  OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

IS    AFFECTIONATELY 
DEDICATED. 


/ 


SYNOI'SIS  OF  THE  ORDERS  OF  PLANTS  CONTAINED   IN  VOLUME  V.  OF 

THE  SILVA  OF  NORTH  AMERMJA. 


a 


Clash  I.    DICOTYLEDONOUS  or  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

StemB  in('reiuii'"g  in  tlianiei<!r  by  the  an.ii  k}  additiun  of  a  layer  of  wood  inside  the  bark.     Leaves  netted-veined.     Kmbryo 
with  a  pair  of  opposite  cotyledons. 
Svh-ClA!<8  I      AngiOSpenUffit     Pistil,  a  closed  ovary  containing  the  ovules  and  developing  into  the  fruit. 
Division  I.     Poiy petals).     Flowers  with  calyx  and  corolla,  the  latter  divided  into  separate  petals. 

C.  CALYCIFLOR2Ej.  Sepals  rarely  distinct.  Disk  otinute  to  the  base  of  tlie  calyx,  rarely  tumid  ur  conspicuoUH 
or  wanting.  Petals  usually  ox  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  or  fewer  by  abortion,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  calyx- 
tube  or  of  the  disk,  occasionally  wanting.  Stamens  definite  or  indefinite,  jierigynous  ur  hypogyiious.  Ovary  superior  or 
inferior. 

22.  Hameutnelideee.  Flowers  often  imlygamo-iuonoMiious.  Petals  often  wanting.  Stamens  few  or  indefinite, 
(.(vary  inferior  or  partly  su])erior,  of  2  carpels,  free  at  the  apex.  Ovules  few  ur  solitary,  suspended,  anatropous. 
Seeds  albuminous.     Leaves  usually  alternate,  stipulate. 

23.  Rhizophoraceae.  Flowers  usually  perfect.  Petals  3  to  14.  Stamens  two  to  four  times  as  numerous  ax 
tlie  petals.  Ovary  2  to  6-celled,  usually  Bun>-rior.  Ovules  2,  rarely  4  or  more,  aimtrupuus.  .Seeds  exalbuminous  or 
rarely  albuminous.     Leaves  usually  opposite  and  stipulate,  occasionally  alternate  and  exstipulate. 

24.  Combretaceae.  Fluwerc  usually  perfect.  Petals  0  or  4  to  5.  .Stamens  4  to  u  or  8  to  10.  Ovary  1-celled. 
Ovules  2  to  ()  or  rarely  solitary,  anatropous.     .Seeds  exalbuminous.     Ix'aves  opposite  or  alternate.  ex8tii)ulate. 

i.'i.  MyrtaooBB.  F^)wers  usually  perfect.  Petals  4  to  ■'i,  rarely  G,  or  0.  Stamens  indefinite.  Ovary  usually 
inferior,  2  to  nmiiy^relled.  or  rarely  1 -celled.  Ovules  2  or  many,  amphitropous.  Seeds  exalbuminous.  Leaves  opi)o- 
site  or  rarely  alternate,  exstipulate. 

26.  Cactaceae.  Flotvers  perfect.  I  etals  and  stamens  indefinite.  Ovary  inferior.  1  or  2  or  many-celled. 
Ovules  numeruus.  aiiatropoua.     Seeds  albuminous.     Leaves  minute  ur  0,  or  rarely  large  and  fleshy. 

27.  AraliaceeB.  Flowers  jierfect.  Petals  and  stamens  usually  5.  Ovary  inferior,  1  to  i  or  many-celled. 
Ovule  solitary,  anatropous.     Seeds  albuminous.     Leaves  alternate  or  rarely  opposite,  usually  compound. 

28.  CornaoeEB.  Flowers  regular,  jwrfect.  Petals  and  stamens  usually  ,".  Ovary  inferior,  1  to  4-celled.  Ovules 
1  or  rarely  2,  anatropous.     Seeds  albuminous.     I.«aves  op|)osite  or  rarely  alternate,  entire. 

DlVlsiuN  II.     QatnopetalEB.     Petals  usually  united.     Stamens  inserted  on  the  curolla  alternate  with  or  opposite  its 
lubes,  or  free  from  the  corolla.     Ovary  inferior  or  superior. 

29.  Caprifoliaceee.  Flowers  perfect,  regular  or  irregular,  4  to  .l-nieruus.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla,  and 
usually  as  many  us  its  lobes.  Ovary  inferior,  2  to  8-(^elled.  Ovules  2  ur  many,  anatrupous.  Seeds  albuminous. 
Leaves  o|iposite,  rarely  stipulate. 

'M.  Bubiaceae.  Flowers  perfect  regular,  4  to  5-inerous.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla  and  ,is  many  as  its 
lobes.  Ovary  inferior,  2  to  4-celled.  Ovule.s  usually  numerous,  anatropous,  or  amphitropous.  Seeds  albuminous  or 
rarely  exalbuminous.     Leaves  simple,  opposite  or  verticillate,  stipulate. 

lit.  Ericaceae.  Flowei-s  regular,  perfect,  4  to  r>-iuerous.  .Stamens  free  from  the  corolla.  Ovary  inferior  or 
superior.  Ovules  numerous  or  rarely  solitary,  anatropous.  Seeds  albuminous.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  ex- 
stipuhile. 

32.  Myrsineuoeee,  Flowers  regular,  perfect  or  polygamo-<Ii(ecious.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  loroUa  ojiposite  it.s 
lobes.  Ovnry  superior,  l-celleil,  with  a  free  central  placenta.  Ovules  few  or  numerous,  amphitropous  or  anatropous. 
Seeds  ulbuminuus.     Leaves  alterna.    or  rarely  opposite,  exstipulate. 

■'{5.  Sapotaoeae.  Flowers  regular,  perfect,  4  to  D-merous.  .Stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla  opposite  its  lobes. 
Ovary  superior,  few  or  many-celled.  Ovule  solitary,  amphitroiMus.  Seeds  albuminous  or  exalbuminous.  Leaves 
alternate  or  rarely  subopi>usite.  exstipulate  oc  rarely  stipulate. 


'1 


M 


TABLE  OF   (H)NTENTS. 


Sv.NOI'SlS   OK  OrDKKS 
IIa.MAMKLIS   VllllilMANA 
LigUIIMMIIAlI  Stykacikli'A    . 
UlllZllI'lHlHA    MamiLK 
Tkhminai.ia   liU(  KIIA.S     . 
CONIH'AKI'US   KHKcrA    . 
LahUM  ULAKIA    KAIEMOSA 

Anamomis  iM('iiiiTi>>rA 

t'AI,YITKANTIIi:s  t'llVTKAi  ULIA 
Immiknia   mXIKUMA    . 

KrilKNIA    MdNTK  (II.A 
KlMiKNlA    I'KIK'KUA 

Ki'iiKNiA  Gakiikki  . 

('l:Ui      1   (IKIANTKIN 

AliAl.lA    Sl'IMMA 

CllKMS    Fl.dUlllA 

t'llKNUH    NiriTALLII 

CoRNUS   ALTKKNIKOLIA 

NyssA  SVLVATIl  A 

NVSSA   OlKC'HF.   . 

NVSSA    AlJUATllV 

SaMIUK  US   t'ANAHKNSls,    VAK.    MkX 

SaMHIICUS  (ir.AlM  a  . 

VlllUKNUM   Lkmaiki  . 

V'llllIKNUM    I'KUNII'OLIUM 

Exostkma  C'Aiiiiif.i'.M 

PlMKNKYA    I'UllKXs 
(il'Kl'IAKDA   Kl.l.ll'lll  A 
Va((  INIUM   AKHOllKUM      . 

Akhi'tus  Mkn-ziksii  . 
Akbutus  Xai.apknsis 

Altlll'Tl'S    AKIZipXIiA  . 
A.NDKOMKHA    IKKKIWIIXKA 
OxviPKXimi^M    AlilloKKUM     . 
KaI.MIA    I.ATlFdLIA 
KlUPIllPIlKXDKllS    MAXIMUM  . 
IcACOltEA    I'A.NK  II.ATA      . 
JACIJI'INIA    AKMlLLAItlS 
CllRYStH-IlVLLUM    OI.IVIFDRMK 
SiDKROXVLUM   MaSTICHOIPEXDRON 
BUMELIA  TENAX       . 
BUMELIA   LANUIIIXOSA 
BOMEI-IA   I.YCIOIDKS 
HUMEI.IA   ANdUSTlKOLIA 
DiPHOLIS  SALICIKOLIA 
MlMUSOPS  SlEHEKI 


i'lato  I'xi'viii.    . 

Plato  cxoix.  . 

Plate  cc.  . 

Plate  cci. 

Plate  cell. 

Plato  I'ciii.    . 

Plato  cciv. 

Plate  I'cv. 

Plato  (•i\ i. 

I'lato  i'<'vii.  . 

Plato  eeviii. 

Plate  ocix.    . 

Plato  ccx. 

Plato  ocxi.     . 

I'latcs  ccxii..  ocxiii.  . 

Platos  I'lxiv..  (Txv. 

Plato  ocxvi. 

Plates  (MXvii..  iixviii.   . 

Plate  iMxix. 

Plate  ooxx.  . 

Plato  ccxxi. 

Plate  ccxxii. 

Plntps  ccxxii'r..  eoxxiv. 

Plate  ci'xxv. 

Plato  roxxvi.    . 

Plates  iTxxvii  ,  cexxviii 

Plate  ccxxix.    .        . 

Plate  ocxxx. 

Plato  cexxxi.    . 

Plate  ci'xxxii. 

Plato  ocxxxiii. 

Plate  ccxxxiv. 

Plate  ooxxxv.  . 

Platos  rcxxxvi..  ocxxxvii. 

Plates  ocxxxviil.,  ccxxxix 

Plates  ecxl.,  ooxli. 

Plate  ooxlii.     . 

Plate  ccxliii. 

Plates  ccxliv.,  ecxiv. 

Plato  coxlvi. 

Pla*    ccxlvii.    . 

Plate  ccxlviit. 

Plate  coxlix.  . 

Plate  col.     . 

Plate  ecli. 


vii 
:( 

10 

\r, 
•J  I 
•.M 

'Jit 
:iu' 
:»> 
i:i 
\r> 

17 

I'.* 
.■.;i 
.v.» 
I'pii 

71 

7ri 

7'J 
s;! 
.s,s 
'M 
<Mi 

III,-. 
Id!) 

ii:t 
Hit 
IL';{ 
I'j.-p 

l'J7 

i.'ii 
I  ;!,■■. 

il« 

ir.r 

iiiit 

171 
173 
175 
17i) 


■«sv 


I 


4 


s 


SILVA  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


HAMAMELIS. 

Fi.owEUs  usiiiilly  perfect ;  Ciilyx  deoi)ly  4-piirtod,  tlie  lobes  imbricated  in  icstiva- 
tion  ;  petals  \,  eloiif^ated-linear,  involute  in  x-stivation  ;  stamens  8,  those  opposite  the 
petals  rudimentary  and  seale-like  ;  ovary  2-celled  ;  ovules  suspended.  Fruit  a  woody 
capside,  loculicidally  dehiscent  from  the  apex.     Leaves  alternate,  stii)ulate,  deciduous. 


Hamamelis,  Liniin-iis,  (Ini.  eil.  2,  n4  i^KI'J). — A.  L.  <le 
Jiijwieu,  (Sen.  'JH8.  —  MciBiie'-,  lien.  W^.  —  Endliclicr, 
Wt'H.  804.  —  Oliver,  Tr<ins.  Linn.  Snr.  xxiii.  l")!).  — 
llcntlinni  &  Huuker,  flen.  i,  (i(w.  —  ISnillun,  Ui.it.  I'l.  \\i. 


4.")0  (i-xrl.  Ijori)/ielii/iini).  —  Knglcr  &  I'lnntl.  Pjinnr.en- 
film.  iii.  pt.  ii.  128. 
Trilopvis.  Mitphdl,  Art.  .Vnt.  Viii:  viii.  Appx.  219  (1748).  — 
Adaiisoii,  Film.  I'l.  ii.  381. 


Trees  or  slirulis,  with  scaly  Imrk,  terete  zigzu}^  branchlets,  naked  Inids,  ami  tibrous  roots.  Leaves 
involute  in  vernation,  alteriiate,  nnsynnnetrical  at  the  base,  crenate-tootiied,  the  primary  veins  conspic- 
uous and  nearly  parallel  with  the  margins,  deciduous ;  .stipules  acute,  infolding-  the  buds,  deciduous.' 
Flowers  autunnial  or  hyeiual,  perfect  or  polygamous,-  in  terminal  three-flowered  clusters  borne  on  axil- 
lary simple,  or  rarely  branched  peduncles  furnished  near  the  middle  with  two  acute  deciduous  bractlets, 
each  flower  surrounded  by  two  or  three  ovate  acute  bracts,  thi'  outer  slightly  united  at  the  base  into  a 
thrce-lobed  involucre.  Calyy  deeply  foui'-parted,  persistent  on  the  base  of  the  ovary,  the  lobes  reflexed. 
Petals  inserted  on  tiie  margin  of  the  cuji-shaped  receptacle,  alternate  with  the  sejials,  strap-shaped. 
Stamens  eight  in  two  rows,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  receptacle,  the  four  opposite  the  lobes  of  the 
calyx  fertile,  the  others  reduced  to  minute  strapshaped  scales ;  filaments  free,  shorter  than  the  calyx, 
prolonged  into  the  thickened  pointed  connective  ;  anthers  muticoiis,  attached  at  the  base,  two-celled, 
introrse,  the  elliptical  cells  o[iening  laterally  from  within  by  persistent  valves.  Ovary  composed  of  two 
caqjcls  free  at  their  apex,  inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  receptacle,  partly  superior ;  styles  subulate. 
sprea<ling,  stigmatic  at  the  apex,  persistent ;  ovules  one,  or  two  in  each  cell  ^  becoming  solitary  by 
abortion,  suspended  from  the  apex  of  the  axile  placenta ;  micropyle  superior,  raphe  ventral.  Fruit 
capsular,  partly  superior,  two-beaked  at  the  apex,  the  thick  and  woody  exocarp  splitting  from  above 
locidicidally  before  the  opening  of  the  thin  crustaceous  endocarp.    Seed  oblong,  acute,  suspended  ;  testa 


'  In  the  Ami'riuiin  spcoics  the  stipules  only  partially  inclose  the 
niiitcr-bucl  and  fall  nwiiy  from  tlio  upper  leaf,  that  is,  the  last  leaf 
formed  in  the  previous  autumn,  as  it  Logins  to  expand,  although 
they  generally  remain  during  the  spring  an.l  early  summer  on  the 
loaves  which  unfold  after  the  opening  of  the  hud.  On  Hamamtlis 
tiinlUn,  a  native  of  China,  the  stipidcs  are  mure  developed  than  on 
the  other  s|>ecies  and  entirely  inclose  the  winter-buds. 


^  The  Howers  of  Hamamelis  arc  described  by  u.&:'\  .  I'hors  as 
polygamous  and  monoecious  ;  in  the  .\uierican  speci  ■'  ..Ithough 
varying  somewhat  in  size  on  the  same  individual,  they  appear  to 
be  generally  perfect. 

'  UaiUon,  .tdamsuiiia,  x.  lliO. 


2 


SILVA    OF  NOHTIl  AMERICA. 


lIAMAMKMDEiK. 


crustaceous,  chestnut-brown,  shinin*;,'  Embryo  sunoundtHl  by  thick  fleshy  albumen  ;  cotyledons  oblonj»;, 
t'oliaoeous,  lonji^er  than  tlu*  radicle  turned  towards  the  oblonj^  depressed  hilum. 

Ilainainelis  is  coiiiincd  to  eastern  America  and  eastern  Asia.  Three  species  are  known  ;  one  is 
American,  a  second  inhabits  the  mountain  forests  of  Japan,  and  of  central  China,"  where,  in  Kianjjfsi 
and  Iliipeh,  the  third  species'*  occurs. 

'I'lie  appearance  of  the  fhtwers  of  ilamamelis  in  autumn  simultaneous  with  the  ripening  of  the 
t'niit  of  the  previous  year  and  after  the  foliage  has  assumed  its  atitumnal  colors,  or  in  winter  or  early 
sprini^  while  tlie  branches  are  bare  of  leaves,  j^ives  special  interest  to  the  species  (»f  this  geinis,  which  is 
not  known  to  possess  useful  properties. 

The  American  species  of  Ilanuinielis  is  not  attacked  by  many  insects/  or  seriously  affected  by 
fuiii;;d  iliseases."' 

The  u^eneric  nanu',  from  dua  and  «x;XiC.  once  applied  to  the  Medlar,  or  to  some  otlier  plant  reseni- 
liling  the  A]tph'-tree,  was  tirst  j^fiven  by  Linuicus  to  the  American  species. 


'  In  HtimiimtH.-/  Vinfiuiatta  thr  .seed  in  furoiidy  diselwirged  to  a 
coiisiileriiMf  tlistiiih  <■  l»y  tlie  cuiitrHetimi  of  tlie  e.lgi's  uf  th--  vtilves 
n|  the  1hhi\  I'Uilocari*,  wliirh  in  upeiiin^  smUleiilv  frees  it  l»y  jirew- 
Mire  anil  eiiuses  it  to  \\\  iipwanls  (Klliott,  Sk:  i.  L*ll>.  — (inu,  Am. 
Jour.  Sri.  scr.  'X  v.  1 14.  — /.W.  GnzetU-,  vii.  1J."».  1.17) 

'^  Utinuimtli*  .hiftonitti,  Sti'buld  &,  Zuct'ariiii,  Ahhnwi.  Aktul. 
Mitnvit.  iv.  pt.  ii.  VX\  ( lSi;i).  ~  Miiiuel,  Ann.  Mas.  Ihfl.  Luffti.  Hm. 
iil.  lil.— Knvni'het  &  .Savatier,  Knum.  I'l  Jap.  i.  l(j;i  ;  li.  ;i*JS. — 
Hot.  Stag,  cviii,  t.  0059.  —  Kdrbfs  &  IIeinslt'_v,./r»'(r.  Linn.  Sm:  xxiii 
'JOO.  —  Siir^eiit,  (iardeu  nnd  /'orcvf,  iv.  Ii5(i,  f.  4~t. 

Ilivnamtlis   Virginiana,  var.  JiijionicOy  Francliet,  /'/.   haviJ.  i. 

i;U  (ISSl). 

Ill  JaiKtii  Ifiimamtlt.-i  Jajuiuuti  is  found  in  southern  Yezo  and  in 
tilt'  niDiintain  forests  of  tl.e  three  st)iithorn  i^Iniuls,  wlu-re,  in  the 
iiL'i^Iilmrlicmd  of  streams,  it  is  cointnon  at  an  elevation  of  from 
two  to  fonr  thousand  feet  alKive  tlie  sea,  often  heeonitni,'  :i  tree 
thirty  to  forty  feet  in  height  with  a  short  stout  trunk  .soiucliuies 
eighteen  im-hes  iu  diaiiM'ter  ;  or,  under  Ies<^  favorahle  eonditituis, 
a  str;ij;j;lin;;  in:iny-steminfd  shnih.  In  Cliina  it  hai»  Ix'en  found 
in  the  neighlMirhooiI  of  Kiukiang  in  Kiangsi.  Tlie  flowers  of  the 
dapaiiese  plant  arc  rather  smaller  than  tliuse  of  the  Aincriean 
.speeietti  luid  uii  plauts  eultivated  in  the  United  StAtes  and  in 
Kurope  appear  in  wir'ter  or  in  very  early  spring  ;  tliey  vary  in 
color,  one  form  priMliiring  flowers  with  eiilyx-lolK's  elaret-eohired 
on  the  inner  .'iiirfaee  and  with  light  yellow  petals  {IhwuimfUs  nr- 
hurni,  Ma.Htei-s,  darJ.  Chrun.  n.  scr.  xv.  Lilt),  f.  .'W  [1S81]  ;  ser.  'X 
i\.  '-MS,  f.  ,*i5.  -  Thf  fianliUf  xxxvii,  7'.*;  xxxix.  ."»40,  t.  —  Audn', 
/in:  Il-ri.  IS'.U,  47'J,  t  )  ;  while  in  the  other  the  ealyx-lolks  an*  :i 
light  yellowish  brown  and  the  piUds  eanary-yellow  {Unmnmdt.f 
ZuvrnrnnHun,  Th>  f^onim,  xxxv.  ;WK)  [18H0]), 

In  its  nativi'  country  the  foliage  v)f  iiamnmLli.<t  Jnfmnirn  during 
Ilie  months  of  Oetohir  mid  November  enlivens  the  ft>resta  with 
>liades  of  brilliant  orange,  or  rarely  of  deep  vinous  red. 


«  liainamili.s  mollis,  Oliver,  Noohr  Iron,  xviii.  I.  \1\'2  (IH8H). — 
Korbes  N:  llenisley,  Jonr.  Linn.  SW.  xxiii.  lilKt. 

*  l-'ew  insects  are  dcserilH'd  as  living  upon  llamiimelis  in  the 
I'uited  Stati's  or  as  affecting  it  injiirionsly.  Packard  (.">//(  jirpurt 
I'.  S.  EniomnU^j.  (\»nm.  IHSti-lSlM),  (WIS)  cuumeratcs  sit  species, 
and  a  numla'r  of  others  are  kuoaii.  Larva*  of  such  moths  a.s  .S'>-'>- 
fMlci.'inmii  Mi'lHttiitnitt  (irote,  and  lialsulotn  f'(irv(f,  Clemens,  devour 
the  leaves,  while  several  species  of  tlie  small  Tttrtricids,  or  l^-af- 
miners,  like  Hmcilaria  .tuperhij'nmtilla,  (Meniens,  and  Cntastfija 
hivntimrliilla,  Clenieits,  feed  upon  or  mine  within  the  parenchyma. 
The  nuist  eonspieuons  and  peculiar  injuries  to  Mamanielis  are 
caused  liy  two  aphid-galls,  one  affecting  the  leaves,  the  other  the 
fruit.  The  tirsl  of  these,  Ilonmiphis  //dwimW/f/iv,  Osten  Saeken, 
makes  eone-sh:iped  galls  on  the  upper  surface  of  thi'  leaves  ;  the 
other,  UontuiphiK  .fpiniisu.^,  <  )8ten  Sackeii,  infests  the  young  fruit 
after  it  begins  to  grow  in  spring,  causing  il  to  ilevrlop  into  a 
hollow  gall  as  large  as  the  mature  fruit  or  hirgiT,  cttvereti  on  the 
outside  with  spines,  iind  filled  with  aphids  an<l  their  litpiiil  .scere- 
tiou''  (Trans.  .1m.  Kntnmoloij.  Sor.  i.  *JS-1),  itees  and  wa>ps  are 
often  attracted  in  large  nund»ers  to  IhunameliH  in  Heareh  of  the 
secretions  of  these  apliids,  which  appear  to  Im*  peculiar  to  the 
genus. 

'  In  America  Ilamamelis  is  subject  to  no  serious  fungal  disease, 
althitugh  the  leaves  of  llamamrli*  Vinji'iiana  nxv  inhabited  by  sev- 
end  ^umill  and  peculiar  specie's  of  fungi  of  considerable  interest  to 
botani.sts,  (»f  these  the  mildew  J'-tfln-tphirra  InunrinaUi,  Cooke  iV 
IN'ck.  with  its  well-marked  appentlages,  i;.  a  characteristic  North 
American  species.  Pki/llosdrta  Hainnmfliilis,  Cooke,  lininnlarKt 
/laniomeliJis,  j'eck,  and  Crrrogpora  Ifamanuluiii,  Kllis  i<;  Kverluirt, 
form  di.scolorcd  spots  on  the  leaves,  and  ait*  slightly  injurious  to 
the  plnut. 


IIAMAMGLIDEJC. 

)tyledons  oblouff, 

!  known  ;  one  is 
fliere,  in  Kiangsi 

ripcninj;  of  the 
I  winter  or  early 
1  genus,  whicli  is 

)usly  afreeted  by 

her  phmt  reseni- 


viii,  t.  171'J  (1888).— 
U. 

t>]i  Hanianiplis  in  tile 
Piii-kurd  (."i/A  lii'/ittrt 
iiuinrnitcH  sit  spccii's, 
itf  Niicli  niutlis  HH  Srn- 
iirijir,  Cli'lliclls,  <I(>V()ur 
ill  '!'i»rlrici<ls,  or  I<fuf- 
LMiiLMKs,  and  VtjUWfiia 
itltilt  tltf  piirtMu-li}-iiia. 
i-s  to  Miiinainclis  are 
'  It'nvfs,  tlif  other  the 
mdi'lts,  Osten  Suoketl, 
lee  of  the  leaves  ;  the 
ife«ts  the  youiif;  fruit 

it  to  <)evelo]i  into  (I 
lar^iT,  covered  ini  the 
.n<l  their  li(|niil  seere- 
llees  aiul  waspH  are 
itieliH  in  8enreh  of  the 
to   he   peculiar   to   the 

serious  fnnj^al  disease, 
are  inhabited  hy  sev- 
msiderahli-  interest  to 

I  hitmrhtala,   Cooke    tV 

II  eharaeteristie  North 
'I'.f,  ("ooke,  lUimuUiria 
iiiii,  Kllis  tS:  Kverhart, 
i<  slightly  injurious  to 


HAMAM£LIDE.£. 


SILVA   OF  NOIiTH  AMERICA. 


HAMAMELIS   VIRGINIANA. 
Witch  Hazel. 


Flowers  autumnal.     Leaves  obovate  or  oval,  usually  acute  at  the  apex. 


Hamamelis  Virginiana,  Linnteus,  Sim:  ed.  2,  180 
(1762).  —  Miller,  Diet.  ed.  8.  —  Moeneli, /W««ie  Weiss. 
48.  —  Marsliall,  Arbust.  Am.  58.  —  D«  Roi,  Ilarbk. 
Baumz.i.'l^'l. — Castiglioiii,  Viay.  neijli  Stati  l'iiili,n. 
258.  —  Wangenheiin,  Xunlaiii.  Hols.  87,  t.  29,  f.  62.— 
Lamarek,  Diet.  iii.  68 ;  ///.  1.  350,  t.  88.  —  Willdenow, 
I!erl.  Haimx.  139  ;  Spec.  i.  701.  —  Schkuhr,  llnndb.  i. 
88,  t.  27.  — Miehaux,  /■'/.  Ilnr.-Am.  i.  100.  —  Uoikhaiisen, 
llamlb.  Forstbot.  ii.  156S.  —  Persooii.  Syn.  i.  150.  —  Du 
Jlont  de  Coursot,  Hot.  Cult.  ed.  2,  v.  153.  —  Desfontaiiiea, 
Hist.  Arh.  ii.  29.  —  Piirsli,  Fl.  Am.  Sf/it.  i.  116.  —  Blge- 
low,  /'/.  Ilo.itoii.  40.  —  Nuttall,  Gen.  i.  107.  —  Noiireau 
ViihiiDul,  vii.  207,  t.  tiO.  —  Elliott,  Sk:  i.  219.  —  Roeiuer 
&  .Sehultes,  Syst.  iii.  483.  —  Loddiges,  Bot.  Cab.  vi.  t.  598. 
—  Hartoii,  /'/.  .v.  Am.  iii.  21,  t.  78.  —  Toriey,  FL  \.  }'.  i. 
•_'tl().  _  (Juiiiipel,  Ott()  &  Hayne,  Abbild.  Huh.  95,  t.  75.  — 
.Spreiigel,  Sy.it.  i.  491.  —  I{iit)iiesque,  McJ.  Fl.  i.  227,  f. 
45.  —  De  CaiuloUe,  I'milr.  iv.  268.  —  Hooker,  Fl.  Uot:- 
Am.  i.  275. —  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  iii.  390.  —  Spach,  Jiist. 

Vi'ij.  viii.  79.  —  Dietiieli,  Syn.  i.  550 Torrey  &  Gray, 

/■v.  N.  Am.  i.  597.  —  Darlington,  Fl.  Cextr.  od.  3,  98.  — 
Agardh,  Tlieor.  Sy.-t.  I'l.  t.  13.  f.  7.  — Sclinizlein,  Icon. 
t.  167.  f.  18-25,  27-29.  —  Cliaimiiin.  F'.  157.— Curtis, 
/,'>■/,.  Geoloy.  Snrr.  A'.  Cur.  1860,  iii.  105.  —  Koch, 
Vemlr.  ii.  458.  —  Hailloii.   IIi.tt.   I'l.   iii.   389.  f.  402- 


404  ;  Diet.  Bot.  iii.  10 —  Emerson,  Trees  Mass.  ed.  2, 

ii.  472.  t.  —  Le  Maout  &  Decaisne,   Traite  Gen.  Bot. 

271,  f.  —  Lauche,  Deutsche  Dendr.  ed.  2,  545,  f.  220 

Sargent,  Fore.^t  Trees  N.  Am.  lOt/i  Census  U.  S.  ix.  85.  — 

Watson  &  Coulter,  Gnty's  Man.  cd.  6,  179.  —  Engler  & 

Piantl,  Fjlunzenfam.  iii.  pt.  ii.  128,  f. 
Hamamelis  dloioa,  Walter,  Fl.  Cur.  255  (1788).  —  Gmelin, 

Syst.  ii.  282. 
Hamamelis  androgyna,  Walter,  Fl.  Cur.  255  (1788).  — 

Gmelin,  Syst.  ii.  281.  — Sell.  Am.  Geu-iieh.  13,  t.  25. 
Hamamelis  corylifolia,  Jloencli,  Metli.  273  (1794). 
Hamamelis  macrophylla,  Tursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sejjt.  i.  116 

(1814).  —  Poiret,  Lam.  Diet.  Suppl.  v.  698.  —  Elliott,  Sk. 

i.  220.  —  Roemer  &  Scliultes,  Syst.  iii.  483.  —  Rafinestjue, 

Mid.  Fl.  i.  230.  —  Don.  Geti.  Syst.  iii.  390. 
Hamamelis  Virginiana,  var.  parvifolia,  Nuttall,  Gen.  i. 

107  (1818) —  Torrey,  Fl.  F.  S.  193.  —  Don,  Gen.  Sysf. 

iii.  396.  —  Torrey  &  Gr.ay,  Fl.  N.  Am.  i.  597. 
Hamamelis  parvifolia,  IMnesque,  Med.  Fl.  i.  230  (1828). 
Trilopus  Virginica,  Ratincsijue,  AV«'  Fl.  iii.  15  (1830). 
Trilopus  nigra,  R.ifinf'sqiie,  Xew  Fl.  iii.  16  (1830). 
Trilopus  rotundifolia,  Rafinesque,  Xew  Fl.  iii.  16  (1836). 
Trilopus  estivalis,  Rafinesque,  Sew  Fl.  iii.  10  (1836). 
Trilopus  dentata.  Rafinesque,  Xeu-  Fl.  iii.  17  (1836). 
Trilopus  parvifolia,  Rafinesque,  ^eir  Fl.  iii.  17  (1836). 


M 


A  tree,  occasionally  twenty-H^  to  thirty  feet  in  height,  with  a  short  trunk  twelve  or  fourteen 
ini'lies  in  diameter,  and  spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  open  head  ;  or  usually  a  stout  shrub 
sentling  np  from  the  ground  numerous  rigid  diverging  stems  +':'oin  five  to  '■v.i-y  feet  tall.  The  bark 
of  the  trimk  is  an  eighth  of  an  inch  thick,  light  brown,  generally  smocil,  and  covered  with  minute 
thin  appressed  .scales  wiiich  disclose  in  faUing  the  dark  reddish  purple  inner  bark.  The  branchlets, 
which  arc  alternate  and  lateral,  are  placed  on  the  branches  at  an  acute  angle ;  they  are  thin  and 
llcxiblc.  and  vary  greatly  in  length,  the  longest  being  usually  neur  the  end  of  the  branches ;  at  first 
they  arc  coated  with  scurfy  rusty  stellate  scales  which  gradually  disappear  during  the  summer;  in 
tin  ir  first  winter  they  are  glabrous  or  slightly  pubendous,  light  orango-brown,  and  marked  with  occa- 
sional small  white  dots ;  and  in  their  second  yc;.-  they  become  dark  or  reddish  brown.  The  winter-buds 
are  acute,  .•^lightly  falcate,  light  orange-brown,  and  covered  with  .short  fine  pubescence.  The  leaves  are 
obovate,  acinninate,  long-pointed  or  sometimes  rounded  at  the  apex,  and  are  very  unetjual  at  the  base, 
the  lower  side  being  rounded  or  subeoiaate  ;ind  larger  than  the  upper,  which  is  usimlly  wedge-shaped; 
they  are  irregidarly  and  coarsely  serrate-tot>thed  tibove  the  middle,  and  entire  or  dentate  below,  four 
to  six  inches  long,  two  to  two  and  a  half  inches  broad,  with  stout  midribs  and  six  or  seven  pairs  of 
primary  veins  terminating  in  the  principal  teeth,  and  are  borne  on  stout  petioles  which  vary  from  half 
an  inch  to  nearly  an  inch  in  length  ;  when  they  unfold,  the  veins,  especiaUy  on  the  lower  surface,  and 


JSiSSmS^mA  1 1  rfJBTf  m  rn  *il  i 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


HAMAMELIDEiG. 


the  petioles  and  stipules,  are  coated  with  stellate  ferrugineous  pubescence ;  at  maturity  they  arc 
nu'iubraiiaceous,  dull  dark  >rieun  on  the  upper  surface,  which  is  glabrous  or  pilose  with  occasional  minute 
white  hairs,  and  pubescent  or  puberulous  especially  along  the  midribs  and  principal  veins  on  the  lower 
surface,  which  is  lighter  colored  and  more  lustrous  than  the  upper.  The  stipules  are  lanceolate,  acute, 
coriiici'otis,  and  from  one  third  to  half  an  inch  long.  In  the  autumn,  before  falling,  the  leaves  turn 
a  delicate  yellow  color.  The  clusters  of  tlower-buds  appear  in  August  on  short  recurved  peduncles 
developed  from  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year,  and  are  covered,  like  the  acute  bracts  and  bractlets, 
with  dark  fcrrugincon-;  pubescence.  The  flowers  open  from  the  middle  of  September  to  the  middle  of 
Novenilicr  in  ditlVrcnt  parts  of  the  country  ;  the  calyx  is  at  this  swuson ,  coated  on  the  outer  surface 
witii  thick  pale  pubescence,  and  is  orange-brown  on  the  inn(  surface,  the  rounded  lobes  being  ciliate 
on  the  margins.  The  jietals  are  bright  yellow,'  and  half  an  inch  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  hmg,  and, 
like  the  stamens,  fall  .is  soon  as  the  ovules  have  been  fertilized.  During  the  winter  the  calyx-lobes 
surround  and  protect  the  pubescent  ovary,  which  does  not  begin  to  enlarge  until  the  following  spring. 
The  fruit  ripens  in  the  autumn,  usually  two  from  each  Hower-cluster,  and  discharges  its  seeds  when  the 
flowers  of  tlie  season  are  expanding;  it  is  half  an  inch  long,  jiubescent,  dull  orange-brown,  and  is 
sin'rounded  for  .lalf  its  length  by  the  large  persi.stent  calyx  bearing  at  its  base  the  blackened  rcnniants 
of  the  floral  bracts. 

Ildmaiiiclls  Vhujluiaun  is  distributed  from  Nova  Scotia,  New  Krunswick,  and  the  valley  of  the 
St.  Lawrente  Kiver  to  southern  Ontario,"  Wisconsin,  and  eastern  Nebnuska,'  and  southward  to  northern 
Floriila  and  eiwtern  Texas.  The  Witch  Hazel  is  one  of  the  most  common  shrubs  in  the  territory  it 
inhabits,  and  is  usually  found  on  the  borders  of  the  forest  in  low  rich  soil  or  on  the  rocky  banks  of 
streams  ;  it  probably  becomes  a  tree  only  on  the  slopes  of  the  high  Alleghany  Mountains  in  North  and 
South  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 

The  wood  of  Jldiniimi/ts  Virfjinidiitt  is  heavy,  hard,  and  very  close-grained,  and  contains 
numerous  thin  obscure  medullary  rays  ;  it  is  light  brown  tinged  with  red.  the  tfiick  siipwood,  compo.sed 
of  from  thirty  to  forty  layers  of  annual  growth,  being  nearly  white.  The  specific  gravity  ot  the  abso- 
lutely dry  wood  is  O.G80G,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  42.72  pounds. 

The  bark  and  leaves  of  Ilamamelts  Vinjinidiui  are  slightly  astringent,  and  although  not  known 
to  possess  essential  properties  *  .ire  largely  used  by  herbalists  in  the  form  of  fluid  extracts  and  decoc- 
tions,' and  in  homceopathic  pr.ictice." 

The  appearance  of  the  flowers  of  the  Witch  Hazel  late  in  the  autumn  as  the  fruit  ripens  and  after 
the  leaves  have  changed  color  gives  it  iwculiar  interest,  and  should  secure  for  it  a  place  in  the 
shrubbery,  wher(>  formerly  it  w.as  more  often  seen  than  it  is  at  present.' 

HiiiiKimirts  VirfjtnlaiKi  appears  to  luive  been  first  noticed  by  .John  Banister,"  an  English  mission- 
ary in   Virginia;   and  the  earliest  printed  notice  of  it  is  found  in  the  AJmugcatum  IJatiiHuiiin  of 


'  .^>r.  hMwuril  L.  Itiiiul  liiis  foiiiiil  ill  .Maiden,  MuHsnclmsi'lts.  a 
ftiii};1i>  {limit  uii  \vliii;Ii  tho  petals  are  nil  liglit  red. 

'  I'rovuiielier,  I'lnn  Cuniiilieime,  i.  '-'.Vi. —  Itruiiel,  Cnl.  Vig.  Liij. 
Clin.  '1\).  —  .Miucmii,  ( 'ill.  Cun    "V.  i.  Kifi. 

'  Iti'ssey,  Hi///,  lir/iir.  .S(ii(.  NehriLihii,  iv.  art.  iv.  IG. 

*  ("miv,  .Im.  ynrir.  Sri.  scr.  'J,  xxiv.  4.'!8. 

•  The  liiirk  of  Ilnni.  i  i  lis  first  attracted  attoiitinn  as  a  remedy 
on  ueeiiiint  of  its  reputed  uso  by  tlie  North  American  Indians  in 
the  treatnienl  of  (external  inflainniati^ns.  It  has  liccii  rccommoiideil 
hy  several  practitioners  for  the  treatment  of  hiBinorrhage  of  the 
lun);s  and  stomach,  and  for  external  applications.  By  distilling 
the  hark  in  dilute  alcohol  "  Pond's  Kxtnict "  is  made.  The  popii- 
hirity  of  this  medicine  and  the  widespread  liclief  in  its  value  for 
external  applications  and  for  the  treatment  of  nearly  every  form 


of  disease  have  excited  an  nniisuni  interest  in  llanianielis,  in  which, 
however,  chemists  fail  to  distinguiKh  any  active  medicinal  prop- 
erties. (Sec  Uafinesipie,  .Ww/.  J'l.  i.  '-'27,  f.  15.  —  Kiidlicher,  /wi- 
rlilriil.  IM.  101.  — Crimth,  .IM.  Hot.  STM,  f.  l(«j. —  , lames  Foun- 
tain, A',  v.  Jimr.  }M.  x.  '.'OH.  —  rrnnn.  Am.  MM.  Asmc  i.  .'Hi). — 
Nnl.  Dii/iem.  ed.  '2,  T(M.—  Ilaillon,  Tntili-  But.  Mul.  7(>8,  f.  'J/liiR- 
'JIOO.  —  .lohuson,  Mim.  Meil.  lliil.  X.  Am.  14".,  f.  I'-'T.  —  I'nrke, 
Davis  &  Co.,  Organ.  Mai.  Med.  ed.  '->,  107.  —  (/.  S.  Dit/Hiis.  cd.  10, 
757.) 

"  iMillspaugh,  Am.  Med.  I'laiil.i  in  llnmanimthic  Ilemedien,  i.  .W, 
t.  M. 

'  lA)iidon,  Arb.  IJril.  ii.  1007,  f.  7.")6,  7rj7. 

»  See  i.  «. 


:| 


HAMAMELIDEit:. 

laturity  they  are 
occasional  minute 
jins  on  the  lower 
:  lanceolate,  acute, 
g,  the  leaves  turn 
Bcurved  peduncles 
vets  ami  bractlets, 
r  to  the  middle  of 
the  outer  surface 
h)l)es  beiii};  ciliate 
an  inch  liin}^;,  ami, 
iter  the  ('alyx-lobcs 
le  following,'  sprins- 
its  seeds  when  the 
anfje-hrown,  and  is 
iliickened  remnants 


IIAMAMELinEwl!:. 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Plukenet,  published  in  1696.'     According  to  Aiton,^  it  was  introduced  into  English  gardens  in  1736 
by  Peter  Collinson.^ 

It  is  propagated  by  oeed,  which  should  be  sown  as  soon  as  gathered,  when  it  will  germinate  in  the 
second  year.' 


'  Pialmhia  Virginiana  nigra  CorijlifoUis,  208. 

HwmmiUi,  C'atpsby,  Nat,  I'isl.  Car.  ii.  Appx.  2,  t.  2.  —  CInyton, 
Fl.  Virgin.  13!).  — Colilcii,  Cm  /'/.  Norehor.  89.  —  Diihamel,  Traiti' 
lies  Arhres,  i.  287,  t.  114. 

2  Uorl.  Keio.  i.  107. 

'  See  i.  8. 


*  The  popular  name  of  this  plant  is  due  to  tlie  fact  that  it  was 
ijarly  used  by  impostors  to  indicate  the  presence  of  precious  uiutals 
in  the  soil  and  to  discover  springs  of  water.  For  this  purpose  a 
forked  branch  is  twirled  between  the  fingers  and  thumbs  of  tho 
two  hands  ;  then  at  the  place  where  the  fork  points  water  or  gold 
is  declared  to  exist. 


d  tlie  valley  of  the 
ithward  to  northern 
)S  in  tlie  territory  it 
the  rocky  banks  of 
ntains  in  North  and 

lined,  and  contains 
:  sapwood,  composed 
gravity  ot  the  abso- 

ahhough  not  known 
extracts  and  decoc- 

Fruit  ripens  and  after 
)r   it  a  place  in  the 

an  English  mission- 

(shn)i  Jidlitnlcitm  of 


■rest  ill  Hamanielis,  in  which, 
any  active  iiiediciiial  pi"l>- 
227,  f.  15.  —  Kiidliclier,  /•'"- 
.  350,  f .  105.  —  .lames  Kiiuii- 
ris.  Am.  Mfil.  Asmr.i.  ;«i). — 
■raitc  Bol.  ,A/,J.  7(!8,  f.2.T.t8- 
I.  Am.  145,  f.  127.  —  I'arko, 
197,  _  V.  S.  Di.yKfis.  ed.  10, 

llom<rn{«ithic  Hemediea,  i.  58, 


i,  757. 


yrr 


KXI'LANATION   OF  THK   I'LATE. 


I'l.ATK   CXCVIIl.       IIaMAMKI.IS    VlHdl.MANA. 

1.  A  tluweriiiK  niul  fruiting  iiraneli,  natural  si/c. 

U.  l)ittf;iani  (if  a  tlo«er. 

;!.  Vi'itioal  »i'ctii)ii  uf  a  Hower,  oiilargcil. 

4.  A  pistil,  cnlurpi'il. 

r>.  A  Mnnu'U.  ono  iif  the  authors  opening,  front  view,  cnlar);o(l. 

<>.  A  stauii'n,  rear  view,  i'nliir);<Ml. 

7.  A  niiliuiontary  stauicii,  onlarjjuil. 

5.  Au  (ivulo,  niucli  niagnitiod. 
".>.  An  opon  fruit,  cnlargud. 

10.  Cross  siTticin  (if  a  fruit,  oularKtMl. 

11.  A  Nocd.  enlarged. 

!-■  W'rtical  Ht'otion  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

la.  An  enihryo,  mueli  uiagnided. 

14.  A  leafy  lirancli,  natural  siie. 

ITi.  Tlio  bo.se  (if  a  leaf  with  stipules,  natural  si/.e. 

l(i.  A  liranohlct  showing  llowers  and  leaf-bud  in  winter. 

1".  A  cluster  uf  llowi'i'-bnds  with  bracts  and  bractlet-s.  enlarged. 


•I  » 

>      I- .. 


Silva  of   North   America 


'/.Vluvn  (ill 


HAMAMELIS    VIRGINIANA, 


.■/  Hl.hlMr   ,!:/r.l  ■ 


A'jy  H.?luitft'i.  .'  iiru 


y 


IJAMAMELIDUB. 


SJLVA   OF  NOHTU  AMERICA. 


LIQUIDAMBAR. 


% 


Flowkhs  usually  unisexual,  capitate,  apetalous ;  stamens  indefinite  in  glohular 
heads ;  ovary  2-celled  ;  ovules  indefinite,  suspended.  Fruit  a  spherical  head  of  woody 
carpels  consolidated  by  their  bases.  Leaves  alternate,  palmately  lobid,  stipulate, 
deciduous. 


liiquidambar.  Liimnju.s,  Gen.  od.  2,  4G3  (174L'),  —  Adaii- 
s(in,  h'am.  I'/,  ii.  lilO.  —  A.  L.  do  Jussieii.  6Vh.  410. — 
Kiidlicliir.  (h'li.  2Si).  —  Mcisiier,  Gen.  'M'.  —  Ijentimm  & 


Hooker.  Gen.  i.  (iO!).  —  Hailloii,  Hist.  I'l.  iii.  401  (excl. 
AltiwjUi).  —  Kngler  &  I'riuitl.  Pjtausenfiim.  iii.  ])t.  ii. 
I'j;!. 


Trei's,  with  lialsiiinlc  juiet's,  sciily  bark,  terete  often  wiii}>;e(l  braiifhlets,  scaly  buds,  and  fibrous 
roots.  Leaves  plieatu  in  vernation,  alternate,  palmately  lobed,  glandular-serrate,  lonjr-petiolute,  decidu- 
ous ;  stipules  lanceolate,  acute,  caducous.  Flowers  nioncecious  or  occasionally  perfect,  in  capitate  lieads 
suii'ounded  by  involucres  of  four  deciduous  bracts,  the  luales  in  terminal  racemes,  the  females  in 
.solitary  loiifj  iiedunculate  heads  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves.  iAbde  flowers  destitute  of  calyx 
and  corolla  ;  stamens  indetinite,  interspersed  with  minute  sc'ales  ;  filami'Uts  filiform,  shorter  than  the 
obloufif  obcordate  introrse  lonptudinally  dehiscent  anthers  attached  by  their  bases.  Female  flowers 
surrounded  by  niannnifornied  or  lonj^-awned  scales,  the  whole  conHuent  into  {jlobular  heads;  calyx-limb 
short  or  nearly  obsolete  ;  .stanu'us  frcnerally  four,  inserted  on  the  summit  of  the  obconic  calyx ;  anthers 
minute,  usually  rudimentary  or  abortive,  rarely  fertile  ;  ovary  inserted  in  the  bottimi  of  the  concave 
receptacle,  partly  inferior,  two-celled,  the  carpels  produced  into  an  elongated  subulate  recurved  persist- 
ent style  stigmatic  on  its  inner  face ;  ovules  indefinite,  suspended  from  an  axile  jjlacenta,  anatropous ; 
micropyle  superior,  raphe  ventral.  Fruit  a  globose  niidticai)sular  head  armed  with  the  hardened 
incurved  styles ;  capsules  free  above,  septicidally  dehiscent  at  the  apex,  the  epicarp  thick  and  woody, 
the  endocarp  thin,  corneous,  lustrous  on  the  inner  surface,  separable.  Seeds  usually  solitary,  or  two  by 
the  abortion  of  many  ovules,  compressed,  angulate ;  testa  opacjue,  crustaceous,  produced  into  u  short 
nuMubranaceous  obovate  wing  rounded  at  the  apex.  Emliryo  surrounded  by  thin  fleshy  albumen  ; 
cotyledons  oblong.  Hat,  the  radicle  terete  tr.rned  towards  the  lateral  liilum. 

Li<piidamhar  is  now  confined  to  the  eastern  United  States,  to  central  and  southern  Mexico,  Central 
Anu'rica,  the  Orient,  and  middle  and  southeastern  (Ihina  ;  although  in  tin-  Tertiary  epoch  the  forests 
which  clothed  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  in  California  possessed  a  Li(|uidambav,'  and  th: 
innncdiate  ancestor"  of  the  existing  American  species  inhabited  Alaska.  Greenland,  and  the  mid-conti- 
nental plateau  of  North  America,  and  later  was  widely  distributed  in  the  INIiocene  of  Europe,  where 
have  been  found  the  traces  of  a  second  species^  similar  in  the  form  of  its  leaves  to  the  present 
representative  of  the  genus  in  western  Asia.  Three  .S])ecies  are  distingui.shed  in  the  genus  as  it  is 
slow  usually  limited  :   LUptkhtmbar  Sli/riirijliia  is  American  ;  Liqiilddinhdr  orientalii^^  inhabits  a  few 


'  Lii/iwlainhar  CnUfornicum,  Lcsqiierpiix,  Mem.  Mus.  I'omp.  Hoiil. 
vi.  pt.  ii.  14  (/-ftwiV  I'Imilf  nf  the  Aiirifenm.'  Gravel  deposit  of  the 
Sierra  Nei-wla)  (1S78).  — Zittel,  Hanclli.  Palirontolog.  il.  0:24,  f.  12. 

'•'  l.imimTuiix,  U.  S.  Geolog.  Siiri'.  viii.  1,")!),  t.  ;tL',  f.  1  (Coiilrili. 
Foxa.  Fl.  Wcflem  Territorie.i,i'\\.).  —  Supurta,  Origine  I'ali'onloloijique 
rfp.«  .Irlim,  194.  —  Zittil,  /.  e.  f.  1-7. 


^  LiquiileivxhHr  protensium,  Unger,  Icoti.  Fo.ts.  44,  t.  20,  t*.  27 
(1852).  —  .Suporta,  /.  c.  1!«. 

«  Miller,  nicl.  cd.  8,  No.  2  (1708).  — Uui.ker,  Icon.  xi.  V.\  t. 
1019.  —  l)i'  ("aiidiiUo,  Prodr.  xvi.  pt.  ii.  158.  —  lioissier,  Fl.  Orient. 
ii.  819.  —  Koeli,  Demlr.  ii.  405. 

Litptitlnmbar  inibertH\  Alton,  Hort.  Kiiv.  ill.  .'105  (1789). 

Tlic  Oriental  Liquidaiubur  is  described  as  u  Imndsoniu  tree  attain- 


SUVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


IIAMAMKMDK^:. 


|nnviiK'OH  ill  Houtliwcstern  Ania  Minor;  ami   fAfptiiiawbar  Formonuun  iH  found  in  Chinu  ami  on  t!io 
island  of  Foriiiosji.' 

All  the  H|it>L-ieH  inoduco  hard  Htraight-)i;rained  liuudMomu  dark-colored  wood  and  valuable  balHaiuic 
rxndatioiiH." 


in^  till'  liriglit  of  I  iVct,  iiiiil  in  nniil  to  fnriii  fun-stA 

(if  cmwidiTiible  vxW  .'itn-ine  niMitliwcHtrrii  |mrt  nf  AkIi 

Mittitr.  IiitriHtiirnI  into  Fmiice  ti^wiird  tlie  iiiiililli*  of  the  iMKlitrmlli 
ct'iiMiry  I>v  the  Krcih-h  nnimil  itt  Sniynm,  it  wu.h  llrnt  cultiviitci)  iti 
Knrniv  »t  tlir  Kitin'H  (Jiinli'ii  in  Murl.v  (  Duliiiiiic),  Tmitt  iltx  .Ir- 
hnt,  i.  ;(*Ut.  —  \<'nititH    ihihamtl,  n.  U.  -    LniHlori,  Arh.  lint.   i\, 

\iiiy.\.  f.  I!m;:i,  iikji). 

1  llmii.'.  \t,n.  S-'l.  \,u,  ^.'r.  .",  v. 'Jl.'  (IMim);  Jour.  /tot.  wii. 
Ii7l.  -  II<h.k.r.  /.on.  xi,  U,  t.  KV-'O.  —  K.irlHS  Jt  H.niHl.'y,  Jour. 
i.inu.  Sit:  xxiii.  ijyi. 

I.iijUnUimbtir  nrerifo/nt.,  Maxiiniiwif/,  /'mil.  Aitvl.  Sci.  St.  /*•  irra- 

imnrtj,  X.  tHii  (.U//.  /M.  vi.  Jl)(mit  I  iigrr)  (1800). 
lAtiuiilnmhtr  Mniimnu-iczii^  Mii|ui'l,  Ann.  Mu*.  Hot.  Luijd.  /id/. 

iii.  LMH*  (IK07).  —  Kraiiclift,  /V.  /*n,(//.  i.  ;Wj7. 

Li'iuHhmfmr  «prrit'»,  Mt'iiiHlry,  Jimr.  Hut.  xiv.  'J07  ( IH70), 

Tin*  ('l)iiit'Ht'  Kii|uiiliiiiiltar  I.h  ii  ImmlHuiiie  trrt'  thirty  U*  forty  f»M't 
in  lii'i);lit,  'Ii>itiii>;ui<4)it'<l  from  tlic  ntlicr  H)M-fii>s  liy  ilH  dull  rittlirr 
t>i>ui)ih-  li-uvcM  and  by  tlio  loii^-awm-d  .<«i'alcH  wliii-li  mirroiind  tin' 
fi'iiiJtlf  ll<  wcTH  ar.d  liunlpii  in  tho  d('vi>lii|iim-iit  of  the  fruit.  From 
/.i'jtiiihituhftr  /•'ormoiiihn,  and  from  an  impcrfrrtly  known  tri't*  nf 
rtiitrnl  ('liina,  wliirh  i^  probaMy  an  imdi>N4>rtlH>d  <tptM-ics  in  tliiH 
jIt'nnH  ( I-'ciU'H  A:  llt-iuMb-y,  /,  r.  'JItO),  the  wimmI  iiwd  in  making  t«'u- 
i-hi'Nts  aiid  the  furuitt  in  wliiih  brii-k-toa  in  i*ompri-H?ti-d  In  larj^tdy 
obtained, 

In  Hniithorn  iFnpan  I.iipiu/amfnir  Formoitima  is  occasionally  culti- 
vated ait  an  ornamental  tree,  and  tine  s,  rcimcnM  cxiittintbc  Uutaiiiu 
(tardt-n  nf  the  Iinp«'rinl  I'nivcrHity  in  TokytV 

'  Krom  /.nfinJamhfir  orifultilijt  is  dcriviil  li<|iiid  storax,  an  opaque 
grayish  lirnwn  resin.  The  origin  nf  this  Hubstarnr  rcniaim-d  un- 
known imlil  rccpnt  yearn,  although  the  bark  has  Wen  widely 
exported  from  Asia  Minor,  and  in  ^enenil  use  at  U'aMt  iiiuce  thu 
U'^imunK  of  the  C'hristi.ui  era.  eNpeeially  in  India  and  China, 
where  the  largist  part  of  the  priMluet  is  still  conKumed.  The 
extractinn  of  the  resin  is  carrie<l  on  by  wandering  tribcH  of  Tur- 
enmauft  in  the  forests  of  southwestern  A!*ta  Minor.  The  process, 
as  dcscrilH-d  by  Klueki^er  &  llanbury,  consists  in  the  removal  of 
the  outer  bark  of  the  tree,  wliidi  is  ufit  prmluctive  ;  the  inner  bark 
\A  then  seniped  off  with  a  |>ei-uliar  knife  iniide  for  the  purfMise,  and 
i-*  ston-d  in  vat«  until  a  sunicient  ipiantity  is  eollected  ;  it  is  t\\Q\\ 
bnilrd  with  water  in  copper  kettles,  and  the  resin  whieh  now  sepa- 
rates anil  rises  to  the  surface  is  skinuned  off.  In  order  t:t  obtinn 
the  resi:liit'  which  the  first  priM-ess  has  not  separated,  the  Imiled 
bark  is  put  into  hair  hags,  and  subjected  to  pressure  while  hot 
water  IS  poured  over  it.  In  thi«  way  are  obtained  a  product  of  an 
iiiferior  tpiaiity  and  tho  cakes  of  folifu-eoiis  fragrant  bark  knowi. 
in  Knropean  pharniaey  us  cortex  thymianmtis.  The  reftin  is  packed 
in  barrels,  or  witii  water  in  goatskin.i,  and  shipped  to  f'onstjinti- 
iiople,  .Smyrna,  and  Alexandria,  the  largest  part  of  the  annual  crop, 
which  is  estimated  at  from  sixty  to  eiglity  thousand  pounds,  l>i>ing 
sent  by  ♦'  way  of  tlie  Hed  Sea  to  Hombay.  In  India  and  China 
Hum  .storax  appears  to  bo  clueHy  used  in  perfumery,  as  a  protection 
against  in.sei-ts,  and  in  the  temples  as  incense.  It  is  said  to  it^ 
expectorant  and  stimulant,  iirid  tn  Im*  valuable  in  the  treatment  <)f 
bronchial  afYeetions  ;  it  is  pralM'tl  as  a  remedy  for  diphtheria,  and 


still  iiseil  as  an  ingredient  in  some  old-fashioned  remedies  (A.  Ui- 
eluird,  //iW.  A*.i/.  Mi,/,  ed.  :»,  iii.  UCJ.  —  I.indley,  ,Ur./.  Fl.  ;i21. — 
UosiMithal,  Sif)i.  /7.  /hafthor.  'JfKi.  —  llanbury,  /*h>trm.  Jour.  xvi. 
117,  UJl  ;  /toup'-viJiii,  V.  Ill,  t.  ;  ./our.  Jr  /*hirm.  xxxi.  HW. — 
l-'liiekiger  »It  llaidairy,  Phttrmnattjrnfthifit  »ll.  —  (iuibtmrt,  //w/. 
/iroij.  ed.  7,  ii.  'M)^i.  —  Spons,  /\t,ri/rlofHriiut  oj' thr  /nil.mtrutl  Art.i, 
.ytitfuifnrturf'i,  timi  /inw  Commtrcinl  I'roilnct.'i,  ii.  I*IH2.  —  llalfour, 
KunjrlofHtiloi  of  /uiliii,  ed.  3,  ii.  7lll.  —  lUillon,  Tnitt,  /lot.  .\/iJ. 
770.  f.  'JUH-'-'loa.  —  r.  .S,  /K^^n*.  ed,  10,  I  \'M\). 

Till'  Anieriean  -species,  /.iifuulumtmr  Sti/nin/tiui,  y'wlh  from  natu- 
ral fissures  in  the  hark  or  by  ineisinu  snuxll  ijuantitles  of  baKaniie 
resin,  wliieh  is  priMlueed  more  freely  in  the  southern  states  and  in 
Mexico  and  Central  America  than  in  the  north.  It  Mows  from  the 
trees  in  the  form  <)f  a  seniitmnsparent  yellowish  brown  liipiid  with 
a  balsamic  (Hlor  and  a  bitter  acrid  taste,  and  npoit  exposure  gradu- 
ally hardens  and  turns  to  a  darker  c(dt)r.  The  priMluct  nf  Af/iiif/- 
wufiiir  ,Sti/nici/luii,  known  as  liipiiilandmr  or  copalm  butm,  is  now 
eonsiib-red  to  1m>  identical  in  its  prn{M'rties  with  the  licpiid  storax 
obtained  from  /.c/UKAi/ri/xir  orifntalit,  and  to  bt>  useful  for  the  name 
purposes.  Another  prmlnct  is  obtained  liy  Imiling  the  young 
branches  in  water  ;  the  snlMtance  whieh  rises  to  the  surface  is 
dark-colnred  and  nearly  opaijue,  but  lias  the  same  pro}M'rties  as 
eopalin  balm.  A  syrup  prt^pared  fnun  the  bark  of  this  tree  Has 
Wen  employed  with  tulvantago  in  sonu^  parts  of  the  country  in 
tlu'  treatment  of  dysentery  and  catarrhal  affections;  the  i  oiicrete 
juice  is  used  as  a  eliewmg-gnm  to  aweeten  tlie  breath,  and  .some- 
times as  an  ingredient  in  ointments.  In  the  south  the  bark  hiiM 
lN>en  successfully  nsi>d  in  e.imp-hospitals  in  the  treatment  of  diar- 
rluea  anci  dysentery  (}/iilin$l  anj  Sunju-nl  I/tntorif  of  thr  War  of 
the  /ithrlUou,  pt.  ii,  i.  Mnimil  //i.ilnrtf,  17)  ;  and  it  is  now  ctuisid- 
en'd  a  useful  and  valuable  mucilaginous  astringent  (Dale,  I'hurmd' 
roiittfut,  4Ul,  —  I'omet,  //Lit.  (leu.  Ihog.  pt.  i.  IJH'J.  ^  Linna'us,  .Ud/. 
Mnl.  ITi'J.  —  Ue  l*ago  du  I'mtz,  //utloirr  df  Ut  Loumaup,  ii.  ;18,  t.  — 
Hergins,  Mnt.  MM.  ii.  7itK.  —  H.  S.  Barton,  CnU.  ed.  'J,  i.  10.  — 
llayne,  .lr;fi.  xi.  t.  *jr».  —  Nees  von  Kjtenbeck,  /'/.  Metl.  i.  9fi.  —  A. 
Rii  hard,  /.  c.  WX  —  Lindley,  /.  r.  a'Jii.  —  IVnira,  Hlemmtn  Mat. 
Mnl.  ed.  4.  ii.  pt.  i.  330.—  Knyle.  Mat.  Mni.  502.  — Griffith,  Mf.l. 
liot.  581,  f.  'I'A.  —  Uownthal,  /.  v.  —  CuilK.nrt.  /.  c.  :«)."»,  f.  WTt.  — 
Spurns,  /.  r.  — liaillon,  /.  c  177l\  f.  11404.  — Johnson,  Man.  Met/. 
fiot.  \.  Am.  no,  f.  i;>8,  I'ja  —  Parke.  Davis  &  Co.,  Organic  Mat. 
Mtil.  170.  —  U.  S.  IHtpens.  ed.  10,  1843). 

From  IA<piulamhar  Fnrmomyui  a  dry  terebinthinoua  resin  of 
agiceable  fragrance  is  obtained,  which  is  iH'lieved  by  Fliickiger 
&  llanbury  to  In*  the  Sti/rax  ii'iuii/a  J'olio  miuore  deseril)ed  by  llay 
as  imported  from  Anioy  (//w/.  PI.  iii.  Appx.  *ZX\).  It  Is  used  by  the 
Chinese,  as  is  also  the  product  of  the  allied  Altinifia  ('Ai>t^«.*i'.s  as 
a  stimulant,  alterative,  and  anti-hiBmorrhagic  remedy,  and  in  tho 
treatment  if  wounds  and  son»H  (Fluekiger  &  Ilatdniry,  /.  r.  'J40. — 
Smith,  Chmrse  Mat.  Mh{.  -Jtri.  —  Simhih,  /.  r.  nW3). 

Corky  excrescences,  developed  on  tho  trunk  and  root-stalk  of 
U/piuhmftar  /"onnoMiwi  and  known  as  pigs*  tuWrH  (chii-Iing), 
from  their  reseinldance  to  pigs'  dung,  arc  a  popular  remedy  In 
China  in  tlu'  treatment  of  fevers  and  urinary  disordere  (Smith. 
l.v.  171). 


has  1 


M-i-n  reec'innieiHleu  as  a  cure 


for 


goni 


irrlM 


Mca  ;  in  Kurupe  it  is 


HAMAMKI.IDKif;. 

Cliiiiii  ami  (III  tlie 
valiia'-lu  balMiiiiic 


ilii(inf'(l  ri'iiieilicK  (A.  Ili- 
indlij',  Mr,l.  /•/.  :m.— 

Itilfv,  t*finrni.  Jnnr.  x\i. 
<lf  I'/tanti.  xxxi.  HW. — 
,  'J41.  —  (iiiilxiiirl,  llul, 
rd  (•/'  the  luil.uitrntt  .lrf.«, 
uciA,  ii.  KWl'.  —  llalfmir, 
lailliiii,  Trmti    IU>I.  Mtil. 

1 IIMI). 
'ii'r//i»;, yiil.ls  fri)m  iinlii- 

I  4|iiiilUitie(i  (if  l)iiUiiini(> 
■  xiiiitlierii  Htali'n  niiil  iii 
iiirtli.  It  lliiws  fniiii  llic! 
iiwUli  bniwii  lli|iilil  Willi 
il  iipuii  (■x|Miniiri'  ^iilti- 

TIh'  priHliu't  ((f  I.Hittul' 
i)r  ('o|taIiii  liiitin,  in  now 
x  witli  till'  Iii|iiiil  Htornt 

II  In-  iiMi'fiil  for  till'  naiiin 
by  iHiiliii);  till'  yoiiiii; 
rinfii  tu  till'  MiirfAue  U 

tlin  siiiiKi  |irii|H'rtipii  lu 
!■  liiirk  iif  tluH  trei-  han 
[lartM  iif  the  poiiiitry  in 
alfi'i'tiiiMs  ;  till'  I'liiii'ri'li' 
II  tliu  lircntli,  aiul  niinu-- 
th(>  Huiitli  till'  linrk  hiw 
the  tri'atiiinit  of  tlinr- 
/  lHnluri/  ()/■  Me  U'lir  ii/' 
;  and  it  in  tiuw  ciiiiHiil- 
Iriii);i'iit  (Hall',  I'hnrmn- 
i.  liM'J.  —  liiiiim'ii.H,  .Vdf. 
la  LfmUiauf,  ii.  H8,  t.  — 
on,  Cnll.  I'll.  2,  i.  Iti.  — 
k,  I'l.  MM.  t.  on.  —  A. 
IVnim,  Elmmta  Mai. 
./.  .-.fi'J.  — Oriftith,  MM. 
iirt,  /.  c  IXtt,  f,  ■14.".  — 
—  .lolin.Hon,  Mnu.  MM. 
is  &  Co.,  Organic  Mat. 

I'reliinthinous  renin  of 
iH'lii'Vcil  tiy  Fliii'kigrr 
inrtr*'  ilcNurilied  liy  Ilay 
2'X\).  It  i.s  u.ioil  liy  tlio 
A  .Xltinijia  {'AiM(*n.v(.<,  ns 
i;ie  roir.eily,  anil  in  tlie 
t  llanbnry,  /. ,-.  1!4«. — 
.  Hi«3). 

riiiik  anil  mot-ntnlk  uf 
iga'  tubers  (chii-Iing), 
'  a  popular  n'lni'ily  in 
lary  iliaurders  (Sinitli, 


IIAMAMKI,II)Ki1<: 


aiLVA    OF  NOJiTir  AMKJIK'A. 


i4- 


III  tlio  United  States  LiiiiiiJambar  is  little  injured  by  tlio  tittaeks  of  inKects,'  nnd  dues  nut  Hull'er 
si'iidiisly  from  fuiijjal  diseasi's.-' 

Tlie  generic  name,  from  liijiildiis  and  the  Arabic  word  rniihiir,  adopted  !ty  Linnipus  in  nlliision  to 
tbe  fraj^rant  juices  of  tlie  tree,  was  at  first  apiilied  i>y  Heriiaiiile/.^  to  tlie  Ainerieaa  sjiecies  or  to  some 
otiier  balsamic  Mexican  tree. 


'  I.iipiiitaniknr  in  the  I'nitml  Stnti't  In  nearly  exempt  from  injii- 
riis  inllicteil  by  iiwuitn.  Tlii'ri'  \^  no  rcioril  of  ilunuigu  to  tliu  wihmI 
liy  bori'rs.  Tlii-  niiwt  i'iiii»piiiioii»  of  Hid  foliage -I'lUing  iimocts 
fomiil  1)11  the  American  iipocies  belong  to  tlic  family  llnmhi/eirld ; 
Hie  largi'  Aineriinn  »ilk-wornH  of  tlio  Liiiin,  Cecropia,  l'oly]ilu'niii«, 
anil  rromi-thi'a  motlm  feed  upon  it,  although  rari'ly  in  miflli'icnt 
iiiinibi'rH  to  I'lume  .serious  iu.iury.  Iiii|iiiilambar  is  sonietimen  also 
atlaiked  by  the  Fall  Weli-worm,  lliiiihiiiitria  rnnni,  Drury  ;  and 
in  southern  Kentucky  during  the  summi'r  months  a  I/eaf-miuer, 
rh!illoenhti.<  liqmilamburmUa,  t'lianibers,  has  been  found  inakiiig 


V 


long  winding  linnnr  mine«  in  tho  upper  mirfaco  of  the  haves  (Ciim. 
Qmrl.  J<"ir.  Sri.  ii.  KXi). 

'  Nearly  eighty  speeie.s  of  fungi  have  already  been  noticed  on 
Liquidanibar  in  the  l.'nited  States,  although  few  of  them  are  pecul- 
iar to  till)  tree  or  do  it  any  particular  liariii.     .\niong  the  s| ies 

found  only  on  IJipiidainbar  the  following  may  bo iitiuned  ;  IV//<« 

Lii/iiiiliimhari.^,  Curtis,  .Sfiriiliiim  fjiiuiilnmliarin,  Uerkeley  Hi  Curtis, 
St'/iinria  Li'iHiflamhtirin,  Cooke  &  Kllis, 

I  iVoi'.  /'/.  llitil.  lib.  i.  pt.  ii.  cap.  IS  (Ximenes,  Spanish  ed 
Mexico,  lOlJ).  —  C.  Uaubili,  t'roUr.  lut*  j  I'iuiii,  'M!, 


10 


SUVA    OF  NOIirjI  AMKlilCA. 


UAMAMKL1I)K.V.. 


LIQUIDAMBAR    8TYRA0IPLUA. 
Sweet  Oum.     Bilsted. 
Lkaves  deeply  6  to  7-lobc'd,  luj*tr()us. 


LiqiiiJiiibar  Styrnciflua.  MniiaMm.  .S'/»v.  O'.H.l  (IT.",'(). — 
Mill,  r.  Ih.t.  .■.!.  «,  No.  1.  —  Kaliii,  7V.//r/,«,  Kin;li»li 
cd.  ii.  'Jl.  — Moemli.  Ihiiimr  HVi'm.  fiOi  iVelh.  .'MO. — 
Rliir^liall.  Arliimt.  Am.l'.  — Cn«ll);lioni.  JVny-  h',-///  Sluli 
Vnili.  il.  L'7'.».  —  Wnnnt'iilicim,  Snr,l,im.  //.//:.■•!».  t.  tfi. 
f.  td.  —  Waltir,  /'/.  C'ir.  '.'.'!".  —  I-iiiinrck.  lift.  iii. 
:i;i,i.  — (iiiTtii.r.  Frmt.  ii.  r>7,  t.  '.M). —  WilMiiHuv.  Il.rl. 
Jtiiiiins.  17'.';  N/x'c.  iv.  47.">i  f.'iiiiw.  '.W'>.  —  lliirkliiiiiiicii, 
llniiilh.  h'.rttlnt.  i.  (>,'(;<.  —  AlilHit,  liisfi-tf  i:/  lii,,r;/lii.  i. 
t,  tS.  —  Miclmux.  /■/.  It„r.:\i,i.  ii.  'JO'.'.  —  riTsiidii,  S;iu.  ii. 
ri7:t.  —  |)i-.f,.MUuiM's.  lliHt.  .Irk  ii.  r.ll.  —  Tilford.  Jhrt. 
Hot.  Am.  i,i7.  — Srlikulir,  //.i-«//..  iii.  '.'7."..  t.  ,ill7.  —  .\oi,- 
ri;iii  l>iih,imfl.  ii.  4'.',  t.  10.  —  Mii-luiiix  f.  ///</.  Ar':  Am. 
iii.  I'J-I,  t.  4.  —  I'liruli,  Fl.  .1  m.  Stj^l.  ii.  (i;i,"i.  —  Iiutiiic«|iii>, 
f'l.  l.'iilm'ii:  lit;.  —  Nutliill.  <lfn.  il.  '.'!'.».— KUii.tt.  Sk. 
ii.  tlL'l.—  I'oiri'l,  Lam.  l>Wt.  111.  iii. ;it'i7,  t.  7.H.'i.—  Sjin-iitjil, 


Sij»t.  iii.  Sfil.  —  AiiiIiilK>n,  llhth,  t.  XTt.  —  Torrcy,  /V. 
.V.  »'.  ii.  '.'17.  —  .S|.ii,|,.  Ilitt.  IV7.  xi.  Kl.  —  Brounitl.1.1, 
l.mil.  .t„iir.   Il„l.  vii.  111.  —  Solmi/U'iii,   Inm.  t,  <J«.  f. 

f>-'.'l ('lia|>iiiiin,   /'/.  I."i7. — Ciirli*.  AV/i.  (lenlmj.  Siiri'. 

.V.  fur.  IHCiO,  iii.  77.  —  I)u  C'aiiilullc.  I'railr.  «vi.  |il.  ii. 
I."i7.  —  II.HikiT.  /■■'III.  xi.  l.'l. —  Kcx-li.  /Ifiiilr.  ii.  4I>I. -^ 
llnillon,  lll-r.  /•/.  iii.  ;i'.t7  ;  lUit.  Jtut.  iii.  'Jd'.'.  _  \a> 
Miioiit  A  |)i'i-ai»np.  Tnii'/i!  Grn.  Ji.if.  f>a;t,  flK«.  —  Uiil^- 
«»v.  I'rix:  r.  S.  .V'l^  .)/h».  188'.'.  (17.  —  Ijiiii-Iip,  fhut.idie 

Ihiii/r.  I'll.   '.'.  ;1.17,  f.   IL'lt .SiiFKi'iit.   F'Tfil    Trrf.i  .V. 

.Ini.  \Oth  Cfiuiiia  I'.  ,S'.  ix.  8ti.  —  Wiiimm  iV  CoiiltiT. 
(lr:ii)'.i  .Uin.  i.l.  Il,  ISII. 

Liquidntnbar  Styrncitlim,  var.  Mezicnna.  Omtnl,  Am. 
r,„f.  x^i.  t.  II  (I.SC,.!). 

Liquiddiubnr  miicrophyllii,  OrnU'il,  .im.  I'nil.  xvi.  t. 
10  (IHtk'l).—  Ilfi"-I.j.  It.,i.  Hl„l.  Am.  ffiit.  i   llMl. 


A  tree,  eighty  tu  otu-  liuiidreil  nixl  forty  tVct  in  lii-i;r|it,  with  a  Htruif^lit  trunk  four  or  live  fct-t  in 
(lianit'ter.  aiul  .slender  liranclu-M  wliicli,  wliil4'  tliu  tree  is  y<>un}j,  i'ona  a  .syinnictriral  pyraiiiiilal  lieail,  ami 
wlii'U  it  readies  old  ajje  a  eoinparatively  small  oMon;;  erowii.  The  hark  of  the  trunk  on  fully  ;;rown 
inilivi<luals  varies  I'runi  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  h.iif  in  thickness;  it  is  d.irk  hrown  tinned  with  red, 
and  hroken  hy  deep  iisHureH  into  hroad  riders  <'overed  hy  short  thick  scales.  The  hranchlets,  which 
eontain  a  lar-^e  jiith,  are  slijjfhtly  niany-Mn;;led.  and  covered,  when  ihcy  appear,  with  caducous  rufous 
hairs ;  in  their  first  winter  they  are  li^ht  oranp'-color  to  reddish  hrown,  with  occasional  niiinite  dark 
lenticels,  and  larjje  arcuate  leaf-scars  marked  hy  the  ends  of  three  conspicuous  clusters  of  (ihro-va.scular 
bundles;  in  their  first  season  they  develop  corky  win^s,  which  on  lateral  hranche.s  ap|)ear  on  the  upper 
side  in  three  or  four  ))arallel  ranks,  and  irrei;;ularly  on  all  sides  of  vertical  hranehes,  increasing;  in  width 
and  thickness  for  many  years,  until  they  are  sometimes  two  or  three  inches  hroud  and  an  inch  thiik.' 
In  their  second  year  the  hranchletit  become  red-brown,  ffcivs,  or  dark  brown.  The  winter-buds  are  acute, 
a  ipiarter  of  an  inch  lon^,  and  covered  with  ovate  acute  minutely  apiculate  oranjje-hrown  scales  rounded 
on  the  hack,  those  of  the  inner  rows  beinj;  accrescent,  sli;rhtly  ciliate  on  the  margins,  tipped  with  red, 
and  at  maturity  half  an  inch  in  len^rth.  The  leaves  are  generally  rounil  in  outline,  truncate  (U-  sli^'htly 
heart-shaped  at  the  base,  dej-ply  live  to  seven-Iobed,  with  acutely  pointed  divisions,  and  tinely  ^landular- 
.serrate  with  rounded  appres.sed  teeth  ;  they  ar('  six  to  seven  inches  acro.s.s,  and  are  borne  on  slender 
petioles  at  lirst  clothed  near  the  base  with  rufous  caducous  hairs  and  live  to  seven  inches  in  leuf^th  ; 
when  they  unfold  they  are  |)il(>se  on  the  lower  surface,  but  usually  soon  become  )j;labrous,  with  the 
exception  of  larjje  tufts  of  jiale  or  rufous  hairs  which  remain  in  the  axils  of  the  principal  veins  durin<; 
the  season  ;  at  maturity  they  are  thin  and  rather  mend)ranaceous,  hri<rht  <rreen,  smooth,  and  lustrous, 
with  broiid  primary  veins  and  finely  reticulated  veiulets  ;  when  bruised  they  exhale  a  pleasant  resinous 
fra<rrance ;  and  in  the  autumn  they  turn  ti  deep  crimson.     The  stipules  are  lanceolate,  acute,  entire, 

'  Kmil>-  I.,  (iregorjr,  litl.  Gaztttf,  xiii.  <282. 


UAMAMICLIUIivK, 


ii\ma.mi:mi)I:.k 


,s/AIM    OA'  XO/iT/f  AMh'h'/CA. 


11 


»,  t.  I."i.  —  Turrpy.  /■'/. 
;/.  xi.  N  I.  —  KrcHinitii'lil, 
lllli/.liill.  Irnii.  I.  ".»H,  f. 
irlin,  We/),  (ienloij.  Siiri'. 
lullc.  I'niilf.  Kvi.  |it.  ii. 
iiicli,  l>niih.  ii.  4tH.  — 
.7.   /M^    iii.   LT.L'.  —  I* 

/(M^  r..i;;.  fii;s.  —  ui.i^r. 

(17.  —  l^nurhc,  ItfiitMrfie 
rjjpnt.  F'lrrtt  Trfen  ,V. 
,  —  Watson   A    t'oultcr, 

[ezicana,  OnitiMl,  Am. 

I'll,  -I'H.  i'lnt.  xvi.  t. 
Am.  Cent.  i.  -KH). 

our  or  tivf  fi-i't   in 

lyriitniilal  licail,  ami 

ink  oil  fully  ^rowii 

VII   tiii;^c(l  witli  ri'd, 

(■  liniiiclili'tK.  wliit'li 

:li  ciiiliicdiis  riifoiiM 

Hioiial  niiiiiitc  ilark 

s  cil    liltro-va.Mular 

i|ii'ai'  on  tilt-  u|i|it'r 

inci-fasiiiir  in  width 

I  an  iiii'ii  tliirk.' 
itfi'-l>u(l,s  arc  at'Ulc. 
iwn  .scali'S  I'oiinilcd 
s,  ti|i|H'(|  with  rctl, 
truncate  or  slij^litiy 
il  tindy  frlaiKhilai- 

bonie  on  siciulcr 
1  inches  ill  length  ; 
ylaiu-ous,  with  the 
icqial  veins  duriiij^ 
loth,  and  lustrous, 
I  |ilea.sjiiit  resinous 
jlute,  acute,  entire, 


i;lalil'tiiis,  from  one  third  to  half  an  inch  in  lcn;rth,  and  caducous.  The  tlowcrs  appear  lioiii  .March  to 
tlic  eml  of  .May,  \shcn  the  leaves  are  more  than  half  ^rown,  the  iiiuIch  in  terminal  racemes  two  or  three 
inclivN  loii^  und  coiitud  with  riifinis  hairs,  the  fuinalcH  in  a  solitary  head  Ixirne  on  sh^nder  ^lalunim 
pidiincle  an  inch  to  two  inches  in  len;;tli  and  develope<l  from  the  axil  of  one  of  the  upper  leavj's.  Thu 
heads  of  male  llowers,  which  are  .stalked  towards  the  liase  of  the  raceme  and  nearly  sessile  ahove,  are 
a  ipiarter  of  an  iiicli  acroNH  and  Nurrounded  liy  ovate  acute  dcciduoiiH  hairy  liractH  nuieli  hnguv  than  the 
lanceolate  acute  hracts  of  the  female  intloresceiice,  •vhicli  is  half  an  inch  across  and  conspicuous  from 
the  hroad  sti^rmatic  surfaces  of  t'.a*  recurvc<l  and  contorted  .styles.  The  fruit  is  an  inch  to  an  inch  and 
a  half  in  diameter,  ami  haiijfs  on  the  liranchcs  durin;;  the  winter,  the  carpels,  which  rarely  contain 
fertile  seeds  hut  are  frenerally  tilled  with  ahortive  ovules  in  various  stages  of  development,  opening'  in 
the  autuiiiii.  The  seed  is  half  an  inch  lon^  and  rather  lon;j;er  than  its  wiii^,  with  a  li^lit  brown  coat 
conspicuously  marked  with  oliloii^'  rcsiii-diicts. 

/Jt/iiiiliiiiil)fir  Stifrurljtiiii  is  distributed  from  Fairfield  County,  Connecticut,  to  southeastern  .Mis- 
souri, southward  to  Cape  Canaveral  and  the  shores  of  Tam|)a  Hay,  Florida,  and  through  Arkansas  and 
the  Indian  Territory  to  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  Kiver  in  Texas;  it  rcapjiears  on  the  liuinntuins  of 
central  and  southern  Mexico '  and  ran<res  southward  to  the  highlands  of  (iiiatenialu.'  In  some  |>arts 
of  the  Ciiited  States,  especially  in  the  maritime  re<riun  of  ilie  soiithern  Atlantic  states  and  in  the  basin 
of  the  lower  .Mississippi  liiver,  the  Sweet  Gum  is  one  of  the  most  common  trees  in  the  forests  of  low 
rich  river-bottom  lands  which  are  usually  inundated  every  year;  in  such  situations,  <;'ro\viii^  with  the 
Cutton  (iiim,  the  Chestnut  White  Uak,  the  Willow  Dak,  the  Red  Maple,  the  Mlack  Gum,  and  the 
Water  .\sli,  it  develops  tall  .straij^ht  trunks  free  from  branches  to  a  hei<;ht  of  seventy  or  ei<;hty  feet 
alio\(>  the  ground.''  In  the  northern  and  middle  states  it  is  found  on  the  borders  of  swamps  ami  in 
low  wet  swales,  where  in  eompany  with  the  lied  .Majile,  the  Swamp  White  Oak,  the  Tujielo,  the  White 
Ash,  and  the  Ked  .\sh,  it  often  ^lows  in  <jreat  numbers;  occasionally  the  Sweet  Oum  appears  on  drier 
and  more  elevated  ground,  where  it  remains  small;  and  in  the  north  it  rarely  <rrow's  more  than  si.xty  or 
seventy  feet  tall  or  produces  a  trunk  more  than  two  feet  in  diameter. 

The  wood  of  /,ii/ii!(/iiiiili<ir  St;/ravifliifi  is  heavy,  hard,  straijjht,  and  close-frrained,  althoajjli  not 
very  strong;-  ;  it  is  lirij;ht  brown  tin<jed  with  red,  with  thin  almost  white  sapwood  composiMl  of  sixty  or 
seventy  layers  of  annual  }j[rowth.  The  specific  ;;ravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  (t.illHO,  a  cubic 
foot  wei;;liiii<^  lili.SH  pounds.  The  wood  of  the  Sweet  Gmn  is  smooth  and  .satiny  and  can  be  made  to 
take  a  beautiful  polish  ;  it  is  diHicult  to  season  and  warps  and  shrinks  badly  in  dryinjj;,'  but  in  spite 
of  this  .serious  defect  it  is  now  u.sed  in  larjfe  (piantities,  especially  in  the  western  states,  in  the  outside 
finish  of  houses,  in  cabinet-makin<r,  for  .street-pavements,  cheap  dishes,  and  fruit-boxes. 

The  leaves  contain  tannin,  and  have  been  recommended  as  a  substitute  for  Oak-bark  for  tanniiisr 
leather.' 

Ill  lOl'i  the  tiist  account  of  this  tree  from  the  pen  of  the  Spanish  naturalist  Hernande/  was 
published  in  the  City  of  Mexico,''  an<l  the  resin,  which  resembled  the  liipiid  storax  of  the   ea.st,  .soon 


'  lliniibolill,  l!oM|iliiiul  iV  Kuutli,  .Vol'.  O'eii.  tl  S/iir.  vii.  :;";t.  — 
Kuiilli,  Si/ii.  I'l.  .Kiiuin.  iv.  -M.).  —  Si'emumi,  ISol.  Voij.  Herulil,  Mti. 
—  Ili'liulcy,  /((/(.  Ilit>l,  A?n.  Ceiil.  i.  100. 

•  I* U'll  Smith,  I'l.  diiiUemul.  Xn.  l.S.-)j. 

•  Surgi'Ul,  liiirtleit  iiinl  I'unsl,  ii.  •,';)■_>,  f. 

•  "1''^'  l'"l«iliM  11 it  ili'iix  ;,'raiiili's  i|imlili's  ;  riiiu',  ilVtri'  i'.xtri"- 

iiii'iui'lit  ciiiiiliiiin.  I'liiitir  il,.  ilunni'i'  uii  liamnc  ilniit  li's  viTtus  soul 
iiiliiiii'.-.  .  .  .  Sun  iHjis  i'.-.t  »i  ti'liilri'  \-  ^i  siiiipli',  qirni  laliljiittailt  il 
sort  ill'  sun  in'iir  ili's  Iragui'ltL-s  ili'  ciiuj  ii  »ix  pinls  ilo  lciii(;i'ui'.  On 
Mc  (ii'iit  I'l'mpluvi'i'  fi  amuur,  (iiivriij»i's  i\  I'iiusi'  qu'il  tiiiviiilli'  Miiia 
I'l'ssi',  \  sp  i.iuniiinti'  ill'  ti'lle  surti',  qiril  .sb  met  ilaiis  ili's  lij-un-s 
»ui|iriiiaiili'.^  i|in'  I'un  m-  vuit  iliiiis  iiiiiini  bui.i  ilii  iiiuiiili'.  <  In  n'ti-r 
nu'nit'  li'  lunlii-  pari.'  nui'  sun  iidi'nr  i'>t  trop  furlc,  ipmiiiuVll''  Miit 


agrt*al)l('  lorsqut'  I'lm  nVn  hrulo  iju'iuip  pi'tito  ipiantitt*."  (Le  Page 
ilil  I'ratz,  llUtiiirr  ili'  Itt  Ltiui.'iiitiii',  ii.  *J7,  t. ) 

^  Pori'luT,  lit.-iniirir.i  ()/■  Simlhfni  Fiehii  und  Forf:tl.^,  IM."!. 

*  />(/  ariinl  i/r  l.i'/uiitnmf'tir,  tjuf  Ion  nntnnilf.<  Unman  ".Viic/iirn'fi/cn//,'* 
*•  {^MinAj-iAfii//,"  '  ii'isi'o  llurnaniU'/,  .V"C.  /V.  Hist.  lib.  i.  pt.  ii. 
cap.  IS  (Xiuieni's,  Spanish  I'll.  Xti'xii'd.  l('il"p). 

Stt/mr  .Xi-rrii  fuliii,  i'arkinson,  T/mih-.  l.VJll. 

.icer  Vifi/inianHm  tiilunituni,  lliTniann,  Cut.  llort.  Lmjd.  lint. 
tin.—  liuiThmivi',  Itiil.  All.  ii.  234. 

Stifrni  itrltnr  Viri/iniaiut  .1  ccrw  /o/i'o,  y w*/(».v  Plntiinn.<  Vinjininmt 
AVi/rii('(M  /'ijii./iii.s  Kay,  lli.^t.  PI.  ii.  ITlCJ.  —  Couiiui'lyii,  Hurt.  i.  1(11, 
t.  US. 

Li'i'iiiliimhtiri  nrhor  s.  Stijnicifiua  .•U'tris  J'oli.i,  j'viwtn  tnhidui'le 


12 


SUVA    OF  NOIiTU  AMtmWA. 


lIAMAMEUnEyK 


iittracteil  tht'  attention  of  Kiiropean  pliarniacists.'     It  was  introdiict'il  from  Virginia  into  Enjjland,  and 
was  tultivati'd  bi'fori'  1088  by  15islioi)  Conipton  in  his  garden  iit  Fulluini.- 

As  an  ornament  for  parks  and  roailsides  in  the  middle  and  southern  states,  few  trees  are  more 
vahialile  than  tht'  Sweet  Gum.^  It  giows  rajiidly  and  is  not  particular  about  soil ;  its  habit,  although 
rather  regular  before  it  reaches  maturity,  adapts  it  to  formal  planting  ;  tiie  leaves  are  unsurpassed  in 
beauty  of  form,  in  lustre,  or  in  the  brilliancy  of  their  autumnal  tints  ;  and  in  winter  its  broadly  winged 
branches  make  it  a  curious  and  interesting  ol)ject. 


(i.  t .)  jiiriiiirfm'  orbifniiiri,  ix  'juanipttirimL-i  a/ndlnut  riHifftnfrtUjto sfmcn 
nrimil,  I,.',  riiiki'iu't.  I'/ii/l.  t.  l'-',  f.  C;  Mm.  Hot.  '^'^4.  —  C'lUesby, 
Sat,  //t.s7.  ('(jr.  ii.  (>.">,  t.  OTt. 

Li<iHiilamlHir.  l-iuniras,  Hon.  Clif.  ISO  ;  liort.  T/w.  'JS".  —  Clny- 
lull,  I'i.  Vinjiu.  IIK). —  Kitvi'li,  /■'/.  /,*■'/''•  /V(»i/r.  "kI-I. 

Liijuiflamlntri  Arhfr,  Ul:u-kwt'll,  ('nil.  Siir/i.  t.  -ISo. 

U  Xoi'Iiiornlznll,  riiii/nrmfnlf  tii)/-tllnli>  Liijuiiitimhar,  •  In  Mnnu'e 
iiijniilo  ilti  Mtii^tciiutt  Chivigeru,  Shirui  Aritiai  del  .Ut .^.mcij,  i.  04. 


Liiiiiiihtnbar  Slifmciflmi ;  AirrU  fnlio,  Uoinans,  Aat.  IIiai. 
Fliirulii,  'JO. 

'  .1.  Hiiiiliiii,  llisl.  I'I.  i.  lib.  ix.  323.  —  rarkiiLioii,  Thnilr.  VM). 

'  U:iv,  Hi.^l.  I'I.  ii.  lOSl.  —  Aituu,  lli>r(.  Km:  iii.  :iO."i.  —  I.uiidiui, 
Arh.  Ilril.  iv.  '.-(M!),  f.  liMil. 

^  In  smile  |)iirts  (if  tin'  coiiiitry  l.ii[uittflinbttr  .'iii/nit-ijtiia  is  ;i1mi 
kiiuwii  iLH  SUir-li'iived  (iuiu,  LiijiiidaiuU'r,  uiiil  UihI  (jiiui. 


KXI'LANATION   OF    THK  I'LATE. 


1'i.ATi:  rXCIX.     LiyiinAMii.vii  Styiia<  iki.ca. 

1.  A  Huwt'riii^  brani'li,  iinturat  s'u.p. 

2.  I)iu);ruiii  i>f  n  |iistillati'  tloHi'r. 

3.  Vertical  .section  i)f  a  lieail  iif  HtaiiieiiM.  natural  si/.c. 
4  and  ').  Fi'unt  anil  rear  view»  of  a  Mtaniin,  ciilari^'cil. 

C.  Veitii'al  sei'lii)ii  of  a  lii'uil  of  |iistillato  Hohits.  natural  size. 

7.  A  |iistillatt'  tiower.  enlarged. 

S.  Vertical  section  of  a  |ii.stillato  Howcr,  enlaiged. 

9.  An  uvuU',  much  majjnitied. 

10.  A  fniitin;;  liiancli.  n»t""?  .-^izc. 

11.  Vnrti '.i'  ^.  ^iiun  oi  a  capsuli'  sliowini;  in  one  cell  a  pcrfcit  see<l 

and  in  the  other  a  miwa  uf  iuidevelo|ied  uvule8,  enlarged. 

12.  A  seed,  natural  si/.e. 

13.  Vertical  section^  oi  a  seed,  cnlaijied. 
11.  All  enihryo.  enlarfjed. 

I.'"!.   A  winter-hud.  natural  si/.e. 

10.  Part  of  u  young  hiancli  with  wingx. 


IIAMAMELIDE^K 

'  irginia  into  Eiijrland,  and 

I  states,  few  trees  are  more 

It  soil ;  its  lial.it,  althougl, 

leaves  are  uii8nrj)asseil  in 

winter  its  broadly  winged 


cerii  /olio,     Romans,    Nat.    lIUl. 

323.  —  I'arkiiison,  Thnitr.  Vm. 
"•>,  llnrt.  K,u:  iii.  :m.  -  l,„,„luii, 

•y  li'lfwliimlmr  Sl,/ni,-i,liM  is  alsii 
liambcr,  oiid  Ucd  Gum. 


'  ~^3IV 


'lv.i  lif   North  America. 


I- £/■■,.„■;  „;./. 


LigUIDAMBAR     STYRACI  FLUA,  !. 


A.Hifrftn.t    t/trr.i  ' 


/W/'    /i     '/'.Uli'f//-    ,",l/t.t. 


-T"i:-,tpm«W:>'f' 


KIlIZOrHORAC&S. 


iilLVA  OF  NORTH  AMEBIC ui. 


13 


RHIZOPHORA. 

Flowkrs  perfect ;  calyx  4-parted,  the  lobes  \  alvate  in  testivatioii ;  petals  4,  indupli- 
cato  in  icstivation ;  stamens  8  to  12;  ovary  partly  inferior,  2-celletl ;  ovules  2  in  each 
cell,  suspended.  Fruit  a  1-eelled,  1-sceded  berry,  perforated  at  the  apex  by  the  ger- 
niinating  embryo.     Leaves  opposite,  ovate  or  elliptieal,  entire,  stipulate,  persistent. 


Rhizophora,  Liniiffiiis.  Gen.  i:>7  (17;<7).  —  A.  L.  ile  Jiis- 
sieu.  (iev.  21.'i.  —  Meisner,  Geit.  119.  — KiuUiclier.  Gen. 


1185. —  Bentliani  <V  liookur,  Gen.  i.  07S.  —  liaillon.  Hist. 
PI.  vi.  'Jlllt. 
Mangle.  Adanson,  I''.>m.  I'l.  ii.  44."  (17fi."i)- 


Trees,  with  .sto\it  terete  iiitliy  branclilets,  thiek  iistiiiijjent  'mrk,  and  iulveiititious  fleshy  roots. 
Leaves  opposite,  ovate  or  elliptical,  entire,  tiiiek  and  coriaeeoii  vabrous,  petiolate,  persistent ;  stii)iiles 
elongated,  acuminate,  interpetiolar,  ini'olilinj;-  the  bud,  caducous.  I'lower-clusters  pedunculate,  axillary, 
dicliotonu)usly  or  trichotoinously  branched,  the  base  of  the  branches  surrounded  by  an  involucre  of  two 
ovate  three-ltiheil  persistent  bracts,  or  one-Howered.  Flowers  yellow  or  creamy  white,  sessile  or  i)edi- 
cellate,  bibracteolate,  the  bractlets  united  into  an  invohicral  cup.  Calyx  four-lobed,  the  lobes  acute, 
coriaceous,  ribbed  on  the  inner  surface  and  thickened  on  the  mar<;ins,  two  or  three  times  longer  than 
the  turbinate-globose  tube,  retle.xed  at  maturity,  persistent.  Petals  alternate  with  and  longer  than  the 
lobes  of  the  calvx,  inserted  on  a  Heshy  disk-like  ring  in  the  mouth  of  the  calyx-tube,  involute  on  the 
margins  and  coated  on  the  inner  surface  with  long  pale  hairs,  or  Hat  and  naked,  caducous.  Stamens ' 
eight,  four  episepalous  and  four  slightly  longer,  epipetalous,  or  eleven  or  twelve ;  lilaments  short  or 
wanting;  anthers  attached  at  the  base,  introrse,  triangular  in  section,  elongated,  connivent,  areolate, 
their  niembranous  coat  splitting  by  two  longitudinal  slits  united  near  the  apex  and  disdo.sing  numerous 
spherical  cavities  covering  their  inner  face  and  iille<l  with  pollen  grains.-  Ovary  partly  inferior,  conical, 
two-celled,  contracted  into  two  subulate  spreading  styles  stigmatic  at  the  apex  ;  ovules  two  in  each 
cell,  su.spended  from  its  apex,  collateral,  anatropous ;  raphe  ventral,  niicropyle  superior.  Fruit  a  conical 
coriaceous  berry  surrounded  by  the  rellexed  persistent  calyx-U)bes.  Seed  usually  solitary  by  abortion, 
suspended,  and  germinaiing  in  the  fruit  before  falling  ;  the  apex  surrounded  by  a  thin  albuminous 
micropylar  cuii-like  aril,^  testa  thick  and  fleshy.  Eud)ryo  at  first  surrounded  bj  a  thin  layer  of  albu- 
men ;  cotyledons  conferruniiuate,  dark  purple  ;  radicle  elongated,  clavate.  perforating  in  its  development 
the  apex  of  the  fruit,  and  when  fully  grown  separating  from  the  narrow  exserted  woody  tube  inclosing 
the  plunuile  and  developed  from  the  cotyledons  after  the  ripening  of  the  fruit.^ 

Ivhizophora  is  widely   and  generally  distributed  on   the   shores  of   tidal  marshes  in  the  tropical 
regions  of  the  two  worlds.     Three  species  are  distinguished  :  one  is  American  ;  a  second,  Uli'i-iipiniru 

'  (iril'lith,  7>(iii,<.  ,1/m/.  ,V  I'hiif.  Soc.  Vtili:  viii.  1.—  liiiillon,  Hull.      iiiadi-  In-  the  siiremliiii;  l«i-k  of  tlii'  uioiiilii-im'  on  tlu'  niitcr  sides  of 
Sim:  l.imi.  I'um,  i.  ,j8  ;  Hist  I'l.  vi.  iiSO.  the  slits. 

-  By  tlie  spliltiiii,'  of  the  meliiliriinous  eoiit  of  tlie  iiiilhei-  u  triiiii-  '  'I'lilasue,  .\nn.  ,Sci.  Xal.  s6r.  4,vi.  110.  —  Warmill;;.  liiuihr  lint. 

(•iilur  valve  is  formed  wllieh  is  attaeheil  liy  tlie  liase  and  in  openiiij;      .lilhrli.  iv.  ."):ilt. 

fulls  forward,  while  the  two  lateral  wings  on  the  open  anther  are  *  I'etit-'l'hoiuir.s,  Iknaux  Jour.  ISul.  ii.  3'-'.  —  (iriftith,  Sului  iv. 

tiO-.'. 


14 


HIIA'A   Of  .\(}ltTU  AMKIUCA. 


UIII/Ol'IIOUACE.K 


cii/iiiii/n/ii,'  is  Indian  ;  and  tlii'  tliird,  J^hir.oji/ioni  iiiiirrdiKilnr  is  found  on  tlic  went  and  east  i oasts  r'' 
Al'iica,  on  .Madayasfar,  in  soutiicin  Asia  from  Arabia  to  the  Malay  [leninsnla,  in  tiie  Kast  Indies,  New 
Guinea.  Australia.  an<l  tiic  ."^outli  Sea  Islands. 

Iiiii/oiiliora  |iossi'sses  astrinj;i'iit  properties;  the  bark  of  all  the  siiecie."  has  been  used  in  tannin<>' 
leather,  in  dveinu.  and  .is  a  felirifufje  ; ''  and  the  wood  is  hard,  duralile,  and  dark-eolored.  Hhi/.ophora 
is  f^iierialiy  a(la|ile(l  to  maintain  itself  on  low  nnidily  tidal  shores,  and  plays  an  important  part  in 
[iroticliun'  and  in  extending-  them  into  the  oeean  ;  this  it  is  ahle  to  do  liy  the  aerial  fjernnnation  of  the 
sieds  and  liy  the  power  to  develop  roots  from  file  trunks  an<l  liranelies.  Of  these  some  sprin<;- from 
the  stems  at  a  eonsiderahle  distance  ahove  the  <;ronnd  and,  arehinif  outward,  deseend  into  the  water 
and  lix  themselves  in  tht;  mud  beneath,  while  otl'"r  roots  jrrowinj;'  (h)wn  from  the  branehes  enter  the 
i^rouiid  anil  j;ia(lualiy  ihiiken  into  stems,  the  whole  forminj;'  a  barrier  whieli  prevents  the  mini  washeil 
up  l>y  risiuLj  tides  from  beinir  swept  away  aji;ain.  and  jjradually  consolidates  it.  The  structure  and 
cliaiacter  of  the  seed  are  wonderfully  adapteil  to  aid  in  this  extension  of  the  land  into  the  water.  The 
aerial  !;'erminaticm  protects  it  fioin  the  salt  water,  into  which,  without  such  a  provision,  it  would  fall, 
probably  to  be  washed  away  (U'  destroyed.  The  radicle,  when  fully  jjrown  and  ready  to  put  forth  roots 
and  leaves,  is  often  ten  or  twelve  inches  lonj^ ;  the  root-end  is  thicker  and  heavier  than  the  other,  so 
that  when  it  detaches  itself  from  the  cotyledons  and  falls,  the  heavy  end  sti<'ks  into  the  mud  ;  here 
beinn'  kept  in  position,  it  puts  forth  roots,  while  the  plunnde  at  the  other  end  is  held  up  abovj  the 
surface  of  tlie  shallow  water  and  is  thus  enabled  to  unfold  its  leaves. 

The  eciiciic  name,  from  (is'iz  and  (ju'^in),  used  bv  early  authors  to  desij^nate  various  climbing 
plants  with  thickened  roots,  like  Dioseorea.'  was  adopted  for  the  Man<rrove  by  Linuifus,  who  disearded 
tlie  earlier  .Maniiles  of  I'lumier.' 


'    l.uiliriMi,,   S/,.,:    Il:l  (17.".a).     -I".'  ('illuli)ll.'.   rn,,lr.    iii.  Xi. — 

\V  ,lk.r-Al....tt,    .1.,-..    .\,ll.   H:-l.  i    :ill:l.  —  Hill ,  .\lu.<.  Ilol.  /..;<;./. 

/;../.  i.  l:;i.  —  linuulis,    r.ir,<l   Fl.    llnl.    /ml.  'JIH.  —  IlonkcT  f.   Fl. 
Ilnl.  Ii.,l.  ii.  l:Ui. 

lihi:nf<hnra  rtinttt'litnti,  I)c  Caiiilollr,  /.  r.  .'I'J  (  IS-JS). 
Khi:tifthnra   ii/tintluta,  lUimic,  Kunm.    I'l.  J'lr.  !U   (1S*J7). — 
Wifjlit,  ///.  i.  •JIHt.  —  Kiiiz,  I'rr.sl  Ft.  Ilril.  ilnrm.  i.  117. 

Itki-ni.liiim  Mnuijh;  lihuiid,  F!.  Filip.  :W7  (u.it  l.iniiiuus)  (lH:i7). 
•  I'oirit,  /.lUn.  hill.  vi.  ISII  (1S(M).  —  l.;iiiiiilik,  ///.  ii.  .")17,  t. 
:UH!.  f.  '.'.  -  Dc  Ciincliillr,  /.  ,-.  —  IVi'iiisni',  Ami.  Sri.  Xdl.  .si'r.  -',  iv. 
7.-..  \Vij;hl,  ;.<■.:  /,,„i.  t.  L'llH.  —  \Valk.r-\lliiitt.  I.  .:  IHW. — 
IlliiMi.',  .1/iis.  /(.)/.  liiilij.  Hill.  i.  lit'.'.  —  TiiliiMif.  .Inii.  Si-i.  \iil.  sor. 
I.  M.  lil'.l.  -  (;i-,i\,  /)'(/(.  WiUe.i  Kr/Jiir.  /•;./..(/.  i.  m:i.  -  ll.uviy  .* 
.s.iii.l.r,  Fl.  ( 'nil.  ii.  ,■.];(.  —  lli'iitliiiin,  Fi.  Ausinil.  ii.  \VX  —  I  llivcr. 


FL  Tniji.  .Xt'i .  ii.  107.  —  llnnuli;*,  /  «■.  -17.  —  Kurz,  /.  r.  —  IlimkiT 
I.  /. , .  —  llakiT.  Fl.  Miliir.  A-  Sriiih.  WX 

Itliizii/ihiini    .\tiiii;lli;    ltiixlnir);li,    /•'/.  hiil.  \\.   I.'i'.l  |  ""t  I.iniiil'il:.) 
(IS'.'4l.  —  llluilH',  Fimm.  Fl.  .'in:  HI. 

Hhinijihiim  i)in.'TOrr;ii.-//,(:iiriitll.  'Frivis.  Miil,.\  Fli'i'.  Sm:  < 'ulc. 
viii.  S  (l.SIK!). 

Itlii:n]ili  irii  riinililiiriii,   Wiiilil    &    Walkrr-.Vinull,    /'Vi»/r     /•'/. 
/ml.  am  (luit  ill'  taliili.llr)  (isall 

"  llttwimtli,    Triin.t.  Sm'.  nf  Arts,  xxii.  -01.  —  lliiiiiilton,   /V,(i.-m. 
Jiiiir.  vi.   11.-    liailloii,  llisl.  in.  vi.  '.".IS.  —  I'rm'tiT,  Ti rl  ISimli  nf 
Tititiiiiii/,  .V»,  —  'ri-iniblc,  CiMitriti.  Hut.  I.uli.  I'hiv.  Ft'iiii,  i.  'Ai. 
*  lii'i-niniiii,  I'lini't.  Iiiil.  "JIT. 
0  .\„i:  VI.  Am.  (iiii.  IX 


* 


mnZOl'lIOHACEyK. 


KlIUOl'llUUACK^. 


HJLVA    OF  MOIITII  AMElilCA. 


15 


west  1111(1  fast  1  ousts  <•♦' 
n  the  East  Indies,  New 

s  Ik'cii  used  in  t;innin;{ 
i-coiort'd.     Hliizopliora 

:in  inipoitant  part  in 
iid  };fniiinatii)n  of  tlus 
tlii'se  some  spiino'  from 
lescund  into  the  water 
tile  Inaneiies  enter  tiie 
neiits  tlie  mud  waslied 
t.  Tlie  stnietiue  and 
1  into  the  water.  The 
irovision,  it  woidd  fall, 
■ady  to  put  forth  roots 
vier  than  the  other,  so 
*  into  the  mnd  ;   here 

is  held  up  aiiovj  the 

iiate   various  elimhinjr 
nmuus,  who  disearded 


•-'17  —  Kiiiz,  /.  ,•.  _  ||,u^li(•r 

V.   Itiil.  ii.    l,-.',l  Hint    LilMlllMls) 

ni/.j.  .1/,,/.  ,\  /'*,,,.  >•„,..  (Vi/c. 

\V;ilki  r-Ani.ill,    /V.»/r     /■'/. 

i-  '-'01.  —  lliiiiiiil I'l.iirm. 

IS,—  I'rcH'liT,   r.rt  ll„„l   „/ 
■  iih.  I'nii:  I'eun.  i,  M. 


RHIZOPHORA   MANGLE. 
Mangrove. 
L|':avks  oval  or  elliptical,  rounded  at  the  apex. 


Rhizophora  Mangle,  LiniiKus,  iS'/'f.  4III  {17.");i).  —  Gx'i't- 
iiur,  Fi-i(ct.  i.  'JIL',  t.  li"),  f.  1.  —  Lamarck,  ///.  ii.  517,  t. 
39(i,  f.  1.  —  Wiliaeiidw,  S/iec.  ii.  843.  —  Poiret,  Liim.  Dirt. 
vi.  1H«.  —  Pei'sucm,  .S'yn.  ii.  2.  —  Tui-liiii,  Diet.  Sci  Xat. 
xlv.  ;i.S(),  t.  Kt!).  —  Ih-  Caiidolle.  I'i'ndi:  iii.  .S2.  —  Petit- 
TlKMiais.  Dcsriiiix  Jour.  IM.  ii.  27,  t.  11.  — Spacli,  Hist. 
I'l';/.  iv.  332,  t.  M.  —  Torrey  &  (Jiay,  t'l.  X.  A  m.  i.  4.S4.  — 
Wight,  III.  i. '.'(lit.  —  Walker-Ariiott,  Ann.  Sat.  Jli.it.  i. 
yOl.—Walpiis,  /■'(■//.  ii.  7(>.  —  Hlumo,  Mii.'<.  Hot.  Liiyd. 
Jilt.  i.  i;i2.  —  S.lmi/lein.  Icon.  t.  2C3,  f.  1-7,  21-2!).— 
C'liaimiaii,  /•'/.  13."i.  —  Lu  Maoiit  i"t  IJccai.snc.  Ti-'iitr  Gnu 
Hut.  Knglish  oil.  41i).  —  \Vaiiiuii(,',  But.  Sutiser,  1877,  14, 


t.  1 ;   Engler    Hot.  Jahrh.  iv.  ■'519,  t.  7-10.  —  Kggers, 

Videnskub.  Mcitil.  fnt.  nut.  I'oi:  KJohenli.  1877,177 — 

Baillon,  Hint.   I'l.  vi.  284,  f.  2r)3-2iVJ.  —  Karsten,  M'ln- 

iiriii'i'-VeijetiitiiDi.  t.  iv.  f.  3.  C,  7.  8. 
Rhizophora    racemoaa,    Meyer,    J'rim.   Fl.    K.tsn/.   18.") 

(1818).— De  Camldlc,   Fro,li:  iii.  ;!2.— Hooker  f.   & 

Hciithani,  llookir  Niger  Fl.  341. 
Rhizophora  Mangle,  n.  Walkei-Arnott,  Ann.  Xut.  J/int. 

i,  ;i(jl  (i.sisS). 
Rhizophora  Americana.  Ndttall.  .Si/lra.  i.  9."),  t.  '21  (1842), 
Rhizophora   Mangle,   vac,  racemosa,   Eichler,   Jlurtin.s 

Fl.  llrasil.  xii.  pi.  ii.  427  (1872). 


A  rouiid-toj)ped  hushy  tree,  witii  spreading  branches,  usually  fifteen  to  twenty  feet  in  hei<;ht, 
foiiniiii''  almost  impenetrable  thickets  with  its  numerous  aerial  roots ;  or  occasionally  seventy  or  eiglity 
feet  high,  with  a  tall  straight  stem  clear  of  branches  for  more  than  half  its  length,  and  a  narrow  head. 
The  hark  of  the  trunk  is  from  one  th  d  to  one  half  an  inch  thick  and  gray  faintly  tinged  with  red,  tiie 
surface  irregularly  fissured  and  broken  into  thin  apprcssed  scales;  that  of  young  trunks  and  principal 
branches  is  Miiooih  and  rather  light  reddish  brown.  The  braiichlets  are  stout,  glabrous,  and  dark  red- 
brown,  btcoming  lighter  in  their  second  year,  when  they  are  conspicuously  marked  with  large  oval 
slightly  elevated  leaf-scars.  The  leaves,  which  remain  on  the  branches  during  one  or  two  years,  are 
oval  or  elliptical,  rounded  at  the  apex,  and  gradually  contracted  at  the  base  into  stout  petioles ;  they 
are  three  and  a  half  to  five  inches  long,  an  inch  to  two  and  a  half  inches  broad,  with  petioles  which 
vary  from  half  an  inch  to  an  indi  and  a  half  in  length,  dark  green  and  very  lustrous  on  the  upper 
surface  and  paler  below,  with  slightly  thickened  margins,  broad  midribs,  and  reticulated  veinlets.  The 
stipules  are  lanceolate,  acute,  and  an  inch  .ind  a  half  long,  and  fall  as  the  leaf  unfolds.  The  flowers, 
which  are  produced  throughout  the  year  from  the  axils  of  young  leaves,  are  nearly  sessile  on  stout 
two  or  three-branched  peduncles  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  inches  in  length  ;  they  are  an  inch  across 
when  exjianded,  the  pale  yellow  involute  petiils  being  coated  on  the  umer  surface  with  long  pale  hairs 
which  cover  the  eight  stiimens.  The  fruit  is  an  inch  long,  rusty  brown,  and  slightly  roughened  with 
niimite  i)osses  ;  from  its  apex,  after  the  germination  of  the  .seed,  the  hard  woody  thick-walled  tube 
developed  from  the  cotyledons  protrudes  from  one  half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch,  covering  the  plumule 
and  holding  the  dark  brown  radicle  which  is  marked  with  occasional  orange-colored  lenticular  dots, 
and  which  when  fully  grown  is  ten  or  twelve  inches  long  and,  near  the  apex,  a  ipiarter  to  oi',e  third  of 
an  inch  thick. 

In  the  United  Stiites  Rhizophora  Maiujfc  inhabits  the  shores  of  Florida  from  Mos(puto  Inlet  on 
the  east  coast  and  Cedar  Keys  on  the  west  to  the  southern  islands,  the  delta  of  the  Mississippi  River, 
and  the  coast  of  Texas;  it  occurs  on  Bermuda'  and  the  Bahama  Islands,  in  the  Antilles,-  on  the  east 

'  Irffioy,  Hull.  I'.  .S,  Nat.  .^tus.  No.  '-'."i,  74  (liol.  Bermuda).  i,  V),  t.  10,  — A.  Kiclinrrt,  Fl.  Cuh.  i.  2r>l,  — ririsebacli,  Fl.  /Wf.II'. 

^  Jni-qiiin,  Slirp.  ,l»i.  141,  t.  89  j  Hi.il.  Silecl.  .Slirp.  Am.  70,  t.       Ind.  274.  —  Kggers,  Hull.  U.  S.  Nal.  ,l/ii,v.  No.  I.'i,  ,-i4  (/•'/  .S(.  CmU 
III'-'.  -  Liinan,  Horl.  Jam.  i.  487,  —  Ueacourtilz,  Fl.  .Mi'd.  .Inlilles,      aud  the  Virgin  /,«/um/.«). 


16 


SUVA   OF  NORTJl  .\MHIUC'A. 


KIUZOI'II()KAH;.K. 


and  west  coasts  of  Mexico,'  in  Lower  California,-  and  the  Galai.ajfos  Islands,'  and  from  Central  Aniciiea 
extends  alonfj  tiie  north  and  east  coasts  of  Soiitii  Anieriea  to  the  limit  of  the  tro|>ies;'  hy  many  autiiori- 
ties  it  has  heen  thouffht  to  iniial)it  also  the  west  eoast  of  Africa.''  In  the  United  States  the  Manj^rove 
is  most  aliundaiit  on  the  Florida  peninsula  south  of  latitude  'J!)',  where  it  honlers  the  coast  with  wide 
thickets,  aseendinjjf  the  rivers  for  many  miles,  es))ecially  those  flowin;jr  *'"'"  ''"^'  everfjlades.  and  entirely 
covers  some  of  the  small  keys.  On  Cape  Salile  and  on  the  shores  of  IJay  Hiseayne  it  sometimes  jrrows 
at  a  little  distance  from  the  innnediate  coast,  and  on  ground  which  is  not  suhmerired  hy  overtlowinjr 
fiil-s  ;  in  such  situations  it  attains  its  {Greatest  size  in  the  United  States  and  makes  tall  shapely  trees 
with  strajifht  trunks  developiu};  few  aerial  roots,  and  in  general  appearance  is  entirely  unlike  the  low 
iiushy  widespreadinjif  shore  tree.'' 

The  wood  of  Rli'izujihiint  Miinijlv  is  exceedni^ly  heavy,  hard,  cl(tse-}i;rained,  and  strong.  The 
surface  is  satiny  and  can  he  made  to  receive  a  heautifal  polish  ;  it  is  dark  re(hlish  hrown  streaked  with 
lii>liter  hrown,  with  j)ale  sapwood  c(miposed  of  forty  or  fifty  layers  of  annual  growth,'  and  contains 
ninnerous  thin  nu'dnllary  rays.  The  sipccific  gravity  of  the  ahsolutely  dry  W(K)d  is  1.1(>I7,  a  cuhic 
foot  weighing  T'J.IO  pounds.  On  the  Florida  keys  it  is  used  for  fuel  and  for  wharf-piles,  for  which 
its  strength  and  imnnniity  from  attacks  of  the  teredo  make  it  valuable. 

The  strange  and  i)eouliar  mode  of  growth  of  the  Mangrove-tree  and  the  shell-Ksh  which  clu.stered 
on  its  stems  attracted  the  attention  of  some  of  the  earliest  travelers  who  lan<le(l  on  the  shores  of  the 
New  World,  and  it  is  mentioned   in   many  of   their  narratives."     Its  presence  in   the   United  States 


'  Kuntli.  .S>i.  PI.  .r.iium.  iii.  80.  —  Ilwikir  &  Walkir-Amott, 
IS„t.  r.y.  lie,  chi-y,  'JiK).  —  Hi'lllalov,  /(„(.  /fiW.  .Ira.  Ctul.  i.  UK. 

-  lU-iitli:ini,  lint.  Vny.  Sitlphnr,  It.  —  Hruiidef^tT.  I'rik'.  (\il.  Afiut. 
SIT.  L',  ii.  I.Vi  (/'/.  Iliijii  Cal.)  ;  iii.  lIMi. 

•'  Honkrr  f.  Trtius.  Linn.  S(n:  XX.  '.^J."^.  —  AiuK'nistiii,  Si'vkh.  .irwl. 
lliinill.  IS.'i,'!,  UlS  ((>»!  (iiiliiiHUinii-dnnu.'  Vnj.) 

'  \'i'llozi>,  /■'/.  Flum.  V.  t.  I. —  Kii'liler,  Mtirtiiu  I'l.  Ilra.ul.  xii. 
|it.  ii.  4'.;(i,  t.  !Kt.  —  Sagot,  .In.i.  Sri.  A'li/.  s«r.  (i,  xv.  'Mi. 

»  Hooker  f.  &  Itcntliam,  lli^.irr  \iger  Fl.Ml.  —  A.  Vc  Can- 
diilli',  C''ii]riiphif  lintanii/Hf,  ii.  7"-.  —  Oliver,  /'7.  Tmp.  A/r.  it.  ■U)S. 

'  (liirtlin  and  Fnml,  vi.  97,  tigs.  17,  W.  —  t'mdrili.  Hul.  I.ali. 
rntv.  I'tnn.  i.  t.  7. 

'  Tlic  trunks  of  liftiznphnm  Matigle  after  the  lirst  twenl\  or 
tliirty  years  iaeren.se  in  iliaineter  slowly.  A  speeiiiien  of  the  trunk 
of  a  l-"l<iriila  tree  in  the  .le.Hup  i'-  Ueetiou  of  .N'orth  Anierieau  WixmI.'* 
lu  tlie  .Vinerieau  Mu.seum  of  N.,  :.f,i\  History  in  New  Ytuk,  whii-li 
is  tifteeu  inelie.s  in  iliaineter,  ha.s  one  hundred  and  furty*t-.ve  layers 
of  annual  fjrowtli. 

*  **Manj;le  e.s  un  iirhol  de  los  inejores  i|up  en  estoa  partes  hay, 
y  es  euniun  eu  esta.s  islas  d  Tierra-Finne."  ((Jviedu,  //w/.  Nat. 
iien.  Inil.  lih.  ix.  cap.  (i.) 

"  .Store  of  oistcrs  (^rew)  upon  the  hranehes  of  the  tree."!,  and  were 
very  salt  anil  well  tiuiteil.  .\ll  their  oisters  grow  upon  those  boughs 
aiul  sjiraies,  and  not  on  the  ground  :  thtt  like  is  eoinnionly  seen  iu 
other  plaees  of  the  Wist  Indies,  and  elsewhere."  (Walter  Kal.'igh, 
IKsrnverie  nf'  Ifit'  htri/i,  liit-h  S'  HfUittt/'nl  Kmi.irr  nf  (Ininnn^  Ilak- 
luyt,  Viitjttijtf,  ed.  K\ans,  iv.  Ilia.) 

"  Shrimps,  Lobsters,  and  Oysters,  whieli  hang  upon  the  hmnehes 
of  Trees."  (Ilareonrt,  lUlnlinu  nf  a  Voyagr  to  finiawi.  Pnrrhtix 
hii<  I'ilf/rimfHt  iv.  I'.i7."».) 

"  The  Munijue  Trees  arc  like  the  Swallowcs,  or  WiUnwn  of  Kn- 
rnpr,  there  is  »•>  great  qnantilie  of  them  in  the  amies  or  creeks  that 
the  Sea  inaketh  within  the  Land,  that  many  leagues  of  the  Land  is 
of  these  'i'rees,  that  are  watered  with  the  tides.  ...  A  certaine  kimi 
of  them  doe  east  eertaiiu'  twigs  from  the  top  of  their  length  some 
times  a.s  long  as  a  Lanme.  till  they  come  to  the  water,  and  then 


they  east  many  hranchca  and  rootcs,  and  these  branches  reinaine 
fast  in  the  earth."  (.1  'l'rffitt.<f  nf  Jlrasil,  urtttttt  l,t/  ii  J'ortufjaU 
U'hirH  hit'l  lonij  Ufitt  Iherr.     }*urrhfli  hut  I'llifrimt.^,  iv.  lltlO.) 

l)e  .Mangle,  XiercinU'rg,  //i.«(.  Sm.  'M'.i. 

*' .Urtn/iw  ftrfinrihun  tinnumt  rant  Mitminttn,  i[uiil  ntili/nn  numfrti 
Jttxtfi  liltorii  .V  Octant  nfts$ti»  reftertittttttr.*'  (.Ian  de  I.,rtet,  -Vor.  (*rb. 
575.) 

Manijrte  OuajHtraiha  itirta,  Tiso,  //w/.  Sat.  Hrait.  lih.  iv.  cap.  87. 

.Maniflf  Pyri  fntitji  rum  nilitiuu  InnyU  Finti  Intitrtt  ajfiniii,  ,1.  Hau- 
hin,  lliAt.  PI.  i.  lib.  xii.  41.5.  —  Kay,  lIUl.  PI.  ii.  177L'.  —  Sloaiie, 
C'lir.  /*/.  Jam.  1.5.5  ;  Nat.  Hist.  Jam.  ii.  tKJ. 

Itn  Pttrtturier,  Itoehefort,  Uistaiyf  Saturelle  ct  .Mrralf  '/*,«  /</<.* 
.•Ii,/i//.,.,  1(K»,  t. 

"  The  Mangrave  is  a  tree  of  such  note,  as  she  must  not  1k'  for- 
gotten ;  for,  though  she  1h!  not  of  the  tall  and  lusty  sort  of  tri'es, 
yet,  she  is  of  great  extent  ;  for  then-  drops  from  her  limbs  a  Liiide 
of  (iiiin,  which  hangs  together  one  drop  after  another,  till  it  toiieh 
the  ground,  and  then  takes  root,  and  makes  an  aildition  to  the  tree. 
.So  that  if  all  these  may  be  .said  to  1h'  one  niiil  the  same  tree,  wo 
may  say  that  a  Slangrave  tree  may  very  well  hide  a  troop  of  Morse. 
The  bark  of  this  tree  being  well  ordered,  will  make  very  strong 
maps,  and  the  Indians  make  it  as  tine  as  tlax,  and  spin  it  into  tine 
tlired  whereof  they  make  llanioi'ks,  and  divers  other  things  tliry 
wear  :  and  1  have  lieant  the  linncn  they  wear  is  made  of  this  bark, 
as  also  their  chain's  and  stooles.'*  (Itiehard  Ligon,  .1  trof  and  tntrt 
Hi.'lnrii   fthr  I.dand  if  Itarhidm,  7'J.) 

I.icpium  ytantjtm,  t/ntHl  ft-rrnm  durdir  triitiat,  .lonston,  l)rmdr<^ 
ffra/tkin,  -125. 

fiimjieredia  Liutitani.,!  Manijn?  vtrratleirn,  ,Iouston,  Deniirogrttphia^ 

un. 

Manr/lr  arhor  Pi/rifuliu,  I'lukeiiet,  Phyt.  t.  iitW,  f.  ;t  j  .Mm.  Hut. 
241. 

Cwidiltl  Amrrirtma,  foliii  Lanrini.^,  jliire  letra/ielalii  lulro,  fmrtu 
tinf/i..<tinrf,  Catesby,  Xat.  l/i.tt.  Car.  ii.  till,  t.  Oil. 

"And  nothing  of  this  kind  could  be  more  suqirising  to  Kuro- 
peans,  than  to  see  the  .Shores  sliadcd  with  a  kind  of  Kig-trees, 


Hiiizoi'ii()iiAri;.K. 

from  Central  Aiiiciifit 
C8;*  by  iimiiy  autliori- 
Stiiti's  the  Maiififrovc 
■rs  the  coast  witli  wide 
veifrlades,  and  entiiely 
lie  it  soiiietiiiu's  fjrows 
ier;r,.d  hy  overllowiii^ 
ikes  tall  sliapily  trees 
iitireiy  unlike  the  low 

I'd,  and  stroiifr.  The 
I  in-own  streaked  with 
growth,'  and  contains 
ud  is  I.KJIT,  a  (tihic 
w  harf-j)iles,  for  whieli 


KHIZOl'IIOHACEiE. 


SILVA   OF  NOltTII  AMERICA. 


1' 


ajipeais  to  have  been  first  recorded  iu  the  llixtoirc  d(  la  Loidnianc  by  Le  Page  du  Pratz,'  published 
in  Paris  in  IT.IS.- 


difft-rrnt  from  all  otlicr  Trees  in  the  nmnuer  of  their  growth  ;  for 
from  their  hrniiehe.s  hang  iitnunierahlu  suiiill  tihtiiientH  growing 
ilownwiirds,  till  they  touch  the  Kaitli,  iinil  then  tiiko  Hout."  ((irif- 
11th  HiighcH,  A'(i(.  HUt.  Barhadm, '.'.) 

'  Le  Page  (111  Pratz,  a  native  of  Holland,  having  .served  in  (ier- 
inany  with  the  I-'reiirh  army  through  several  eanipiiigns,  emigrated 
to  liouisianu  in  1718  to  tnke  possession  of  a  grant  of  land  in  the 
neif^hhorliood  of  New  Orleans  whieh  he  had  receive*!  from  the 
FreueU  government.  Later  he  established  himself  at  Natchez  and 
snhse(|uently  explored  portitnm  of  the  coimtry  west  of  the  Missis- 
sippi Uiver  now  included  in  the  stjites  of  Arkansas,  Missouri,  and 
Texas.     Ho  returned  to  France  in  17IM  and  twenty-eight  years 


later  published  his  lliMmri;  fie  la  Lutu.iiaiu',  in  which  are  deserihed 
tlio  topography  and  natural  history  of  the  regions  visited  l>y  the 
author  and  thi;  habits  of  the  Indians.  Three  chapters  and  a  num- 
ber of  illustrations  are  devoted  to  the  trees  of  Louisiana,  wliieh  he 
appears  to  have  studied  with  special  care.     He  died  in  1775. 

^  "  Le  Manglier  est  tres-comnnm  dans  toute  PAini^riipie  ;  il  eroit 
ii  la  Ltmisiane  dans  le  voisinage  do  la  Mer  sur  le  liord  des  eanx 
morles.  II  est  plus  nnisible  (pi'utile,  en  ce  (pi'il  vent  de  la  bonne 
terre,  (pi'il  en  oceni)e  ln'iiiicoup,  &  cpie  sos  raeines  qui  s'dtoudent 
ilans  I'eau  emja'chent  rabordage  h  eeux  fpii  navigent,  &  donnent 
one  retraitc  sure  aux  Poissons  eontro  les  travaux  &  Tadresse  des 
Peoheurs."     (liLitoire  de  hi  Louisianet  ii.  4L) 


(11-fish  which  clustered 
on  the  shores  of  the 
in   the   United  States 


and  the.se  branches  reniaiue 

iraxtl,  iirtttnt  hi^  tj  IWtityttU 
I'lhfrimif,  iv.  l.'tlD.) 

:)i;t. 

aufjiuin,  t/uia  mitfjim  numero 
ir."    (,)an  de  Laet,  A'on.  Ihb. 

.  Nnt.  ISra.1.  lib.  iv.  cap.  H7. 
h'inii  Indinr  ajfiuii,  .1.  liau- 
lli»l.  ft.  ii.   177:J.  —  .'Sloane, 

ta. 

Valurelle  et  Morale  dm  /</,,t 

)te,  as  she  must  not  Is'  for- 
tJill  and  lusty  sort  of  trees, 
Irops  fnuu  her  lind>s  a  Linde 
p  after  another,  till  it  touch 
lakes  an  luldition  to  the  tree, 
e  one  ami  the  same  tree,  wo 
•y  well  hide  a  troop  of  Horse. 
I'n'd,  will  nukke  very  stnuig 
'  a.s  tlax,  and  spin  it  into  line 
ml  tlivcrs  other  things  they 
T  wear  is  made  of  this  bark, 
diurd  Ligtin,  .1  trw  and  mirt 

itif  (F'/tuit,  .lonston,  Ihudri}- 

eiro,  Jonston,  Dendnuiriifthia, 

"hi/t.  t.  2M,  f.  ;t;  Mm.  Ho!. 

Jliirc  Mrapelalo  lidm,  frurln 

i;i,  t. «;). 

le  tnore  surprising  to  Knro- 
1  with  a  kind  of  Kig-trees, 


KXI'LANATION   OK  TIIK   I'LATK. 


s. 
'.I. 

10. 

II. 
r.'. 
i.f. 
11. 
1.-.. 

ICi. 
17. 


I'l.VTK   t'C,       UllIZdMKili.V    MAN(iLK. 

A  (lowering  ami  fruiting  hriiiicli.  niilural  .si/.f. 

DIap'um  ()f  a  llowir. 

Virliral  sectiuii  ul  a  lliiwir.  cnlargud. 

A  ni'pal.  front  viuw.  i  nlai'ni'd. 

A  (ictal  cut  IraiiHviiKclj,  fioiil  viuw,  unlarged. 

A  iiUtil,  cnlurucil. 

Kinnl.  siilo.  ami  riar  vIi'Hs  nf  a  ctaiiKii,  oiilaiiji'il. 

("in>s  Ht'ction  of  ail  aiillui ,  l'Illar^L'(l. 

All  oviiU',  nuicli  iiiaK'iilii'il. 

A  Mi'il  ffirniiiialiiiL,'.  »liii«iii};  itr.  ariloiil  |,'ii)«tli,  i>iilar),'e<l. 

Vertical  scc'tion  of  a  fniil,  sli^'lilly  t'ulaigoil. 

All  t'liibi'ji),  iiilai'uril. 

All  I'niliryo  partly  (lfvclo|jo<l.  cnlHrfji'il. 

A  fruit,  llie  radicle  dctaclicil.  slimvini;  the  |iliiinule,  natural  size. 

Vertical  section  of  a  «ieil.  uliowiii^'  the  tiihe  develo))cd  from  tlie  votyleilons 

after  llie  detachment  of  the  radicle,  enlarged, 
A  seedling  plant,  natural  size. 
A  stipule,  natural  size. 


leilons 


ilvi  of  N'Tth  Ami-n^H 


f  f:i.rc-.    „W 


RFilZOPllORA   MANC.LE,  1.. 


W  A'u>c*vfbt    ./Ivev/-,' 


''-4:  fi.  TiSfifui    f'tif-' 


COJlUUETACEiK. 


8ILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


19 


TERMINALIA. 


Flowkrs  pcrffct  or  polygamo-diopcious ;  calyx  o-toothcd,  the  teeth  valvate  in 
ivstivation  ;  petals  0  ;  stamens  10,  in  two  series ;  ovary  inferior,  1-eellecl ;  ovules  2  or 
rarely  Ji,  suspended.  Fruit  di-upaceous,  1-seeded.  Leaves  alternate  or  occasionally 
opj)osite,  destitute  of  sti])ules. 


Terminalia.   Henthani  &    Hookur.   lien.   i.  (585   (1865). — 

liuillun.  ll'ial.  I'l.  vi.  L'SO  (excl.  Coiioritr/iKS,  liamataellii, 

Aft'i'/f'i.^sus.  aiul  Jltii'heiKituu). 
Bucida,  LiiiiiiiM's,  Si/xt.  ml   10,   lOLTi  (17")'J).  —  Ailiinsoii. 

Fdtii.  I'l.  ii.  80.  —  A.  L.  (le  Jussifii,  (li'ii.  75.  —  Meisiier, 

Gi;i.  110.  —  Knillicher.  (leu.  1180. 
Adnmaram,  Adjinsun,  Fmn.  /'/.  ii.  44.")  (176.'?). 
Terminalia.  Lillllll■u^.  .Vnnt.  'Jl  (17(i7),  —  A.  L.  de.Iussieu. 

(;■„.  TO.  —  Mfisiier,  (ini.  1 10.  —  Kmllirhur,  (ieii.  1180. 
Tanibouca,  Aulilet,  J'/.  Hnian.  i.  448.  t.  178  (1775).  — 

A.  I..  (If  .lussiell,  frrn.  70. 
Pamea,  Auljii't.  P/.  Hiiiun.  ii.  '.140,  t.  oo9  (177,")).  — A.  L. 

lie  .luxsic'U,  Gi'}i.  70. 


Knipbofia.  Seopoli,  Iiitnidnct.  .'i27  (1777). 
Cliuncoa,  A.  L.  <le  .Ju-ssiuu,  Gen.  70  (1789). 
Badamia,  Gii'itiier,  Fi-tiet.  ii.  90,  t.  97,  f.  1  (1791). 
Myrobalanus,  GuTtner,  Fi-wt.  ii.  90,  t.  97,  f.  '.'  (1791). 
Catappa,  GaTtnui-,  t'met.  ii.  ;iO(),  t.  l:.'7,  f.  .'i  (1791). 
Gimbernatia.  Ruiz  &.  Pavon,  rr'«lr.  /•'/.  Periic.  VM,  t.  30 

(1794). 
Fatrea.  A.  L.  de  .Tiissiou,  Ann.  Mm.  v.  2L';{  (1805). 
Hudsonia.  Lunau,  Jlort.  Jam.  ii.  310  (not  Limiajiis)  (1814). 
Pentaptera,   De  CandoUc,  Mi-m.  Site.  P/ii/.i.  Genere.  iv.  ,"> 

(18'JS)  ;    Proili:  iii.  14.  —  EiidliHier,  Gen.  1180. 
Chicharronia,  A.  Kiiliard,  Fl.  Cub.  5L'9  (1845). 


Trees  or  shrubs,  with  astringent  i)roperties.  Leaves  alternate  or  rarely  opposite  or  siibopposite, 
usually  ciiistereil  at  tile  ends  of  the  hranchos,  sessile  or  .sometimes  pctiolate,  f)enerally  entire  and  marked 
with  minute  iicllucid  dots,  f>landular  or  eglandular  at  the  base.  Flowers  in  the  axils  of  minute  bractlets, 
green,  ereamy  white,  or  bright-colored,  in  hix  elongated  simple  or  branched  s[)ikes,  rarely  contracted  into 
dense  heads,  axillary  or  clustered  on  the  old  nodes.  Calyx-tube  ovoid  or  sulicylindrical,  constricted 
above  the  ovary,  the  short  limb  urceolato  or  campanidate,  live-toothed  or  divided,  usually  deciduous. 
Disk  epigynous  or  annular.  Stamens  ten,  in  two  ranks,  iuHexed  in  a'stivation,  inserted  on  the  limb  of 
the  <alyx,  the  tive  inferior  opposite  its  teeth,  the  five  sui)erior  shorter  and  alternating  with  them  ;  fila- 
ments siil)uhite  or  filiform,  exserted ;  anthers  minute,  attached  on  the  back,  sagittate  or  oblong,  introrse, 
two-celled,  the  cells  opening  h)ngitudinally.  Ovary  included  in  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  one-celled;  style 
subulate,  often  thickened  or  villo.se  at  the  base,  terminated  by  a  simple  minute  .stigma;  ovules  two'or 
rarely  three,  suspended  from  the  apex  of  the  cell  on  elongated  slender  funiculi,  anatropous  ;  raphe 
ventral,  the  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  ovoid,  terete,  angular  or  compressed,  sometimes  with  two  to  tive 
longitudinal  wings,  or  samariform,  one-seeded  ;  exocarp  usually  thin,  fleshy  or  coriaceous ;  endocarp 
coriaceous  or  )>ony.  Seed  elongated,  ovoid  or  t.'rete ;  testa  membranaceous.  Embryo  destitute  of 
albumen  ;  cotyledons  convolute,  fleshy  ;  radicle  minute,  sujierior.  turned  toward  the  hilum. 

Termuialia,  as  the  genus  is  now  enlarged,  inhabits  the  tropic;  of  the  two  worlds;  eighty  or  ninety 
species '  are  distinguished,  of  which  the  larger  part  are  found  in  Asia  and  Africii 


■a. 


*  Willdi'iiow,  Sjtei 


/«f,  IV.  907.  -  Humboldt,   Boiipland  &  Kui.tli,  ir.  /,„/.  '.'Tti.  -  lUM.tluun,  /■■/.  .Ia</m/    ii.  I!X!.- Ki.l.l..',    V,xrl,m 

S.n:  ,.,„.  ,t  S,,„:  vi.  I13.-K„„ll,,  Syu.  /•/.  .I:.,um.  iii.  3TO.  -  !).■  ,■!.  Jir„.vl.  xiv.  ,,(.  ii.  Sli.  -Oliv.T,  /■■/.  Tr„p.  .I/K  ii.  41,".  -  Kur? 

e.->,>ac,ll,.    I'n„,r.   iii.  10.  -  dray,   II.,,    IfW,.,    ,.:.,,lor.   Kx,^.,.   i.  F,„.,,,  /••/.  ISrit.  Ilun,..  i.  loX  -  llookor  f.  /•■/.  V.ni.  In.,,  ii.  14:1  - 

1.1...  -  .M„iu..l,  /■/.  /„,/.  I!,„.  ,.  ,-,1)8.  -  liurvcy  &  .S.,„.l..,.,  /••/.  r,,,,.  liakor.  /•'/.  M,w,:  nn.l  Se.i.-h.  110.  -  Ilomslov,  Ii..,.  Hi.,1.  .1,,,.  Ceu,  \ 

.1.  ,.(l.s.  -  1  hw„.t..»,  /•„,„„.  I'L  /,.y„„.  loa.  _  (i,.i„.ba..l,,  /y,  />,,.  lOl'.  -  \i,lul  ,■  S„lc.i-,  Fl.  1-W.M.  .Ir,/,.  Fitii',.  VX,. 


20 


iSIL  I'A    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


COMBUKTACKiK. 


Several  of  the  species  are  valuable  timber-trees ; '  the  bark  of  all  is  astringent  and  rich  in  tiinnin, 
and  some  produce  astriii<;erit  fruit  used  in  dyeing  and  tanning."  Galls  formed  on  the  young  leaves  of 
Ti  rill  i  mil  id  C/ubulu,^  an  Indian  species,  are  strongly  astringent  and  serve  iis  a  substitute  for  Oak-galls 
in  ink-making.*  TtmviKiVui  Cdtn/ipu,'^  the  Indian  Almond-tree,  (me  of  the  largest  and  most  beautiful 
mend)ers  of  the  genus,  is  a  favorite  shade  and  avenue  tree  in  all  tropical  countries;  it  produces  valuable 
timber  and  edible  fiuit  from  which  an  oil  with  the  odor  and  Havor  of  Almond-oil  is  prepared,  and  from 
the  bark  and  leaves  is  extracted  a  black  i)igment  used  by  the  natives  of  India  to  color  their  teeth." 

The  generic  name,  formed  from  trniiiiiiis,  was  used  by  Linuieus  in  allusion  to  the  usual  arrange- 
ment of  the  leaves  of  these  trees  at  the  ends  of  the  branches. 


'  Hraiulis,  Forr^t  Ft.  Brit.  Iwt.  -22.  —  Gamble,  .)Ain.  InilUvi 
Timh.-rs,  ITi). 

3  I'lultT  the  Hiiiiu*  of  iiivroltiilaiis  the  dried  astringent  fnuts  nf 
several  Iriitian  speeies  of  'IVrii.inatia  once  had  a  jilai'c  in  the  Kuro- 
peaii  pharniactipieia  (  Oale,  l*/inrm.  XH. —  LinnaMis,  .\ffit.  Mnl.  ITS); 
in  tiiiiia  tliey  are  still  'laed  nieilieinally  (Honi^lKTjjei-,  .Ud/.  Aftil. 
jI3),  and  are  exported  in  jjreat  (piantities  to  China,  where  they  are 
puiphn-ed  .as  a  tonie  ami  mild  laxative  (Smith.  Ctiiitfxp  Mat.  Mfl. 
'Jl.">).  For  tanning;  leather  the  fruits  of  '^Vmiinalia  are  now  largely 
inipttrted  from  Ilnlla  inttt  Kiirope  ;  two  kiluls  an'  known,  ehehnlie 
myn>iia!.i..>,  the  fniit  of  IWminnha  Chilntlti,  and  the  helerie  niy- 
robalaus.  the  fruit  of  Tt  rmiutiUa  litleriat  (Hozlnirgh.  Hurt,  lifwi. 
X\.  -  De  C'audolle,  /V«/r.  iii.  \1.  -  Heddome,  Fl.  Si/I,:  S.  hul.  i. 
HI.  t.  1(1.  —  Uniulis,  /.  .-  •.'•_".'.  —  IliHjker  f.  Fl.  lint.  Iwl.  ii.  1 1.".)  ; 
tlieyeiintaiii  from  tli!tt\  to  thirty-tive  per  eent.  of  tjiimie  acid  in  the 
pulp  which  surrounds  the  stones,  and  make  soft  porous  leather  of  a 


yellow  iM.lor  (Ouibourt,  //«/.  Ilrnii.  ed.  7,  iii.  ii8'.',  f.  (!(ir>-C70.  — 
Spous,  Ettci/clDjHFititi  of'  the  linhi.<tritil  Art.i,  Mtin't/arturiy,  nrut  Hat, 
(\tmmrrciat  Prixlurts,  i'l.  12'_'0,  litH7.  —  Balfour,  t'ltrlit/nntiu  of'  Itutia, 
ed.  .'1,  ii.  10;ll.  — -laelcHon,  ('nmJii'rriid  liotami  »t'  thi'  S'twtreuth  Ceti- 
tiini,  iLiO.  —  r.  S.  A'li;.  llhjH-iis.  ed.  l(i,  ISC,,-.). 

'  Ketzius,  Oh.  v.  ;il  (1790).  — Wilhleiiow,  Spu-.  iv.  '.Hill.—  De 
Candollc, /.  ('.  —  Hediliune, /.  c.  L'7,  t.  -7.  —  Hnindis,  /.  c.  2*2^1,  t. 
•J!).—  Hooker  f.  /.  .■   I-Jti. 

*  \'"if;t,  Hort.  Suh.  Caloiil.  .'17.  —  l>niry,  I'liful  I'lants  n/ Imlia, 
131.—  Hal  four, /.  r.  8.->0. 

5  l.iuiueu.s,  Miiiit.  r,\<J  (1771).  —  Wilhlemiw,  /. ,:  !tt!7.  -,Iac(iuin, 
r,;m.  ri.  liilr.  1.  lU,  t.  1117.  —  De  riuulollc,  /.  .-.  II.  — XutUll, 
.syci,  i.  no,  t.  ;V.'.  — /io/.  .l/uy.  Mi.  t.  aOOl.  —  BedUumc, /.  c.  'M, 
t.  'JU.  —  lliH)ker.  f.  /.  .■    III. 

0  Spons,  /.  c.  13'J0.  —  Balfour,  /.  .-.  H.iO. 


COMBUKTACKii:. 

Tent  and  ruli  in  tjiiinin, 
n  the  young  leiives  of 
substitute  for  Oiik-galls 
jest  and  most  beautiful 
s;  it  produces  vabiable 
il  is  prepared,  and  from 
color  their  teeth." 
)n  to  the  usual  arrnnge- 


c(l.  7,  iii.  ^8'_>,  f.  tJtWMiTO.  — 
/  Arl.t,  Matt't/nctuny,  nwt  tiau 
-  Hulfoiir,  '  'i/rlif/iifitiit  III'  IttdiOt 
il  liotanii ')/  Ihf  \inttrenth  fVri- 
lli,  IHCm). 

k'illilciiow,  Sper.  iv.  DO!).—  Do 
t.  'J7.  —  Hramlis,  /.  r.  1*.';),  t. 

llnirj',  Vsiful  I'tanli  of  Imlia, 

kV'iHiK'iuiw,  /.  <•,  fM(7.  —  iTaociuin, 
I'luidiilli-,  /.  .  11.  -  Nultall, 
i.  t.  IVm.  —  Uf<ldoiiic,  /.  c.  liO, 


co.mbretacea:. 


SILVA  OF  NORTH  AMKRICA. 


21 


TERMINALIA   BUCERAS. 
Black  Olive  Tree. 

Flowkrs  perfect,  in  simple  axillary  sjjikes  ;  calyx  campanulatc,  5-toothe(l,  persist- 
ent. Fruit  ovoid,  couieal-ohlique,  irrej!;ularly  o-angled,  coriaceous.  Leaves  alternate, 
cglandular,  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  persistent. 

Terminalia  Buceras.   Henthani   &   Hooker.    Gen.   i.    G85  dolle.  J'rcxlr.  iii.  10.  —  Don.  Gen.  Sy.'it.  ii.  G.")7.  —  Spacli, 

(lSU."i) Saijjeiit.   lint.  Gdzctte,  \i.  'Mi:    Gtinleu  awl  Hist.   Ve<j.  iv.  297.  —  Eicliler,  MiwtUis  Fl.  Unisi/.  xiv. 

Fnirsf.  ii.  I.i"..  pi.  ii.  '••!.  t.  :!."..  f.  1. 

Bucida   Buceras.    Browne,  Xnt.   Hi.if.  ■Jum.   t.  2.i.   f.   1  Bucida  anguatifolia.  I)e  Camlolle.  7V»(/)'.  iii.  10  (182S). — 

(XI'iH). —  Liniiffius,  Amnsn.  v.  .'i'.lT  :  S/nr.  oJ.  '-',  .'i.'ili. —  D«»u,  Geit.  Si/.'it.  ii.  C,")7. —  A.  Rieliiud,  F/.C'nli.  ii.  L'ld. — 

Uinmrek,  ///.  ii.  181,  t.  3.".C>.  —  AVilldenow,  S/icr.  ii.  6;i(t.  —  Grisebaoh,  Oi/.  /'/.  Cnl,.  Kilt. 

I'oiret, /,!(«(. />/'7.  Siippl.  i.  733. —  IVraoon, .%«.  i.  48,"i. —  Bucida  Buceras.  vai-.  angustifolia.  Kiclder,  JI/iirfiH.*  /•'/. 

IM.  Itiy.  xi.  t.  ".MI7.  —  Sprcngel,  Sijsl.  ii.  S'l!!.  —  I)e  Can-  Hn.ill.  xiv.  pt.  ii.  '.'5  ( 1.st'i7). 

A  tree,  with  naked  buds,  in  Florida  sometimes  forming  a  single  straight  trunk  or  sometimes  a 
short  prostrate  trunk  two  to  three  feet  in  diameter,  from  wiiicii  usually  spring  several  straight  upright 
stems  forty  to  tifty  feet  in  lieigiit  and  twelve  to  eighteen  inches  in  diameter.  Tlie  principal  branches 
ari'  stout,  and,  spreading  nearly  at  right  angles  with  the  trunk,  make  a  broad  handsome  head  ;  they  are 
covered,  like  the  trunk,  with  tiiick  bark,  tiie  gray  surface  of  which  is  tinged  with  orange-brown  and 
broken  into  short  ippressed  scales.  The  liranchlets  are  slender,  terete,  triciiotoinously  or  dichotomously 
forked,  and  zigzag  by  their  uneipial  and  irregidar  growth,  the  terminal  bud  often  becoming  a  short 
thick  spur,  while  the  lateral  buds  develop  into  branches,  or  sometimes  one  or  both  into  slender  spines 
one  or  two  inches  in  length  ;  when  they  Hr.st  appear  they  are  clothed  with  short  pale  rufous  pubescence 
which  often  does  not  entirely  disappear  before  the  end  of  their  second  year,  when  they  are  covered  with 
light  reddish  brown  bark  which  separates  into  thin  narrow  shreds.  The  leaves  are  obovate  to  spatulate- 
lanceolate.  rounded  and  .slightly  emarginato  or  minutely  ai)iculate  at  the  apex,  and  gradually  contracted 
at  the  base  into  short  petioles  ;  they  are  thick  and  coriaceous,  with  slightly  thickened  revolnte  margins, 
bluish  green  on  the  upper,  and  yellow-green  on  the  lower  surface,  pubescent  while  young,  especially 
below,  and  at  maturity  are  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  the  rufous  hairs  which  cover  the  under 
surface  of  the  stout  midribs  and  the  petioles ;  they  are  from  two  to  three  inches  long,  an  inch  to  an 
inch  and  a  half  broad,  with  petioles  varying  from  one  third  to  one  half  of  an  inch  in  length,  and  are 
crowded  together  at  the  ends  of  the  spurn  and  of  the  lateral  branches.  In  Florida  the  Howers  apjiear 
in  April,  in  .slender  spikes  thickly  coated  with  rufous  pubescence, and  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  inches 
in  length  ;  they  develop  in  the  axils  of  lanceolate  acute  caducous  bir.ct'ets,  from  globular  se.ssile  buds, 
and  are  greenish  white,  hairy  on  the  outer  surface,  and  an  eighth  of  an  inch  long.  The  calyTC-lobes  are 
minute  ami  pubescent  on  both  surfaces ;  the  five  king  stamens  are  iu.serted  opposite  the  lobes  under  the 
live-lobed  epigynoiis  hairy  disk,  and  the  five  shorter  alternate  stamens  a  little  higher  up  on  the  calyx- 
tubo  ;  the  anthers  are  .sagittate,  and  the  base  of  the  slender  style  is  coated  with  pale  hairs.'  The  fruit 
is  indebi.scent,  one  third  of  an  inch  in  length,  light  brown,  pubernlous  on  the  outer  surface,  crowned 
with  the  enlarged  persistent  calyx,  and  composed  of  a  thin  membranaceous  e.KOcar[i  inse]iarable  from 
the  (Tustaceous  endocarp  which  is  porous  toward  the  interior.  The  seed  is  ovate  and  acute,  with  a 
broad  raphe  and  ii  thin  ehestnut-brown  testa. 

'  Kicldor  (.V(ir/iri.«  /•'/  fim-iV.  xiv.  pi.  ii.  iM)  desorilics  nu\lc  and      sppiimiMia  from  Florida,  however,  the   llowcr.s   all  appear  to  he 
female  Hnwers  scattered  irrTjjidarly  in  the  name  spike.     On  the      perfect. 


4 


92 


SILVA    OF  NOliTII  AMERICA. 


CO.MBUETACK.V,. 


In  the  Unitpd  States  TtriiihidUd  Jliinrax  lias  liccii  found  only  on  Elliott's  Key  in  southern 
Florida  ;  it  is  widdv  distributed  ii;  Iiraekisii  marshes  through  tlie  West  Indies,'  and  on  the  shores  of 
the  Caribbean  Sea  and  of  the  Hay  of  Panama." 

The  wood  of  'J\rniui((/iii  Ihinrds  is  exceediuf^ly  heavy,  hard,  and  elose-jjraincd,  the  layers  of 
annual  growth  being  diilicult  to  distinguish  ;  it  eontains  numerous  minute  evenly  distributed  oi)en  duets 
and  thin  oliscure  medullary  rays,  and  is  light  yellow-brown  sometimes  slightly  streaked  with  orange,  the 
thiik  sapwood,  eoniposed  of  thirty  to  forty  layeTs  of  annual  growth,  being  clear  jiale  yellow.  The 
speeilie  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  l.()4()().  a  eubie  foot  weighing  (Jt.S/)  pounds.'  The  bark 
was  once  used  in  the  West  Indies  for  tanning  leather. 

The  earliest  aeeount  of  'J'l  rntiitii/in  //«(•(  yv/.s  was  ])ul)lished  in  Ki'.KJ  by  Sir  Ilans  Sloane  in  his 
Catalogue  of  the  Plants  of  .lam.iiia,^  and  the  tree  was  iirst  notieed  in  the  I'nited  States'"'  liy  Mr.  A.  II. 
Cnrti^s.''  Aeeording  to  Aiton,'  it  was  introduced  into  English  gardens  in  I7!K>  by  Captain  Hligh'*  of 
tile  Kiiglish  navy. 

Tile  speciiie  name,  from  JoTs  and  xfpa?,  relates  to  the  long  slender  iiorn-shaiied  spongy  bodies  into 
wliiili  the  terminal  tlowers  are  oeeasionallv  ehanjied.' 


'  \alil,  f.'i/".?.  i.  ."lO.  —  Swartz,  Ohs.  ISO.  —  A.  Uiiliiinl,  /■'/,  C;l.. 
ii. '.'1(1.  —  Cnsi'liiicli,  /■■/.  Hril.  II'.  tiu!.  MIO  ;  Cii.  fl.  C'ili.  W.t. — 
K;;^-i'i-s,  /;.,//.  r.  .S'.  .V.ii.  .Wu...  .v.).  i;t,  ,VI  (it  Si.  l-r„u  itml  ihr 
Vtrijin  hUintls). 

''  Ui'liisloy,  Ilol.  lU'd.  .\m.  I',ul.  i.  lO'J. 

*  SsiriJiMlt,  Ciitn'en  tthtl  Fnrtsl.  iii.  ;l,V>. 

*  Mivif/lf  Juli/era,  fttliU  subrotttntlii  rrr.sfi.s  snmmilatf  ^  Inti-^.^tim.^, 
fiiuftrtim  fj<i.,'(rfj/i7"i.*,  enrtici  ivl  otria  iltu.-iamlit  ulUi.  i'til.  VI.  Jam. 
V*\ ;  .V(i(.  //«/.  Jim.  ii.  (17,  t.  IH'J,  f.  a.  —  Kiiv,  //«(.  I'l  iii.  Ihml,-. 
I  Hi. 

Iiui-<rt\s  riimulis  lit'iriiisis  Iniuiiirilimt,  I'nln.^  chitrntis  rttnltrti.*,  .•./iin.'i 
jilurimut  ti'rmi>iitllliti.<,  Hrowiii*,  .Vrj/.  //i,.Y.  .Iiim.  --1. 

^  Kiirly  on  tlu'  iiutrriin^  of  .\\m\  H>,  IS.S(),  .\.  II.t'urli^s,  C.  K. 
I'.ixim,  ;unl  C.  >.  .'^iirgt'iit  laniK-il  al   Kilrr's  pl.imatinji  on  llif  south 


side  of  Klliott's  Kry  ;  niio  of  tlic  party  iiiitiicdiatcly  iiotictMi  jjrow- 
iii^  dose  to  lilt'  liouso  ill  a  lii-ld  from  wliii-li  most  of  tlir  tri'os  had 
bi'cll  i-learoil  to  iuakt>  room  for  a  |daiitatioii  of  I'iiioapph-s.  a  I'aliii 
of  All  iiiidoscriticd  ^eiius,  I'.sciidophtriiix,  and  a  fow  yards  distant,  on 
the  bortlcm  of  the  forost,  Mr.  Curtiss  di.scovo ri'd  a  grovo  of  ToiTni- 
nalia  trofs  oovcrt'd  witli  tiowers. 

•■  S.'o  ii.  ,10. 

■   lliirl.  A.V/-.  I'd.  'J,  iii   i;i 

'  .S»'o  ii.  18. 

*  Whether  this  malfomiation  is  pro,liieed  }iy  an  insopt  or  by 
full>;al  disease  dm-s  liift  seem  to  he  l<nowti  ;  at  leitst  1  have  not 
bi-eii  ahli'  to  tiiid  that  .  'lythili^  detiiiile  lias  been  published  on  the 
siil)jeet.  !ilthou;;h  the  iiionsti'isity  appearetl  in  Hrowne's  exeellent 
'.:^ure  of  the  speeies.      It  has  not  been  notieed  on  tiie  Florida  trees. 


KXPLANAIION   OK    I  UK    I'L.VIK. 


11. 

I'J. 
i:i. 


l*i..\TK  (CI.     Tkhmin.m.i.v   Hi  I  kh.vs. 

A  flowering;  lirancli,  natural  si/.e. 

I)in);i'aiii  of  a  ttowur. 

A  Ibiwer,  enliirjjeil. 

\*ertit  al  seetioii  oi  a  (lower,  eiiliii'm'il. 

A  Mtainon.  enlar^^i-d. 

Cross  seetion  of  an  ovary,  oiilar^i'cl. 

'I'wo  ovules,  iiiueli  Miai;nitieil. 

A  fi'tiit-lieai'in^'  spur  like  biaiieli,  iialinul  size. 

Vertical  m'otiou  of  a  frnil    enlarj^ed. 

Cross  section  of  a  fruit,  enlarged. 

A  seed,  enlarjjed. 

.\ii  eiiibryo.  eiilnr^'i'd. 

An  eiiibrvo  cut  crusswise.  eiilarL'i'il. 


CO.MBKKTACK.K, 

on  Elliott's  Key   in   southern 
Indies,'  and  on  tiie  shores  of 

id  elose-fjriiincd,  the  layers  of 
e  evenly  distriliuted  open  duets 
^■htly  stn'uked  with  oniiij>e,  tlie 
hein;;-  clear  pale  yellow.  The 
inj>-  (i-t.iS;')  pounds.'     The  bark 

no  hy  Sir  Hans  Sloane  in  his 
e  I'nited  States ■■■  l)y  Mr.  A.  II. 
in  17!»;5  hy  t'aptain  Hliirh  ■*  „f 

loin-shaped  sponjjy  bodies  into 


of  the  party  iiiiiue<lialily  luitiwil  grciw- 
lii'lil  from  wliinh  iiiost  of  tiji'  Iri'i's  hud 
for  a  iilaiitatioii  of  l'iiii'a|i|iU'.',,  a  I'aliii 
s('U(lo|iliu'iiix,  and  a  few  jards  distant,  on 
Ir.  Ciirtis»  di.sco\friMl  a  grovi-  of  'i'crnii- 
\vi'r>. 


nltion  is  |iii«luii-il  lij-  an  insert  or  liv 
'em  to  lie  known  ;  at  least  I  ha\e  not 
ling  (lelinite  has  been  pulilislied  on  the 
tro?.ity  appeared  in  Browne's  exeellent 
IS  not  been  notleed  on  tbi'  I'lorida  ti-ees. 


oava  of   liorl'n   ATncnca 


lal. 


F  Fit.i,>n  .fi'i 


TERMINALIA     BUCERAS  ,  !U>nih   ci  Hook 


,■/  /iuufttt.r    iii/fW  ' 


Imv    'i  /ii/iidr  i"uri,f 


8l 

ei 
te 
ct 
at 
p. 
in 

01 

es 

OF 
th 
ai 
ai 
c« 
S< 

(X 

m 


b 


COMBHKTACK-K. 


SUVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


23 


CONOCARPUS. 

Floweks  perfect,  in  dense  capitate  heads ;  calyx  5-lobed,  the  lobes  valvate  in 
aestivation;  petals  0;  stamens  usuallj-  5;  ovary  1 -celled  ;  ovules  2,  suspended.  Fruits 
crustaceous,  indehiscent,  1 -seeded,  retrorsely  imbricated  in  subglobose  heads.  Leaves 
alternate,  entire,  persistent,  destitute  of  stipules. 

Conocarpus,  LinnrBus,  O^n.  370  (ITU").  —  A.  L.  do  .lussieu,     Rudbeckia.  Ailanson.  A'lm. /V.  ii.  80(not  LinniEus)  (1TC3). 
Qen.  7.').  —  Meixiier,  (!rt\.  110.  —  EniUidier,  (len.  11«1 —     Terminalia,  liaillon,  llUt.  I'l.  vi.  L'XC.  in  pait  (1877). 
Bentlmin  &  llouker,  Oi'ii.  I.  08(>. 

A  tree  or  slirul),  with  angled  hraiu'hiet.s,  naked  buds,  and  astringent  properties.  Leaves  alternate, 
short-petiolate,  narrowly  ovate  or  obovate,  acute,  gradually  contracted  and  biglandular  at  the  base, 
entire,  coriaceous,  glabrous  or  sericeous,  persistent.  Flowers  in  dense  ca])itate  beads  in  narrow  leafy 
terminal  panicles.  Bracts  and  bractlets  acute,  coated  wiUi  pale  liairs,  caducous.  Peduncles  stout, 
covered  witli  pale  tonientuni,  bracteolate  near  the  middle,  (^'alyx-tube  truncate  and  obiiijueiy  compressed 
at  the  base,  not  j)roduced  above  the  ovary,  clothed  witli  long  white  iiairs,  tlie  limb  campanulate,  five- 
parted  to  the  middle,  the  divisions  ovate,  acute,  erect,  pubescent  on  the  outer  and  puberulous  on  the 
inner  surface,  deciduous.  Disk  epigynous,  five-loI)ed,  hairy.  Stamens  usually  five,  inserted  in  (me  rank 
on  the  base  of  the  calyx-limb,  or  rarely  .seven  or  eight  in  two  ranks ;  filaments  filiform,  subulate, 
exserted  ;  autliers  minute,  cordate,  attadied  on  the  back  below  the  middle,  introrse,  two-celled,  the  cells 
opening  longitudinally.  Ovary  inferior,  one-celled  ;  style  slender,  subulate,  thickened  and  villose  at 
the  base.  ti|)ped  with  a  simple  .stigma  ;  ovules  two,  suspended  from  the  apex  of  the  cell,  collateral, 
anatropous  ;  micropylo  superior.  ra]iiie  ventral.  Fruits  scale-shai)ed,  broadly  obovate,  pointed,  recurved, 
and  covered  at  the  apex  with  sliort  pale  tomentum.  denselv  ir.bricated  in  ovoid  reddish  heads  ;  exocarp 
coriiiceous-corky.  produced  into  broad  lateral  wings  ;  endocarp  thin,  crustaceous.  indistinct,  inseparable. 
Seed  irregularly  ovoid,  exalbuminous ;  testa  membranaceous,  pale  chestnut-brown.  Embryo  filling  the 
cavity  of  tiie  seed  ;  cotyledons  convolute ;  radicle  short,  erect,  turned  towards  the  hilum. 

Tiu>  wood  of  Conocarpus  is  very  heavy,  liard.  strong,  and  close-grained,  witli  numerous  obscure 
medullary  rays  ;  it  is  dark  yellow-brown,  with  thin  lighter  colored  sapwood  composed  of  ten  or  twelve 
hyers  of  annual  growth.  The  specific  gra\nty  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  O.ftiKX).  a  cubic  foot 
weighing  (51. 70  pounds.  It  burns  slowly  like  charcoal,  and  is  highly  valued  for  fuel.  The  bark  is 
bitter  and  astringent,  and  has  been  used  in  tanning  leather,  and  in  meilicine  as  an  astringent  and  tonic' 

The  generic  name,  frjin  xijro;  and  xapnoj,  relates  to  the  cone-like  shape  of  the  head  of  fruits. 
The  genus  consists  of  a  single  species. 

'  Peacourtili,  Fl.  MM.  Aulill.  vi.  08,  t.  399.  —  Rosenthal,  Syn.  Pi  Au/jftor.  902.  —  Eichlcr,  .l/cir/ii«  Fl.  Hmsil.  xiv.  pt.  ii.  IL'7. 


24 


ailA'A    OF  NORTH  AMKJilCA. 


COMUUETACE.K 


I  If 


CONO0ARPU8  ERECTA. 
Buttonwood. 


Conocarpus  erectn.  Liniiii'iis,  S/nr,  170  (I'fi.t).  —  Miller, 
Jirf.  ,.,1.  ,S.  Ni).  1.—  Luiiuuvk,  JMrt.  ii.  SHI;  ///.  il.  7»,  t. 
12(!.  f.  1.  — (inrliuT.  rriirt.  ii.  17(1,  t.  177.  f.  .'!.  —  Willcli- 
iic.w.  S/,n:  i.  ;i'.il.  —  TItfiiid,  llnrt.  ll"t.  Am.  17.—  Ucicmcr 
A:  Sclmlti'^,  >''/.</.  V.  HT.i. —  l)i'  ('aiidiillc,  I'i'ntlr.  iii.  Id. — 
Spacli,   llht.   y,'i.   iv.  ;f(l|.  —  Doll,  (leii.  Hi/.it.  ii.  (ICil. — 


Dli'tiieli.  Si/n.  i.  87'.'.  —  Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  A'.  Am.  i. 
■IS.'..  —  Nutull.  .S,//r(i.  i.  li;»,  t.  ;«!.  —  Clmpmnn,  /V. 
Ilili.  —  .Sargi'iil,  luiri'.it  Trees  X.  Am.  \Ot/i  (^i'iihhh  U.  S, 
ix.  87. 
Conocarpus  acutifolin,  Unciiu'r  iSf  Scliultcs,  ISj/st.  v.  (>7I 
(ISl'.t).  —  Diulricli,  Syii.  i.  87'J. 


A  tree,  fcirty  to  sixtv  tVct  in  lii'ifjlit,  witli  a  trunk  twonty  to  tliirty  inches  in  diiimptor,  and  slender 
liranrlu-s  wliicli  form  ii  narrow  ri'^jular  head  ; '  or  .sonietinies  a  hiw  Hhriib  with  seniijirostrate  Htenis," 
Till'  Itark  of  the  trunk  is  dark  lirown,  and  is  divided  l>y  irrcffidar  reticulating  ti.ssureH  into  liroad  Hat 
rido'i's  lirokeii  on  the  Hin'faee  into  small  thin  a]i|ir<'.ssed  scales.  The  liranchlcts  are  slender,  coiispicu- 
oiislv  Nvinjfcd.  lij;ht  rcd-hrown,  and  usually  ^lalirous,  hut  in  one  form  coated,  like  the  leaves,  with  silky 
j)ulics<'encc ;  in  their  second  year  they  are  terete  and  marked  with  largo  orhicular  leaf-scars.  The 
Icives,  when  they  lirst  a|)|)car,  are  .slightly  pnhernlous  on  the  lower  surface,  or,  in  the  variety  ■■"  firing 
are  coated  with  pale  silky  persi.stcnt  pidiesccnce:  they  vary  from  two  to  four  inches  in  length  and  from 
half  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in  width,  and  are  home  on  stout  hroad  peti(deH  half  an  inch  long; 
they  are  lustrou.s,  dark  green  or  pale  on  the  upper  surface,  and  paler  on  the  lower,  with  hroad  orange- 
colored  niidrihs,  obscure  primary  veins,  and  reticulated  vcinlets.  The  flowers  are  produci'd  throughout 
the  year  in  panicles  six  to  twelve  inches  long  ;  the  heads,  on  peduncles  which  vary  from  half  an  inch 
til  an  inch  and  a  half  in  h'ligth,  are  one  third  of  an  inch  acruss,  ur  about  half  the  si/.e  of  the  cones 
of  fruit. 

The  Buttonwood  inhabits,  with  the  Ked  Mangrove,  the  low  muddy  tide-water  shores  of  lagoons 
and  bays.  In  the  I'nited  States  it  is  common  in  southern  F'lorida  from  Cape  Canaveral  on  the  east 
coast  and  Cedar  Keys  on  the  west  to  the  southern  islai'ils,  growing  to  a  larger  si/.c  on  liost  Man's 
liivcr  near  Cape  Sable  than  in  other  jiarts  of  the  state  ;  at  its  northern  limit  it  is  reduced  to  a  low 
shrub.  It  is  common  in  the  Antilles,*  on  the  shores  of  Central  America  and  tropical  South  America,' 
on  the  Galapagos  Islands,''  and  on  the  ea.st  coa.st  of  Africa.' 

('iiiKinir/jii.'i  (rnlii  \\;is  first  described  by  .Marggraf   in  his  Natural   History  of  Hrazil,''  published 

'  Cimiycarpw  crniii,  viir.  nrluma,    !>!■   Ciiiiildllf,  Vrmlr    iii.   16  •  .Viulirssiiii,   .SiitcLh.   Anul.  ItmuU,  ISo!),  UIS  (Ihn   Galajmii'ii- 

(IS'.'S).  — (irisolnuir, /•■/. /)'nV.  If. /h./.  ;;77.  —  Kiililtr,  MiiriM  Fl.       lh,rur>  Vxj). 
liriuil.  xiv.  pi.  ii.  10".!.  '  Oliver,  /•'/.  Tmp.  Ajr.  ii.  117, 

=  f'wii).nr/(u.<rrc(7i),  \iir. /(ro,iimVti.<,  I).- Cuiiddlli', /. .-.  (IS'JS),—  •  (Iport:  MiirKd™'  (llilO-lOU),  a.  niitivc  of   l.ii'lwtaiU  ami  ii 

V.'iMvv,  I.  e.  —  (irisubaili, /■  1- —  Sar(,'<'iit, /iiri.K  Tnit  S.  Ain.Milh      pliyHiiian  iuiil  iialiiraliat,  vlsitid  Hrazil  with  Willi-iu   I'i.'iii  iiiulir 

f'iumn  IK  .S'.  ix.  87.  the  aii.spici-M  of  the  Diiki?  of  Nii«.sau.     After  exteiwive  tniveU  nml 

Cimi-^iirimn  pninimlims,  i.iiiiueiis  S/iii-.  177  ( 17"i3).  —  Miller,      expliinitioiis,  he  died  in  (Jiiiaiia  in  1044  from  the  elTeets  of  expos- 

/'»■/.  111.  S,  Nd.'J.  — .Iiiiiiuin,  Slirp.Am.  70,  t.  .VJ,  f. :;.  —  l.iiinarek,      ure  to  the  eliiimte.     In  ItMS,  four  years  after  the  death  of  Mar)-- 

l)in.  ii.W;  iii,  (JTO;  7//.  ii.  74,  t.  I'JIi,  f. 'J.  —  (iiertiier  f.  I'rtni.      (jraf,  tlio  earliest  claMieal  viiluine  upon  the  Xatiind    History  of 

iii.  'M'l,  t.  'JIO,  f.  4.  —  Kneiner  &  ,'»eliiilti's,  ,S'>/.<(.  v.  ."17;).  —  Die-      Brazil,  cnntainiiig  his  own  and  Ilso's  oliservatioiis,  was  publisheil 

triili,  Si/n.  i.  H7!).  — (irisehuili,  /. ,: 

"  CnuiirtiTiiitxtrcrtn,  var.  .■.■'Tj'Vd,  lli>  Ciiiidiitli',  /.  c.  (ISliK).  —  Chaji- 
inaii,  hi.  I'M.  —  lirisehach,  /.  e.  —  Kiehlei ,  /.  i: 

*  .laeipiin,  Ilul.  .Srirri.  Slirp.  Am.  II,  t.  78.  —  lean.  .\m.  (Irwich. 
i.  I'J,  t.  D'.l.  —  A.  Kiiluird,  /■'/.  Cnh.  ii.  i;4;i.  — (iii.sehaeh,  (. .-.  ;;77. 

■'■  lliiiiibolill,  l!(in|ihinil   .V   Kiilith.  \„r.  (;,n.  ,[  .Sp.r.  vi.   lilt. — 
Kiuilli,  .Si/M.  /v.  .7;./iim.  iii.  101.  —  Kichler,  (.  r.  t.  'X),(.  '.'.  —  I leiii.s- 

icv,  /;.)(.  /;,.,/.  .Ira.  Cn.i.  i.  ion. 


hy  ,Jaii  de  l.ai't  in  1.4\vdeii  and  .Vnisti'rdain.  .Udrcyrdcid,  a  p-ims 
of  tropieal  Ainericnn  shrubs  of  the  Camellia  family,  wius  dedieuti-d 
t4i  liiin  hy  IMuinier. 

^  Fruter  iimttir  Sulirii  pumittr,  J'tiiii-^  .Vu/ivfti.-i,  /Ii:<l.  Sat.  Uras. 
70,  f. 

Altw  wniti^  (trhiir,  .1.  Itatihin,  lliit.  1*1.  i.  lib.  viii.  l.").*). 

Salix  lirasUtensis  capitulifent,  Joiistuii,  Ih'nttrufjrapfiiti,  lib.  ix. 
440. 


COMUUETAUE.V:. 


COMBUKTACEiE. 


f:>ILVA    OF  NOItTII  AMERICA. 


in   KMS,  and  was  first  noticed  in  the   United  States  on  Key  West.      According  to  Aiton,  it  was 
cultivated  in  England  in  ITS.'*  by  Philip  Miller. 


'orrey  &  (Jiiiy,  Fl.  X,  Am.  \. 

ii;f,  t.  ;f;i.  —  ciia|iiiiiin.  /■/. 

tcs  y,  Am.  iOt/i  Ci'iiaiiH  U.  S. 


Aln(i  (ij/ini^  Americana,  Lifjtu^tri  fnUo,  fruvtu  npicato  rubra,  Ureyiie, 
Prixtr.  ii.  wl.  173'J,  41.  —  I'lukeiiit,  Aim.  liul.  IS. 

Maiiijhala  nrhiir  Citr(i:tnaviva,  foliit  saliijuii,  lleriimniit  Parail.  lint. 
Prodr.  .'Ul.  — Cuiimiclyii,  llort.  115,  t.  (H).  —  Ciitcuby,  Nal.  UUl. 
Car.  ii.  .a,  t.  33. 

AliiUA   mtiritima  Afi/rtif'ntia   Citriariorum,  I'lukeiiut,  Phi/t.  t.  'J40, 

f.  ;>. 


Alni  frtictu,  tauri/itlta  arhtir  maritimn,  SIoniKS  t'at.  PI.  ,1am.  LVi ; 
A'(//.  Hut.  Jam.  ii.  IH,  t.  101,  f.  -J.  —  Kiiy,  lliat.  PI.  lii.  Detulr.  11. 

Cimurarpm,  l.iniuimii,  Hurl,  ('lit/'.  IS"). 

Ctmiirarpu-i  foliu  ufil/nttfui,  petinlin  lirprihttn,  jiarihait  in  raput  roni- 
vtim  f  lUcrttK,  liruwiic,  A'(i(.  Hint.  Jam.  l."i!). 

I'lmwarpiu  inrla,folii.H  iiMmKjit,  i'liiiiiior,  /'/.  Am.  cil.  Iluriiinnii, 

i;k,  t.  in,  f. '.'. 


'iiier  &  Scliultes,  Syst.  v.  Tu\ 
KTi). 

in  diampter,  and  slondcr 
^ith  seniijirostrate  stonis.- 
[j  fissures  into  broad  flat 
L'ts  are  slender,  eonspicu- 
ike  the  leaves,  with  silliv 
rhieular  leaf-.sears.  The 
ir,  in  the  variety  .•orifcn,-^ 
iiches  in  length  and  from 
'tioles  half  an  inch  long  ; 
iwer,  with  broad  oraiigi"- 
ire  produet'd  throughout 
vary  from  half  an  inch 
lalf  the  size  of  the  cones 

■water  shores  of  lagoons 
pe  Canaveral  on  tiie  east 
rger  si/e  on  I^ost  Man's 
it  it  is  reduced  to  a  low 
tropical  South  America,' 

iry  of  Hrazil,"  published 

wil.   lSu3,  HIS  ((>m   Gu/u/w//...<- 


,  n  irntivo  of  l.icbstadt  ami  u 
tnizil  with  Wilk'iii  Vim  iimlcr 
111.  AftiT  eiteiwire  tiuvils  niul 
044  from  tho  cITi-cLh  of  i'x|io»- 
;mrn  after  tin-  ileatli  of  Mutf;- 
upon  the  Niilural  History  of 
Id's  oliHcrviUions,  was  |Hiblish>'tl 
iistcrduui.  Marrijnii'ia,  a  (;i'nus 
Cuiiivllia  family,  wa-i  dedicati'd 

''tiii.i  ,Siiliiini.t,   Hi.it.   Nat.  liras. 

',  PL  i.  lit),  viii.  \Xi. 

illstoii,    Ihuilriyraphia,    lih.    il. 


EXPLANATION    OK    IIIK   I'LATK. 


H. 

'.I. 
10. 
It. 
1'.'. 


I'l.ATK  cell.     CllNlx  AKli:s  i:kki  TA. 
A  llowcrin^'  ImiiiicIi,  natiinil  »i/i'. 
Uia),'i'uiii  of  u  IIdwci'. 
A  lliiwiT,  ('rilui'),'i'(l. 
Vt-rticul  Kcctiun  nf  n  tluwrr,  I'lilari^t'tl. 
All  nviili',  fimi'li  iiia^'iiifii'il. 
A  fnlltIn^'  biaiK'li,  iialiiriil  xi/c. 
ViTlical  wcliiiii  nf  a  liiail  nf  fiiill»,  i'nlai'|{c(l' 
A  fruit,  iiiiii'i'  face.  i>iilur),'('(l. 
A  fruit,  outer  fare.  fiitart;t'il. 
Vrrtii-al  si-rtiiiii  of  a  fruit,  ciilar^fil. 
l'ro^»  KuctiiHi  of  II  fruit,  eiilarneil. 
A  sft'd.  fiilar^i-il. 
All  riiiliryo.  iiiurli  ina^iiitit'd. 


s 


«t4J 


i       -.     i 


;;* 


Su- 


l?y  -Sr-  Q 


J  y 


CONOrARPUS     ERECTA 


M 


combhetacej*;. 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


27 


LAGUNCULARIA. 

Flowers  usually  perfect,  in  axillary  and  terminal  spikes  ;  calyx  5-lobocl,  the  lobes 
valvate  in  a;stivation ;  petals  5,  valvate  in  asstivation,  caducous;  stamens  10;  ovary 
1-cclled ;  ovules  2,  suspended.  Fruit  10-ribbed,  coriaceous,  indehiscent,  1-seeded. 
Leaves  opposite,  entire,  persistent,  destitute  of  stipules. 

Laguncularia,  fiffirtner  f.  Friict.  iii.  209  (1805).  —  Meisiier,      ?Horau,  Adanson,  Fum.  PI.  ii.  80  (1763). 

Oi'ii.  110.  —  Kmllichci',  Oeii.  IISI.  —  Beutliaui  &  Hooker,      Sphenocarpus,  Kiclmrd,  Aiml.  Fruit,  92  (1808). 
Gen.  i.  688.  —  BaUloii,  Hist.  Fl.  vi.  278. 


'#(6 


A  tree,  with  scaly  bark,  terete  iiithy  ])rauclilcts,  naked  buds,  and  astringent  properties.  Le.aves 
opposite,  petiolate,  involute  in  vernation,  glabrous,  thick  and  eoriiiceous,  ol)long  or  elliptical,  obtuse  or 
emarginate  at  the  apex,  entire,  marked  toward  the  margin  with  minute  tubercles,  the  petioles  consj)icu- 
ously  higlandular,  persistent.  Flowers  usually  perfect  or  polygamo-monfEcious,'  minute,  flattened, 
greenish  white,  sessile,  in  simple  terminal  axillary  t(mientose  spikes  generally  collected  in  leafy  panicles. 
Bracts  and  hractlcts  <ivate.  acute,  coated  with  pale  tomentum.  Calyx-tube  turbinate,  not  produced 
above  the  ovary,  with  live  [)rominent  ridges  opposite  the  lobes  of  the  limb  and  five  intermediate  lesser 
ridges,  bracteolate  near  the  middle  with  two  Tuinute  persistent  bractlets,  and  coated  with  dense  pale 
tomentum,  the  limb  urceolatc,  five-parted  to  the  middle,  the  divisions  triangular,  obtuse  or  acute,  erect, 
persistent.  Disk  epigynous,  flat,  ten-lohed,  the  five  lobes  opposite  the  petals  broader  than  those 
opposite  the  divisions  of  the  calyx-lind),  hairy.  Petals  five,  nearly  orbicular,  contracted  into  short 
olawH,  inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx-limb,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  caducous.  Stamens  ten,  inserted 
in  two  ranks  on  the  limb  of  the  calyx;  filaments  slender,  subulate,  slightly  exserted  ;  anthers  cordate, 
apiculate,  attached  on  the  back  helow  the  middle,  two-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally.  Ovary 
one-celled ;  style  slender,  short,  crowned  with  a  slightly  two-lohed  capitate  stigma  ;  ovules  two,  su.s- 
pendcd  from  tiie  apex  of  the  cell,  elongated,  collateral  ;  raphe  ventral,  micropyle  superior  ;  funicle 
short  or  ohsolete.  Fruit  hoary-pubescent,  elongated,  ohovoid,  flattened,  crowned  with  the  calyx-lind), 
uneipially  ten-rihhed,  the  two  lateral  ribs  produced  into  narrow  wings ;  exocarp  coriaceous,  corky 
towards  tile  interior,  inseparable  from  the  thin  crustaceous  endocarp,  dark  red  and  lustrous  on  the 
inner  surface.  Seed  suspended,  obovoid-ohlong,  destitute  of  albumen  ;  testa  membranaceous,  dark  red. 
End)ryo  tilling  the  cavity  of  the  seed  ;  radicle  elongated,  slightly  longer  than  and  nearly  inclosed  by 
the  convolute  green  cotyledons. 

The  wt)od  of  Laguncularia  is  heavy,  hard,  strong,  and  close-grained,  with  a  satiny  surface  and 
numerous  obscure  medullary  rays;  it  is  dark  yeUow-brown,  with  lighter  colored  .sapwood  composed  of 
ten  or  twelve  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  0.71:57, 
a  culiic  foot  weighing  44.4iS  pounds.  The  bark,  which  contains  a  large  amount  of  tannic  acid,  is 
Bometimes  used  in  tanning  leather,  and  as  an  astringent  and  tonic.-'     There  is  a  single  species. 

The  generic  name,  from  hiijunmla,  relates  to  the  supposed  resemblance  of  the  fruit  to  a  flask. 


'  'rill-  (lowers  of   l.ngiiiiculariii  \u\\c  usually  been  ileseribeil  as  ^  Uosciitliiil,  A'yii.  PI.  Wn/iior.  OCJ.  — Eicliler,  .Unrtiiu  Fl.  llrasU. 

piilyKiimoiis  cir  |Milypmii>-iiionm'iims,  Imt  in  iill  the  specimeiia  from      xiv.  pi.  ii.  I'J". 
t'luridii  which  I  have  seen  they  are  perfect. 


81 

it 

SI 

»I 
tl 

k 

ai 
til 

01 

T 

tP 
or 
SI 
th 

Ja 


79. 
Bri 

a 

Ku 
II. 


;f 


"'^^ 


t'(i.MiiUKTA(  i;a:. 


aiLVA   OF  NOliTU  AMEllICA. 


21) 


LAGUNCULARIA   RAOEMOSA. 

White  Buttonwood.     White  Mangrove. 

Laguncularia  racemosa,  liicrtiifv  f.  Fnirt.  ill.  -d-J,  t.  1.'17  iSisec.  ed. 2, 251. — WilMeiiow.  ,S//cr.  i. 995.  —  Poirot,Z«w(. 

(18(15).  —  I'l'  C'aiicliilli.'.  I'riidr.  iii.  17.  —  Don.  (ieii.  Si/nt.  Diet.  Supiil.  iii.  "4.'f.  —  Roeiiiui'  &  SclmlU's,  Si/nt.  v.  ."I'l. 

ii.  ()('i2.  —  .Spai'li,  Hist.  Vi'j.  iv.  ISO.'i.  —  Niittall,  Si/lrii.  i.  Sohousboa  coramutatn.  .S|iiciiff(l.  Sii^t.  ii.  .'!.'('_'  (l,s;,',"i). 

117.  t.  ;il.  —  Chiipinan.  /•'/.  1M6.  —  Itailloii,  Hiit.  J'l.  vi.  Buoida  Buceras,  Vullozii,  /•'/.  num.  iv.  t.  87  (not  liiunnc) 

;i7,S.  —  Sai^'i'nt,  Fonst  Treef  N.  Am.  ]Oth  Census  I'.  S.  (ISl'T). 

ix.  ST.  Laguncularia    glnbritolin.    I'lusl,    /iV/.    Jfiieiik.    ii.    22 
Conocarpus  racemosa,  Mnna'iis,  .Si/st.  cd.  1<>.  O.'ld  (17."i!>) ;  (lS."."i).  —  \Valiiii~.  /if/t.  ii.  (i.'i.  — Cliapman.  J'/.  l.'5(i. 

A  tree,  thirty  to  sixty  feet  in  li('i<;lit,  with  a  trunk  twelve  to  twenty  inclies  in  diameter,  and  stout 
spreadini;'  hraneiics  forming;  a  narrow  round-headed  top;  or,  in  tlie  northern  part  of  the  territory  whieli 
it  inlial>its  in  Horida,  a  low  siirub.  Tiie  bark  of  the  trunk  i.s  a  (juarter  of  an  ineh  thick,  the  brown 
surface  slightly  tinged  with  red  and  divided  into  long  ridge-like  scales.  The  branehlets,  when  they  first 
appear,  arc  somewhat  angled,  glabrous,  often  marked  with  minute  jiale  spots,  and  dark  red-brown ;  in 
their  second  year  they  are  terete,  light  red-iirown  or  orange-color,  thickened  at  the  nodes,  ami  marked 
by  conspicuous  ovate  leaf-scars.  The  leaves  are  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  inches  and  a  half  in  length 
and  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in  width,  with  red  petioles  half  an  inch  long  ;  when  they  unfold 
they  are  slightly  tinged  with  red  and  at  maturity  are  dark  green  on  the  upjier  surface  and  lighter  giein 
or  pale  below.  The  Hower-spikcs,  which  are  produced  throughout  the  year  from  the  axils  of  young 
leaves,  are  densely  coated  with  hoary  tomentum,  and  are  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  inches  in  length. 
The  flowers  are  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long,  or  rather  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  fruit. 

J.iiijuiioildriii  riKi  iiiii.ia.  with  Khi/ophora  and  Conocarpus.  inhabits  the  nuiddy  tidal  .shores  of 
tropical  bays  and  lagoons ;  in  the  United  States  it  is  connuon  in  southern  Florida  from  Cape  Canaveral 
on  the  east  coast  and  Cedar  Keys  on  the  west  coast  to  the  southern  islands,  growing  on  the  borders  of 
Shark  Kiver  to  the  largest  size  which  it  reaches  in  the  state.  It  is  a  common  littoral  tree  in  Bermuda,' 
the  West  Indian  islands.-  Mexico  and  Central  Anu'rica,^  tropical  South  America.^  and  western  Africa.'' 

Luijuiiciil'irlti  nirtmoKd  was  first  described  by  Sir  Hans  Sloane  in  bis  Catalogue  of  the  Plants  of 
Jamaica,  published  in  lOlMi;"  and  it  ap])ears  to  have  been  first  noticeil  in  the  United  States  on  Key 
West  by  Dr.  .1.  L.  Blodgett.' 


'  l/Pfniv,  /lull.  r.  .S.  .\iil.  .l^l,^.  .No.  L'o,  71  ( /m.(.  !l,nnii<l<i). 

•  .liuiiuin,  S(ir/i.  Am.  80,  t.  53  j  Hinl.  Selecl.  .Siirp.  .Im.  11,  t 
79.—  Ictiii.  vim.  fitwiiih.  1.  1-',  t. -10.  —  Swartz.  Oh<.  "'.I  —  Liniun, 
Hjtt.  Jam.  i.  lU.  — A.  Ui.-lmril,  /■'/.  Ciih.  ii.Jll.  (iiis.liadi.  /7. 
Brll.  W.  Iml.  -'la;  Cat.  I'l.  Culi.  UKK  —  Kj,M-,.rs,  /;„/;.  r.  .S.  ,Vf,(, 
Mns.  No.  i;!.  Til  (/v.  .Si.  Cruii  mil  the  Virgin  hiamix). 

'  IIumiImiIiIi,  lliinplauil  .V  Kulilli,  .Vov.  lliii.  el  .Spec.  vii.  '_'").">. — 
Kiiiilli,  Si/ii.  I'l.  7.'.;imi.  iv.  '.'.">(!.  HiMitliiiin,  Ital.  I'w/.  SiUphtir, 
II, il-.'.-  llfiii-l.'v,  J:,.i.  /;/()/.  .\m.  Cut.  i.  UW. 


'  St.  Ililairo,  Fl.  I!ra.<.  Meriil.  ii.  214.  —  Eiclilcr,  .Viirtiiu  Fl. 
r.nml.  xiv.  pt.  ii.  lO'J,  t.  115,  f.  :i. 

'•  IlookiT  f.  .<:  Hintl.aui.  Iliwbr  Mger  Fl.  3;i7.  —  Oliver,  Fl. 
Trop.  .l/r.  ii.  nil. 

^  Mitnijle  .hili/era,  I'ulii.^  tltiptiei..i  rx  ttilvenn  ntisreutili'is,  ('<it.  I'l. 
.Iiim.  l.'iti  ;  A'(l^  Hist.  Jam.  ii.  litl,  t.  1S7,  f.  1.—  Kay,  7/i.<^  /'/.  iii. 
Ilrmlr.  W,. 

Ciniorarpu.-i  /'olii.<  fllfjffiro-nrnti.t.  pellolix  hiijlnuflnliitis,  nieemia  Uiris, 
J'ructihiix  iiej,;')ctii!,  Urowne,  .V*f/.  ///..7.  .lam.  I.')'.). 

"  See  i.  'M. 


KXl'LANATION   OF  THE   I'LATE. 

I'LATK    CCIII.       LAiilNCtL.VKlA    HAl  KMOSA. 

1.  A  Howcriiif;  branch,  iiutiirul  ail.-. 

1'.  Dia);miii  of  «  llowfi-. 

.'<.  A  HowiM-,  inliirgi'il. 

4.  Vt'iticul  .section  of  ii  IIohlt,  fiilarged. 

"i.  A  slanu'ii.  ('nlai'i;t''l. 

(i.  A  ilisk  ami  |ii,slil.  pnlarfjcd. 

I.  An  oviili'.  niiicli  niannilii-il. 

8.  A  fruiting  brandi,  nalnni!  sizi'. 

9.  Vertical  Hcction  of  a  fruit,  cnlaiijcil. 

10.  \  fiiilt  cut  Iransvt'i'scly.  ciilar;;c(l. 

11.  A  seed,  enlarged. 

!-■  An  embryo,  nini'h  nia);nitied. 

i;i.  A  leaf,  with  tuberclesi,  natural  size. 


u 


'h 

Ji 


SilvA  of  Noith  Aiii':r-CA. 


Ta\,   vi: 


■ /■-■  fia.n'-i  ..',■/ 


LAGUNCULARIA  RACEMOSA,  CK^rtn  f 


v7  JiuH-riuur    i/tit\i 


l"it'  h'  /I'/fit'ttf    f\:rts 


■I 


iSlisi**"' 


UTRTACKX. 


SUVA    OF  NORTH  AMKltlCA. 


81 


ANAMOMIS. 

Fi.owKHs  porfi'C't;  calyx  usually  t-lolicd,  the  lobes  iiuhricated  iu  icstivntion  ;  petals 
usually  \,  imbrieated  in  icstivatum ;  stamens  indefinite,  in  many  ranks ;  ovary  inferior, 
2  to  t-eelled  ;  ovules  numerous  in  eaeii  cell.  Fruit  baccate,  1  or  rarely  2-seeded. 
Leaves  opposite,  penniveined,  chartaceous  or  coriaceous,  jjersistent,  destitute  of  stipules. 


Anamomia.  CJriatbooli,  I'l.  Iiiit.  »'.  /«</.  '.'Ki  (1H64). 


Myrtua.  Iti'iitliain  t^  llcmloi.  (im.  i.  7M  (in  iiart)  (IKC"). 
Hiiilloii,  tlist.  I'l.  vi.  .Il'.t  (iii  pint). 


Aroinatii'  trees,  witli  terete  Imuiclilets.  LeiiveB  opposite,  oviite  or  elliptical,  petioliite,  eliarticeons 
or  coriaceous,  peiiiilveiiied.  jmiictate,  destitute  of  Nti|iilles.  persistent.  Flowers  in  |)e(luiiciilate,  usually 
three,  sometimes  live  to  seven,  or  occasionally  one-lio\vere<l  cynics.  Peduncles  axillary,  dicliotomoiisly 
branched  or  rarely  simple,  furnished  innncdiatdy  helow  the  apex  of  each  division  with  two  lanceolate 
acute  deciduous  hractlcts.  Calyx-tuhe  ovoid,  not  prodiu'cd  above  the  ovary,  the  lind)  four  or  rarely 
five-lohed.  the  lobes  ovate,  acute,  jicrsistent.  Petals  four  or  occasionally  live,  inserted  on  the  ihickeiU'd 
margin  of  the  conspicuous  disk,  ov.-ite,  acute,  glandular-punctate,  spreading  after  anthesis.  Stamens 
indefinite,  inserted  with  the  petals  on  the  margin  of  the  disk  ;  tilaments  filiform,  intlexed  in  the  hud  ; 
anthers  ohlong,  attached  on  the  back  below  the  middle,  versatile,  introrse.  two-celled,  the  cells  o|)ening 
longitudinally.  Ovary  two  to  four-celled ;  style  simple,  tiliform,  crowned  with  the  minute  capitate 
gtiginn ;  ovules  nunu'rous  in  each  cell,  attached  irregularly  to  a  central  placenta,  semianatropouH;  raphe 
ventral ;  microjjyle  sujjerior.  Fruit  baccate,  subglohose  or  more  or  less  obliipu-ly  oblong,  aromatic, 
crowned  with  the  persistent  calyx-limb,  one  or  sometimes  two-seeded.  Seed  reniform,  exalbuminous ; 
testa  membranaceous.  Kml)ryo  aromatic,  tilling  the  cavity  of  the  seed  ;  cotyledons  distinct,  obovale, 
thick  and  fleshy,  flat  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  or  more  or  less  pointed,  incurved  and  variously 
infolded  at  the  aj)ex  ;  radicle  basilar,  terete,  accumbent,  from  one  tpiarter  to  one  third  the  length  of 
the  cotyledons. 

Ananiomis  is  West  Indian,  with  four  or  five  species,'  one  of  which  reaches  the  shores  and  islands 
of  southern  Florida.  Little  is  known  with  regard  to  the  economic  value  of  the  species  that  are  luit 
found  in  Florida.     Andinoniis  tKctiliiifd,-  an  inhabitant  of  Ilayti.  is  s;iid  to  jiroduce  edilile  fruit. 

The  name  of  the  genus,  from  iti'd  and  uucjjUi'i,  alludes  to  its  aromatic  properties. 


»  (Jriseliiuli,  /••/.  linl.  W.  Iiiil.  -IW  ;  Cut.  I'l.  Cub.  90. 


'  Crisi'liiiih,  /v.  r.rii.  If.  1,1,1.  'JIO  (ISCI). 
Euij.iiin  t:w,th„la,  \Wtg,  l.iitiutii,  xxvii.  •-'";!  (IS.'il). 


iM**' 


SJLl'A    OF  NOltTII  AMHUICA. 


MYRTA11..V. 


ANAMOMIS   DIOHOTOMA. 
Naked  Wood. 
I,i:avi;s  ovate  or  obovatt>,  acute  or  romulecl  at  the  apex. 

AnnmomiH  dichotomy.  Sarj;i'iit.  (turdeit  uml  Furejit.  vi.  Eugenin  ?    dicbotoma,    De    ('undulle,     t'nulr.    iii,    '.';> 

1,(0  (iNil.li  (IMl'N).—  Dim,  lifii.  Si/Ht.  ii.  Htll.—  NiiUiill.  Si/tra,  i.  lli;;, 

Euaonia  fraKrnnM.  Sinn,  //■>'.  .)/";/•  xxxi.  t.  l.'l'.' (impI  Will-  t.    -7.  —  Dii'trirh,   Si/n.  iii.  t>4. —  Hiti;.   I.iitntni.  xx\ii. 

(Iiiiow  li^li' (iriscliiii'li)  ( l**'"')-  -''l-  —  ('lm|iiimii,    /•'/.    Ml. —  JSiirm'iit.    I'\iri»t    Trees  A. 

Myrtus  diohotoiim.  ruiii't.  1,'im.  Pifl.  Suppl.  iv.  M  (IHItii.  Am.  \nth  I'fii.vi.s  r.  N.  ix.  M.S 

Myrcin?  Biilbisiiinn,  l>i'  ChihIoIU'.  I'mdr.  iii.  '.^.f  (IM'.Sj  Ananioinia  punctnta.  Uriavbuoli,   Fl.   Urit.  If.   /«,/.  LM" 

Ili'.ltO  Ci|-i<l'tui'lll  ll.Mil). 

A  tri't',  twenty  to  twt'iity-tivc  feet  in  lu'ij^lit.  witli  ii  trunk  six  or  cijjlit  iiii'lies  in  iliiinieter  ;  or  often 
a  -ilirul)  .soniliiii^;  up  from  tlit*  ^rouml  inniu'rou.s  slt'iiilcr  stems.  Tlit-  h.nk  nl'  tiic  trunk  varies  from  (nn 
>i\tiTnti>  to  line  I'i^litli  of  an  iiicii  in  thickiu'ss,  witli  a  sninotli  li^lit  reil  or  r('<l-lir<iwn  surface  exfoliatini; 
into  minute  tliin  scales.  Tiie  i)ranclilets,  which  are  slender  ami  terete,  are  at  first  H^ht  re<l  iiiul  coatnl 
with  pale  silky  hairs  ;  in  their  second  year  they  are  jrlalirous  and  covered  with  lii;ht  or  dark  red-hrown 
hark  which  separates  into  small  thin  scales.  The  leaves  are  ovate  or  ohovate,  acute  or  roumh'd  iinl 
occasion, dly  cmaij;inate  at  the  apex,  we<lf;e-sliaped  at  the  hase.  entire,  charfaccons  and  finally  snlpimi- 
aceou.s,  <;'lal>rous.  and  covered  witli  minute  Idiu'k  dots  ;  they  are  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  ipiarter  Ion:,' 
and  half  .in  inch  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  liroad,  with  stout  midrilis  iin|iresse(i  on  the  upper  surfacr, 
>li;;lillv  tliickeru'd  and  revolute  margins,  .iiiil  short  stout  petioles  enl,ir;;cd  at  the  hase  and  covered  wiiilc 
youufj  with  silky  hairs.  Tlie  flowers,  wiiich  a])pear  in  Florida  in  May.  and  are  a  <piarter  of  mi  im  li 
across  when  expanded,  are  home  in  pcduiii'ulate  cymes  produced  near  the  ends  of  the  hranche.s  in  tin 
;ixils  of  the  leaves  of  the  year.  The  peduncles  are  slender  and  co.ited  with  pale  silky  hairs,  and  .m 
sonietiuies  one-flowered  and  not  lon;.'-er  than  tlie  leaves  ;  im)re  often  they  are  louder  than  the  lea\e>, 
di(duit(miously  hranched,  and  three-flowered,  with  one  flower  at  the  end  id'  thi'  principal  division  in  tin- 
fork  of  its  one-flowered  liranches,  wliich  vary  from  a  ipiarter  to  half  an  inch  in  leiii^th  ;  or  nccasiimaiK 
they  are  five  to  seven-flowered  iiy  the  development  id'  pednmlcs  from  the  axils  of  the  luacts  of  tin 
secondary  divisions  of  the  inflorescence.  Kacli  hrancli  of  the  inflorescence  is  furnished  at  its  api  \. 
immediately  licneatli  the  tlowcr,  with  two  lanceolate  acute  bracts  which  are  nearly  as  lon^  as  the  calw 
tiilie,  and  which  in  falliiifj  leave  ]>rominuiit  persistent  .scars.  The  calyx  is  narrowly  ovoid  and  coatil 
with  hoary  tomeiitum.  with  a  four-parted  limit,  its  lolies  ovate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  anil  much  slioiti  i 
than  the  ovate  acute  fjlandulur-piinctate  white  petals.  The  fruit,  which  ripens  in  Au;;ust  in  Florida.  i> 
!e(ldi-.li  hrowii.  a  i|Uarter  of  an  inch  lotif^.  ohlii|uely  ohlonij.  ohovate  or  sniiijlohose.  crowned  hy  tin 
piisi>teiit  limh  of  the  calyx,  roiij^hened  with  minute  fjlands,  and  one  or  rarely  two-seeded  ;  it.s  HcsJi  i~ 
thill  and  rather  dry.  with  ;in  ajjreeahle  uroinatie  flavor.  The  larfje  reiiiform  seed  is  covered  with  a  tlnn 
lielit  hrown  inemhranaceoiis  coat  and  is  extremely  frafjrant. 

Aii'iiiKDiiis  illchohjUKi  is  ahiindant  in  rocky  woods  on  the  ea.st  coast  of  Florida  from  Mosipiiiu 
Inlet  to  Cape  Canaveral  ;  on  the  west  coiust  it  occurs  from  the  hanks  of  the  Caloosa  Kiver  to  the  slioii  - 
of  Cape  Komano  ;  it  jrrows  occasionally  on  Key  West  and  in  the  neijjhhorhood  of  Hay  Hiscayne,  ami 
inhahit.s  several  of  the  West  Indian  islands. 

The  wood  of  Aiiiiiiimiiis  diiliotomn  is  very  heavy,  hard,  and  close-j^rained,  with  numerous  tliiji 
medullary  rays  ;  it  is  light  brown  or  red,  with  thick  yellow  sapwood  composed  of  forty  or  fifty  layers  nl 


k 


i»»**^' 


MVKTACK.l. 


MTRTACE/i:. 


fllLVA    OF  NOliTII   AM  Kit  I  (A. 


t  of  Pliiriita  from  Mosi|iiiiii 
Caloosa  HiviT  to  till'  slioir> 
luHxl  of  Hiiy  Hisciiyiit',  aii<l 

rained,  witli  iiiirnerotis  tliiii 
.'d  of  forty  or  liftv  lavt'is  ol 


annual  >,n()wtl).     The  H|)t'cifio  gravity  of  the  iiliHolutcly  dry  wooti  in  O.SIW.'J,  a  ouhic  foot  wt-i^jhing  .Ifi.}*? 
pounds. 

Auitiiiiiiiiix  ilirhotoiiifi  was  proi>al)ly  Hrnt  dititiiigiiislied '  liy  the  DuniMh  hotuuint  Vuhl ;  '  iu  Floridii 
it  was  discovered  on  Key  WeHt  hy  Dr.  .1.  L.  Blodjrett. 


I)c  ('uikIiiIIi*.  I'nnlr.  iii,  'J7> 
Ht.  ii.  8(11.—  Niitull.  Si/lra,  i.  Kg, 
,  iii.  t>4. —  UiTj;,  l/ninira,  xxiii. 
\'M, —  SurKciit.  t'uritt  Tree*  S. 
\\.  KS, 
irisfbttcli,   h'l.  Ilrit.  W.  liul.  :'l  ' 


iiK'hes  in  diameter  ;  or  oftt  n 
I'  tlie  trunk  varies  from  uin 
I'd-hrowM  surface  exfoliatiii,' 
at  lirst  li;;lit  red  and  coatid 
th  lii^lit  or  dark  red-hrowji 
ivate.  acute  or  rounded  anil 
rtaeeou.s  and  liually  huIh  oil- 
an  incii  and  a  ipiarter  Imii,' 
ressed  on  the  upper  surf.icr. 

tiu'  ha.se  and  covered  wliili- 
d  are  a  (piarter  of  an  im  li 
ids  of  the  hr.'inches  in  lli< 
ith  pah-  silky  hairs,  iind  .iii 
are  lon<;er  than  thu  h'aNis. 
he  priiu'ipal  ilivision  in  tiu' 
I  in  leiitrth  :  or  occasionally 

axils  of  the  liracts  of  tin 
'e  is  furnished  at  its  ape  \, 
learly  as  \i>w^  as   tlie   Calw 

narrowly  ovoid  and  eoati'l 
the  apex,  and  much  shorti  i 
ens  in  Au^rust  in  Florida,  i^ 
uh<r|oliose,  crowned  hy  tlh 
ely  twi>-seeded  ;   its  'h-sli   i^ 

seed  is  covered  with  a  thin 


■  8m  I'oiret,  f.nm.  Oirl.  .su|i|il.  iv.  r>l.  Thu  llowirs  nf  Vulil'n 
pUot  wrrc,  litiwevi-r.  itfHcribi'd  iw  llvf*purtt>d. 

'  Martin  \'iihl  (IHtt-lHOt)  wiih  iHirii  lit  Ht'rgrn  in  Norway  anil 
panned  \m  aciciitilic  ntiidirH  at  ('u|H'nlui|;eii  iiiin  nftcrwardii  nt 
UpMl,  wIhto  III'  iH'i'iiiue  u  favorite  pupil  of  l.iiiim'iiK,  In  1770 
Vahl  wa*  appointed  lt>ctiirt>r  in  tlir  Hotaiiic  fianlcii  at  rup(>nliaf;i-n, 
•nd  having  lillpri  iIiIh  pttHition  during  tlirfr  yearn  was  Hi'iit  by  tlii> 
King  of  [liMiniark  on  a  si'ifiitillr  vnva^c  of  ot)HiTvation,  ilnriii^ 
which  he  travi'lid  ixniisivily  in  Holland,  Kraiur.  Italy,  Spain. 
northern  Afrifa,  Swil/rrland,  and  Kiifrlaiid.  lU'tiirniiif;  to  Copt-n 
bjkgen  ill  n^'t.  In'  wan  appointed  prufi'HHor  nf  natural  liintory  in  tin' 
UnivtrHity  of  that  city  and  waii  intriiHti'd  with  the  cuinpletiiin  of 
the  Flom  Dmuni  of  (lodcr.  Vahl  »a>  lli>'  antlior  or  I'llitor  of  llir 
tilth  ftud  sevfiitti  volumes  of  tliu  nionniiu'Utat  work,  wliieli   Itan 


eonsuiiied  ninre  than  a  eentiiry  in  puhlieatioii.  Hetween  17IM)  and 
17U(  III  pulilinhi'd  in  three  folio  voliiinen,  with  many  plate.i,  the 
Si/mliiAr  /IntitnitrT,  devoteil  principally  to  ilescriptions  of  plants 
eidlei'led  by  KonikM  in  the  Orient  ;  in  1700  and  171114  were  pub- 
lifllierl  the  two  Hrst  volnines  of  IiIh  Eihi(j(V  /I rrifTit'iinir,  containing 
tt^ures  and  deseriptioiis  of  tropieal  .\nierionn  plants,  the  third  vol- 
nine  appearing  in  1H07.  \'ahl  h'ft  uiillnisbed,  also,  his  h^'iitmirfitui 
I'ldiittinim.nf  wliieli  the  Hrnt  volume  was  pidilinhi'il  in  IHIM.  shortly 
ln'fore  he  ilied.  \t  his  di'ath  tin*  King  of  Denmark  piireliased 
his  herbarium,  manuscripts,  and  botanieal  library,  which  is  said  tii 
havi'  i-nntained  three  thousand  volumes.  Vnhli'i,  a  ^enns  of  smitit 
.Vfrican  herbs  of  the  .Saiifrafte  family,  was  dedieatud  tu  him  by 
Tliunlterj; 


.^m^ 


KXPLANATION   OF  TIIK   I'LATK. 

I'l-ATK    C'C'IV.       AnAMii.MIS    nil  IKlTll.MA. 

1.  A  llowcrinj;  bnini'li,  natural  si/.c. 

2.  A  tl"Hi'r.  .•nl.iixiHl. 

3.  V'citioiil  sei'tiiiii  iif  a  tli)Her.  I'lilarj^i'il. 

4.  Cl'08g  8i'('liiiii  (if  an  iivai-y.  I'liLirijiMl. 

5.  A  fruiting;  lirancli.  natural  s'l/t: 
0.  Cross  si'ctidii  i)f  a  fruit.  i'nlar;;i'il. 

7.    Vi'rtit'al  soi'tiim  i>f  a  Iriiit.  i-nlari^ud. 
S.  A  si'oil,  I'lilarj,'!'-!. 
'J.  An  inilirvo.  enlarged. 


m 


M 


.<••+ 

.M 


< 


I 


jilvii  of  North   y\miTi!;3 


U..  /:':\' 


l1 


ANAMOMIS    nirHOTOMA,  ;„■{., 


■  I  ■",..,.  „.r,/im:' 


./•;.■■   .:    ,.;/i,-iw    /'«/•/,■' 


i 


1 


mi 


de 


Ca 


op] 
mil 
bra 
Fk 
a  s 
Urn 
fiv< 
ins( 
ant 
nal] 
8tig 
a8C( 
per 
shii 
gat 

the 

anc 
Bri 

an( 

the 


266 
38. 
I.}, 

34« 


t:^^'-^- 


HYRTACKiE. 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


35 


CALYPTRANTHES. 

Flowers  perfect ;  calyx  produced  iilwve  the  ovary,  closed  in  the  bud  by  a  decidu- 
ous lid  ;  petals  2  to  5,  minute,  imbricated  in  icstivation,  or  0 ;  stamens  indefinite, 
many-ranked ;  ovary  inferior,  2  or  a-eelled  ;  ovules  2  in  each  cell,  or  rarely  i  idcfinite. 
Fruit  baccate;.  Leaves  opposite,  entire,  pcnniveined,  ])ellucid-punctate,  persistent, 
destitute  of  stipules. 

Calyptrnnthes,  Swart/.,  I'rmh.  79  (17HX).  — Meisner,  den.      Chytralia.  Adaiison.  Finn.  PL  ii.  HO  (1763). 

108.  —  Kiidlidier,  Wpw.  l-'ML'. —  Bentimm  &  Hooker,  Gew.      Calyptranthus,  A.  L.  de  Jiissieu.  Diet.  Sri.  Xat.  vi.  274 
i.  717.  —  Bailloii,  Hist.  PL  vi.  ML'.  (1«0."j). 


Aromatic  trt'cs  or  shrubs,  with  terete  or  angled  briinelilet.s.  Leaves  coniphin.ite  in  vernation, 
opposite,  eiitire,  i)enniveiiieil,  marked  witli  pellucid  or  resinous  dots,  petiolate.  Flowers  bibracteolate, 
minute,  in  subterniinal  or  a.xillary  peduneuhite  many-tlowered  panicles,  tlieir  primary  and  secondary 
branches  often  racemose,  tlie  ultimate  branches  cymose.  Bracts  and  I)ractlcts  minute,  acute,  caducous. 
Flower-buds  ovoid  or  splierical.  Caly.x-tube  turbinate,  produced  above  the  ovary,  closed  in  the  bud  by 
a  slightly  four  or  five-lobed  lid-like  orbicular  limb,  opening  in  anthesis  by  a  circumsci.ssile  line,  the 
limb  at  Krst  att.iched  laterally,  finally  deciduous.  Disk  lining  the  tube  of  the  calyx.  Petals,  two  to 
five,  minute,  inserted  on  the  slightly  thickened  margin  of  the  disk,  or  wanting.  Stamens  indefinite. 
inserted  in  many  ranks  on  the  margin  of  the  disk  ;  filaments  filiform,  inflexed  in  the  bud.  ex.serted  ; 
anthers  ovate,  att.tched  on  the  back  below  the  middle,  introrse,  two-celled,  tlie  cells  opening  longitudi- 
nally. Ovary  inferior,  two  to  three-celled ;  style  filiform,  simple,  crowned  with  a  minute  capitate 
stigma  ;  ovules  two  or  three  in  eacli  cell,  collateral,  or  rarely  indefinite,  attached  to  an  axile  placenta, 
ascending,  anatroitous ;  micropyle  inferior  ;  raphe  ventral.  Fruit  baccate,  crowned  with  the  trunc-ite 
persistent  calyx-tube,  two  to  four-seeded.  Seed  subglobose.  destitute  of  albumen  ;  testa  membranaceous, 
shining.  Endjryo  filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed  ;  cotyledons  foliaceous,  eontortuplicate  ;  radicle  elon- 
gated, incurved. 

Calyptranthes  is  confined  to  tropical  America,  wiiere  seventy  or  eighty  species,'  distributed  from 
the  shores  of  Lake  Worth  in  southern  Florida  to  Hrazil  and  Peru,  are  distinguished. 

The  genus  possesses  few  u.sefid  properties.  The  flowei-buds  and  fruit  are  aromatic  and  astringent, 
and  are  occasionally  used  in  condiments  and  as  stimulants  and  digestives.-'  especially  those  of  the 
Brazilian  ('.  uroniKtiaf'  and  C.  obsvtini*  of  the  Mexican  C.  SvhhvliUiulidlitiKt"  and  C.  S-httdainn,'' 
and  of  the  Peruvian  C.  pwi'iruhtta? 

The  name  of  the  genus,  from  xaXi'TiTpa  and  avOr,,  refers  to  the  peculiar  lid-like  limb  which  doses 
the  calyx  before  the  opewing  of  the  flower.     One  species  inhal)its  Florida. 


»  Swarlz,  Pr,„lr.  79;  Fl.  [ml.  Dec.  ii.  m".  — Willdcnow,  Spec. 
iL  974.  —  Kuiz  &  I'avuii,  Sysi.  VM.  _  \\.  CaiHlollo,  I'roiir.  iii. 
866.  —  HiT(r,  iiiiiimi,  xxvii.  18  ;  .Vnrdiw  Fl.  Itrmil.  xiv.  |it.  i. 
88.  — (irisfbaeh,  Fl.  Bril.  W.  /m/.  •j;i'.>  ;  Cal.  I'l.  (\h.  H,",.  -  Ilems- 
Uy,  Ki'l.  Itiiil.  Am.  Cml.  i.  108. 

•  Koseuthal,   Sun.    PI.    IHuphor.    924.  —  llaillon,    llisl.    fl.    vi. 

8(0. 


•  St.  llilairc,  /'/.  r.wli,.<  Hra.<il.  t.  14  (18124).—  l)c  C'audollf 
(. .-.  --  HiM't;,  /.  c.  19  ;  /.  i-.  ;W. 

«  II.'  Cand.ill,',  /.  c  Su  (1828)  —  Mcrg.  I.  c.  M  ■  I.  ,-.  ,-)l'J,  &27. 

'  ll.if,',  Ammrn,  xxvii.  'J9  (1851).—  Iliinslcv,  I.  c.  109. 

"  lieif,',  I.  c.  M  (IS.M).  -  lli'ii,  l,.y,  /.  ,-.  1IK>. 

'  Uui?.  &  I'aviiii,  /V«/r.  "4,  t.  Ill  (1791)  ;  .•>>^  llll.  -  Dc  I'an 
d.illf,  /.  <•.  'J.-)8.  —  Birg, ;.  f.  20. 


36 


SILl'A    OF  NUliTlI  AMERICA. 


MYUTACK.V.. 


OALYPTRANTHES   CHYTRACULIA. 

Pr.TAl.s  0  ;  OS  iiles  '2  in  racli  cell,      nraiuhlcts  wiiij^-an^lccl. 

Cnlyptrnnthes  Chytrarulia.  Swnrt/.   I'n'ilr.   70  (178S):  ^,/»)ii.n,  xxvii. 'JCi.  —  rtia|iinaii,  fV.  131.  —  Sarfjcnt, /'..-■«» 

/•■/.  1,1,1.  0,t:  ii.  '.tL'l.  — WilMc'n,.w.  S/„;:  ii.  '.)r."i.  —  IVt-  T,;rs  .V.  A,,,.  Il)/A  r.//,>»,«  T.  S.  is.  H,S. 

Boon.  5//n.  ii.  31'.  —  .Siinnpl,  ^'/■-^  ii.    I'.*'.).   -  Dc  Can-  Myrtus  Chytraculia.  LiiinnMis.  An,,,,,,  v.  .'i'.IS  (17r,(i|.— 
(liiUo.  I'rmlr.  iii.  '-'."i7.  —  Dun,  (l,ii.  .S'ys/.   ii.  817.  —  Niil-  .Swart/,,  ('A.'.-.  -II'J. 

lall.  Siilcii.  i.  101.  t.  L'G. —  Uit'trii'li.  .\v'i.  iii.  1  ".'•'.   -  Hcrj;,  Eugenia  pallet  •>.  I'liircl.  I.nm.  l>i,-l.  Iiippl.  iii    l-'J  (I. si:; 

A  slender  trep.  in  Florida  .sonictinu's  twenty  to  twenty-tive  I'eet  in  heifflit,  with  ii  trunk  tliicc  di 
four  inches  in  dianietir.  and  a  narrow  head.  The  hark  ul'  tiie  trunk  is  one  eif>lith  of  an  ineh  tliiek,  wiih 
a  generally  smooth,  lij^ht  fjray,  or  almost  white  surf'aee,  occasionally  separutiiif^  into  irrej.fular  nlatc-likc 
seales.  The  hranihlets.  when  tiiey  first  a].]iear,  are  slender.  win}i;-an<jled  between  the  nodes,  and  coati  i|. 
like  the  hranehes  of  the  tiower-elusters.  the  hracts.  and  the  tlower-huds.  with  short  rufous  silky  toim n- 
tuni ;  in  their  secon<l  or  third  year  they  heeome  terete,  thicken  at  the  nudes,  and  are  covered  with  liulu 
<;ray  hark  tinj;e(l  with  red  and  broken  into  .small  thin  scales.  The  leaves  are  ohlonjr  or  ovafe-ohlmii;. 
cioiifjated  and  rounded  or  acute  at  the  ajU'X,  and  jjradually  contracted  at  the  base  int<!  lon<i;  jtetioli^; 
tliev  are  iiellucid-jnuictate  on  tlie  u|)|>er  surface,  marked  with  dark  glands  on  the  lower,  and  arc  at 
lirst  jiink  or  light  red  and  covered  with  pale  silky  hairs,  and  at  maturity  are  coriaceous,  dark  green 
and  lustrous  above,  coated  with  j)ale  jiiibescence  below,  two  and  a  iialf  to  three  iiu'hes  long  and  (luc 
half  to  three  (juarters  of  an  inch  broad,  with  slightly  thickened  revolute  margins,  buad  midribs  oraiit;''- 
colored  beneath  and  deeply  impressed  on  the  upper  surface,  slender  veins  arcuate  and  united  near  tlic 
margins,  and  ]ietioles  varying  from  one  third  to  one  half  of  an  iiu'h  iii  length.  The  flower-cbisti  i- 
are  subierininal  and  axillary,  long-stennued.  and  from  two  and  a  half  to  three  inches  in  length  ami 
breadth,  with  slender  divaricate  branches,  the  flowers  of  the  ultimate  divisions  being  in  threes.  Tlh' 
flowers  are  .sessile,  apetalous.  an  eighth  of  an  inch  long,  and  covered  with  rufous  pubescence  on  tin 
outer  surface  of  the  calyx-limb.  The  fruit  is  oblong  or  nearly  globose,  dark  reddish  brown.  :iiiii 
puberulous.  with  tiiiii  dry  tlesh  and  lustrous  seeds.' 

In  Florida  Cii/i/plrtiii/h, s  ('/ii/lritculiu  inhabits  the  shores  of  Lake  Worth,  and  is  not  uncoimiidii 
on  Key  West  anil  Key  Largo  and  on  the  hummocks  in  the  lu'ighborhood  of  Hay  ISiscaync.  It  occiir« 
on  many  of  the  West  India  islands"  and  in  southern  Mexico.' 

The  wood  of  Cdbjiitntnthtx  C/ii/tri((ulia  is  very  heavy,  hard,  and  close-grained,  with   nuim-rcjii> 


*  Herjj  (f.itin,ri,  xxvii.  *J7)  proposal  tin-  fnllnwiiip  varictirs  ■  ■— 

a.  ff,„ui,i,t :  intluuK-ntiini  tolneiitosc,  iiltiniatctv  silky;  loaves  sliort- 
peliolali',  Kvatf,  i)I)tusp,  or  shortly  acuininutf  at  thr  Ihlsi-,  ^ilaiirons, 
obsfiiri'ly  iinpn'ssrd-piuictatr  on  the  upper  surface  ;  rynii's  two  to 
fuur-l)ran<-)it>(),  Hliortrr  than  the  leavoH,  suhterniinal. 

p.  tivali,, :  iniluuientiini,  Keanty,  veliitiiioiiH  ;  leaves  short-petiolate, 
oval,  aetite  at  the  ba.He,  obHoletely  imprpssed-piuietate  on  the  npper 
surface,  with  very  narrow  veins  ;  eynn*s  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

y.  trii'hutonxn :  indunn'Utuni,  silky-velntinouA  ;  leaves  lon^-petio- 
late,  oval-uhlurit^  or  oval,  acute  at  the  base,  eiliatr  on  the  margins, 
blif^htly  impressed  punctate  on  the  njiper  snrfaee,  densely  silky- 
jiubeseent  on  the  lower,  with  very  thin  veins  ;  eynies  ample,  lon^jer 
than  the  leaves. 

8.  panrifhr,! :  iiuluinentnin.silky-velutinous  ;  leaves  long-petiidate, 
oval-cMon(T,  aeute  at  the  base,  iiupressed-pnnetate  on  the  upper 


surface,  silky-pul>eseent  on  the  lower,  with  thin  veins  ;  cynu-s  Inri-. 
pednlteuhite.  scarcely  slmrti'r  than  the  leaves,  their  In-anchcs  alil>r>  • 
viated,  few-tlowered. 

f.  /,t:>/t/tHm:  bninehes  and  |M'tioles  ferruf^iiu-o-silky  ;  leaves  Ion.; 
petiotate,  oval,  ;uMite  at  the  base,  iniprcHsed-piuictate  on  the  ui>]« ; 
surface,  glabrous,  with  thin  veins  ;  eyines  lus  lon^  jw  the  lea\f.. 
triehotoniouft. 

Miirtu$  y.iizygiuw,  l.iniueUH,  Amtrn.  v.  308  (ITt'iO). 
(\ihil,lnv,lhri  /.,i:;iiiium.  Swart/,   I'rnlr.  7!»  (17HS);    Ft.  Ii..l 

O.v,  ii.  ill'.!. —  l)e  Candolle,  /ViWr.  iii.  I!."i7.  —  (Jrisebach,  /•'/.  linl 

II'   lu,l.  'SAL 

'  l.unan,  Iliirl.Jnm.  i.  til.  —  A.  Uielmrd,  I'l.  i'lili.  ii.  'J7"i.  -(Irm 
biuh,  /.  .-.  •S.V2.  -  KKRers,  /Uill.  V.  .S'.  -Vut.  Mm.  No.  13,  00  (/V  .^ 
Critix  finii  t/tf  \'irtjin  hl,tn>i-<). 

»  Ilemsley,  IM.  Iliol.  .tin.  Crnl  ,.  108. 


MVHTACi:.!,. 


MtRTACE^E. 


XILVA   OF  NORTH  AMKIUCA. 


37 


piiKui,  Ft,  131.  —  Sarnpnt.  A",v.« 

lis  /■.  S.  is.  8,S. 

luMis.   Aiiiiin.  V.  ims  (  KCiii]. — 

,««(.  />)V^  laipj)!.  iii    |1"_'  (l,s|;; 

;lit,  witli  a  trunk  tliicf  (,i 
H'litli  of  an  ini'li  thick,  wiih 
\^  into  irrcfifulai-  i>Iate-Iik, 
lUiMi  tlif  nodes.  an<l  eoati  .1. 
Ii  .slioit  rufous  silky  toim  n- 
and  arc  covere<l  with  lii;lii 
re  ohionjr  or  ovatc-ohldii.;, 
lie  liasc  into  h)nfj  jietinlis; 
on  the  lower,  and  are  ;it 
are  coriaceous,  (hirk  frrnn 
three  inches  lonjf  and  oik 
;ins,  lii.iad  inidrilis  oraii;;'- 
■cuate  and  united  near  tlic 
nj^th.  The  tlower-cliisti  is 
U'ce  inches  in  leri<rth  uii>l 
)n8  beinj;  in  tlirees.  Tli. 
rut'iius  puhesceiu'e  on  tin 
dark    reddish    hrown,   ;iU(l 

:)rth,  and  is  not  unconuiuMi 
Hay  Uisoayne.     It  on  in~ 

se-ffraincd,  witli  nunienMi> 


evenly  distriiuited  rather  large  ojien  ducts  and  many  thin  medullary  rays.  It  is  brown  tinged  witli  red, 
with  lighter  colored  .sajjwood  composed  of  thirty  to  forty  Liyers  of  annual  gi'owth.  The  specific  gravity 
of  the  .ihsolutely  dry  wood  i»  0.8992,  a  cubic  foot  weiglnng  5U.0i  poiuids.' 

Ca/i/jilriiHllicD  Chylrafuliu  was  first  described  by  Patrick  Browne  in  the  Nnlural  Jli.ilori/  of 
Jamrilcfi,  published  in  175(J;-  and  in  Florida  was  first  noticed  by  Dr.  •!.  L.  Blodgett.  According  to 
Aiton,^  it  was  introduced  into  English  gardens  in  1778. 


*  lu  Florida  f  'tih/ptraitthen  Chyfrarutin  jfrows  very  slowly.  The 
trunk  of  this  Iroc  in  tht>  tlesup  C'uHectiuii  of  North  Ainericnii 
Woods  ill  the  .Viiierioan  Miiseuin  of  Natural  History  in  New  York 
ii  five  Hiiil  a  half  iiiehts  in  diameter,  uud  displays  one  hundred  and 
thirty*8ix  layers  of  .innual  f^rowth. 


^  Cht/trarittia  tirborm.  Joins 
mtilm.i,  -SM),  t.  ;!7,  f.  •-'. 

•  llorl.  Keiu.  ed.  \i,  iii.  lO'J. 


falin  ijlahrit  oppoxitUy  ravemiji  lermi- 


ower,  with  thin  veins  ;  pyinrs  Inn;- 
an  Ihi'  leaver.,  their  liranehes  alihr.  ■ 

[ioles  ferrn^inetHsilky  ;  leaves  l.m^' 
,  iinprt-Hsed-pinietate  on  the  iipp. ; 
ins  ;   eynies  as  lon^  as  the  ]i'a\<-., 


.■limin.  V.  :i!t«  (lltiO). 

•arlz.  I'mlr.  70  (liKH)  ;   Fl.  lu.t 

roilr.  iii.  i;.">7.  —  (iri^ehneh,  /■'/.  /iVi. 


'Si 


L.  Uielmrd,  /•'/.  Cuh.  ii.  •Si'i.  —  (ins. 
/.  .V.  .V(i(.  Mux.  No.  13,  SO  (/■;  .^ 

If   I.  108. 


l 


KXl'I.A  NATION   OF  THK   I'LATE. 


PlaTI:    C'CV.       CaLYITKANTIIKS    t'llVTli.\CIM.lA. 

1.  A  HdHi'Hiif;  liruiu'li.  nutiirul  size. 

'J.   Ula);raiii  of  a  tluwer. 

.'!.  A  HiiwiT-lmd,  eiilai'(;«!. 

4.  A  tluner.  ciilurged. 

").   Vertical  s  clioii  of  a  tlowor.  eiilaigcd. 

('►.  A  staiiifti,  I'ltlai'^ftl. 

7.   VtTtical  section  of  an  o\arv.  t'lilar^ed. 

M.  CritsH  sootion  uf  an  ovary,  fiilarucii. 

'1.  An  oviilc.  iiiurli  magnilicil. 

10.  A  fniitiiig  brancli.  natural  si/.i- 

11.  A  fruit  cut  transversi'ly.  i'nlari,'iil. 
I'J.  Cross  section  of  a  fruit,  t'nlar;;i-(l. 
lo.   Vertical  scctitin  of  a  fiuit.  cniari;ctL 
14.  A  scctl.  cnlar;;cil. 

1."'.  An  cnil)rvo.  cnlar(,'ci|. 


M 


n 


Silv* 


rALYPTRANTHl-:::-    CHYTRAi-'.JLlA 


MTBTACKiG. 


SUVA   OF  NOliTll  AMEliWA. 


KlKJKi,  lA. 

Fi.owEns  perfect;  calyx  \  or  riircly  'j-lohcd  tlic  loho  iml)ri('atc(l  in  lostivation ; 
petals  iisiiiill\  J.  iiiihricatcd  in  icstivatioii ;  stamens  indetinite,  many-ranked;  ovary 
inferior,  2  rarely  ;{-eeiie(l ;  ovules  indefinite  or  2  to  I.  Fruit  haeeate  or  subdrnpa- 
coous.  Leaves  oppositi",  penniveined,  coriaceous  or  membranaceous,  destitute  of 
Htipules, 


Eugenia.  Mnineim,  '«Vii.  139  (17;i7).  —  A.  I-  <lu  .luH^ii'u, 

Qen.    \Vi\.  —  Mi'imier,     OVh.    III'J.  —  Kiiilliilier,     (lin. 

12.'<;t.  —  Hfiitliuni    &    llookiT,    (Ifii.   i.    718.  —  liuillun, 

Hift.  VI.  vi.  XA  (excl.  Cii/,hii,i,itliiis). 
Caryophyllus.  I.iiinuuH,  (Ifn.  ir)4  (17.'t7).  —  AJiiimm.  ^'"«. 

I'l.  ii.  «H,  —  A.  1..  di'  .lii!.»ii'ii,  liiii.  M'.'l.  —  Mfisiitr,  dfii. 

108.  —  Kii.llicliiT,  tlm.  I ■-';!'.'. 
Pllnla.  I-iiiii»m»,  (ien.  I'lS  (I7.'I7).  —  A  lansoii.  /■'am.  I'l.  ii. 

448.  —  A.  L.  de  ,Iii»»ieii.  (iin.  'M'2. 
Jambos.   IIiiimiiiiiii,  Thu.  Xeijlan.  V1-\   (1737).  —  Ailiiii.ioii, 

Fani.  I'l.  ii.  iSM. 
Jamboaa,  l{iiin|if.  Ilirh.  .imlmin.  i.  I  !l  (1741).  —  Meimier, 

Oen.  loo.  —  KiHlli<lier,  di'ti.  TiSH. 
Catinga.  Aublet,  I'l.  Guiiu.  i.  r.11.  i.  2(»;!  (1775). 
Bysygium,  (iartniT,  t'rurl.  i.  ItWi.  t.  X\  (17N8). 
Oreggia.  (Jioitncr,  h'niel.  i.  l»iH.  t.  .'l.i  (178,S). 
Ouapurium.  A.  L.  ile  Ju»»ieii.  (Im.  ',V1\  (WSVt). 
Ops,  Loiireiro,  Fl.  Vm-hin.  i.  :!0H  (K'.M)). 
Bugenia.  Nitkei-,  /'.V.w.  /("/.  ii.  7«  (170(>). 
Olynthia,  LindL^y.  CuU,:'i.  No.  Ii)  (1H21). 


Acmenn.  Ue  Camlollf.  Iiivi.  CIh.i.h.  lllst.  .\'it.  s\.  4lti 
( IHL'(i).  — MciAiier,  (Imi.  IH.S.  —  Kmllii'lier.  (ii'it.  ILWJ. 

Joasinin,  l)e  C'ttiulolli',  I'niih:  iii.  I';t7  (IH'JH).  —  WeisiiiT, 
Ih-ii.  lll'.t. 

Cerocarpus.  Ilin.-kuil.  /■'/.im.  184'.'.  ii.  BeiW.  30. 

Syllysium.    .Miycn  &  SilmniT.  .Vr.i'.  Arf.  Lin/,,  xix.  Siippl. 

i. .•f;!4  (i.si;!). 

Cleiatooalyx.  I!liiim>.  .!/».<.  /!■./.  I.n,/,/.  H„f.  i.  SI  (184",l). 
Oelpkea.  llluinc.  .)/».«.  Il.^t.  I.n.j,!.  I!„t.  i.  88  (184'J). 
Strongylocolyx,  Uluim'.  .»/».«.  //«r  /,h«/(/.  /yn/.  i.  89  (1849). 
Clavimyrtus,  llliiiiir.  Mu.^.  IM.  l.i(,j,l.  Hat.  i.  ll.'i  (1H49). 
Microjoniboaa.  Ulunn'.  .!/((.<.  /.W.  /,»;/./.  lint.  i.  117(1849). 
Maoromyrtus.  .Mic|iiel.  /■/.  /»(/.  /^(^  i.  439  (I8,"i). 
Phyllocolyx.  IIit);.  I.iniurn,  .xxvii.  300  (not  (iiiHebai'h.  imr 

A.  Hiclmid)  (18,'i4). 
Stenocalyx.  Heif;,  l.inii'in.  xxvil.  399  (18.'i4). 
Myrciarift.  \\v\%.  LUiuaa.  x.wii.  3'.'il  (l,s,",4). 
Siphoneugena.  Heix,  Limi'ifi.  x.wii.  .vU  (18."i4). 
Hexachlamya.  Ilci^'.  Lininin.  xxvii.  .">4.~i  (18,'i4). 


Trees  or  shrubs,  with  aromatic  folia<;e,  hard  <lural)k'  wooil.  and  scaly  bark.  Leaves  opposite, 
coriaceous  or  nu'iubraiiaceous.  jteiiuiveiiied,  destitute  of  stipules.  Flowers  often  larjje  and  conspicuous, 
white,  rose,  or  rarely  straw-colored,  bihracteolate.  InHorescence  centripetal,  tlie  pedicels  one-Howered, 
opposite,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  tbi'  leaves,  fascicled  or  collected  in  short  racemes ;  or  centrifuj^al,  the 
flowers  in  dense  terminal  cymes,  or  in  terminal  or  lateral  trichotomous  panicles.  Bracts  and  bractlets 
usually  minute,  caducous,  occasionally  foliaceous  and  persistent.  Calyx-tube  )TlolK)se-ovoid,  tarbinate 
or  eloufjated,  sometimes  angled  or  winjjed,  not  at  all  or  more  or  less  produced  above  the  ovary,  the 
limb  four  or  rarely  five-lobed,  large,  or  minute  and  scarcely  developed  above  the  truncate  margin  of 
the  tulie.  Petals  inserted  on  the  slightly  thickened  margin  of  the  disk  lining  the  calyx-tube,  four  or 
very  rarely  live  or  indefuiite,  free  and  spreading  or  more  or  less  connivent.  or  connate  and  deciduous 
in  a  single  piece,  or  wanting.  Stamens  indetinite,  in  many  ranks,  free  or  oliscurely  collected  into  four 
dusters  by  a  slight  union  of  their  b.i.ses  in  the  bud ;  filaments  filiform,  incurved  in  the  bud  ;  anthers 
versatile,  introrse,  attached  on  the  back  below  the  middle,  two-celled,  the  cells  usually  parallel  or  rarely 
■preailing,  opening  longitudinally.  Ovaiy  two,  rarely  three-celled  ;  style  simple,  filiform,  crowned  with 
8  minute  capitate  .stigma  ;  ovules  many  in  each  cell  or  two  to  four,  attached  to  a  central  placenta,  semi- 
anatropous;  raphe  ventral;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  crowt  i  with  the  persistent  calyx-tube,  b.iccate, 
juicy,  sometimes  almost  drupaceous,  or  dry  with  a  fibrous  ■\.:'-t  coat.  Seeds  one  to  four,  globose  or 
variously  Hattened  by  mutual  pressure ;  tcsti  membranaceous  yi-  cartilaginous,  exalbuminous.     Emhrvo 


ill 


If 


40 


SILVA    OF  JSiOliTJl  AMh'JiJi'A. 


MVUIAI 


n 


thick  aiid  ilcsliv  ;  I'otvlodons  thick,  nunc  or  h'ss  cont'erruminato  into  a  h*>mo<ifcneous  mass  ;  r:uli(  Ic  vt  rv 
short,  turncil  towards  the  hihini. 

Kii'»oni.i,  to  wlui'h  as  now  cidar*j[ed  more  tiiaii  seven  hundred  species  have  heci»  referred,  anil 
which,  accoruini*'  to  the  best  authorities,  contains  al»out  live  hundreil  species,  is  represented  in  Nmih 
Anu'rica  Itv  live  species  of  southern  Fh)rida,  three  *d'  which  are  small  trees  ami  (»ne  is  a  low  slutil>.' 
The  i;-enus  appears  in  all  tropical  and  semitropieal  regions,  al)t»uMilinj»;  ii»  the  tropics  of  America  '  ami 
Asia:'  and  hein^  less  connuon  in  tropical  Africa/  Australia/'  and  the  Pacific  islands.'' 

Several  spe(  ies  are  \alued  for  their  stinudant  and  di;j^*'stive  pritperties  ;  *  some  produce  useful 
tindu-r  '  or  cdilile  fruit,  and  others  are  cultivated  for  the  heauty  of  their  llowers  or  folia«;-e.''  Tlic 
most   useful   species  of  tlu'  i;enus  are  /'Jtt(j<  ftitt  i ( ruim 1 1 irf/ ^^'*  wh'ivU  furnishes  tlie  cloves  of  c(»uuuer(  c,'' 


>  Eiujvmn  Umtjifo^.  Itfij,',  Ltnmrn.  xxvii.  \TA^  (1S.M)-  ('liai>- 
man.  hl.vA.  L',  Suppl.  O-'O. —  Surpiit,  F..r,^t  Tr..<  \.  Am.  HV/* 
(%mu:i  r.  S.  ix   SO. 

-  IliTfj,  Murti'ii  11.  Unisil.  xiv.  jit.  i.  "Jl  I. — (Iii  ..■haili,  /*V.  />></. 
ir.  hifl.  'SXt  M' iryii|tli\Ilu>,  S_wyj;iuiii.  aiul  .laiiilM^a), 'JiUi  (  Kii- 
giMiia). 

^  Mi.picl,  Fl.  lu<L  iUU.  i.  107  (.lainbosu).  l-to  ( Kiit,'i'uia),  Mti 
(S\/vj;imii),  Iti'J  (t'linnpl  ylliis), — Tliwailf's,  Knum.  I'L  /tithm. 
in  (IXa'ma),  lir>  {J;mil.os:i),  Ilt»  (SyzyKiimi).  —  H'H'kt'r  f.  /V 
/.'■.'.  hi'i.  ii.  JTO.  —  Korbt's  A;  Ht-nisley,  Jnnr.  l.tun.  S<k\  xxiii.  1.".'7. 

*  A.  liiihard,  /V.  Ahifss.  i.*JS-4  (Svzy(;iiiin).  —  Harvt'V  &  Sonde r, 
/'..  '  o/i.  ii.  .VJl  (Sy/ypuin,  Kugcnia).  —  Oliver,  /7.  'J'rofi.  A/r.  ii. 
VXk 

*  It.-iitham.  FL  AuMrnl.  iii.  280. 

«  (;r:»y.  /lot.  \\ilh<  Fr/.;.,r.  Frp'-I.  ."10, 

'    Ui».lith:il,  .S>J.  /v.  niaphnr.  'fJO.    -  !i,iill..n.  Hist.  Pi.  vi.  .'UO 

"  (iainblt>,  .Uri'i.  lu'lidH  Ttm/'frs,  HH).  —  Maiden,  i'.sfjul  \iitiir 
Poiftfs  ,./  Aii-intlitt^  'i'Mi. 

*  N'audiii.  Mii'tHfl  li*  r A<rhmnU'ur,  'J77- 

^■'  Ilailinn,  /.  .-.  ;U1.  r  'JSS.  'JSit  tI.S77)  ;   7Vm/.    Hot.  M<\1.  101.'). 

f.  -jsiL' -jsai. 

CiiriiophuUiLs  aromalinLt,  Liiiiijiii-.  Spic.  ."»1."»  (17.V>),       \h-  I  ;iii- 

di.II.-,  Priklr.  iii.  iiti'J.  —  Mii|ml,  /.  c.  4ti'J. 

Fuffetiin  rarf/ophylhta/l'Uiiuhvri:;,  his.i.  Pf  ('ur'jopfiifliis  tirnmn- 

ticis  (I7HH).  —  Willdciiow.  Spn:  ii.  (it.  ii.  \H\r,. 

^f|/rtn.t  Canjophfjliu.i,  .^itrcn^i-l,  Syat.  ii.  *lS.*i  (ISL'.'i). 

**  Tin*  Cluvt'-tii'i',  a  haiid-^niiH-  i'vt'rj;rt  in  tliirty  or  fnrty  fret  in 
hri^'lit,  i-i  I'tidcniic  in  live  sni;ill  i>lariclh  west  nt'  Ni>w  (iuinea,  \vliirli 
i'un>tituli'  III!'  nri^MJ-il  Mnlui'<'a  prnup.  or  Clovr  Ulaml.s  It  was 
rarl_\  rarrird  ti»  Aniboyna,  prnbably  iK'Tm-  tbi*  di.sfovrry  i>f  tliat 
i>lan(l  by  \\w  i'<irtiiiriii>si>.  and  i>  iittw  citltivati'd  in  many  nf  tlic 
inlands  iif  ihi-  i]a>t  Indian  .\rfbi|udaj;<>,  In  Mintbt-ni  India,  ("fybni. 
Mauritins,  and  Itonrbon,  in  /an/ibar  and  IVndm  off  the  ea.stern 
enast  of  Afriea,  and  oecasionnlly  in  the  Wr^t  Indies.  Clnves,  wbieh 
iiie  tbo  dried  tiuwer-bnds  of  this  trte,  were  nsed  in  China  dnrin^ 
tiie  Han  dvnasly  (it.  c.  lit»(i  to  A.  P.  *J'JO)  ;  they  were  {it-rbaps  known 
to  tlie  Uouians  as  early  a.s  the  tirst  eentnry.  a.s  I'liny'.s  raryopliyllon, 
a  spiee  inipurtrd  fnun  India  for  the  sake  t)f  its  iMlor,  may  refer  to 
them;  for  centuries  they  have  lieen  well  known  in  Knrope,  and  a 
considt'vable  enninn'ree  in  eloves  was  carried  <m  by  the  overland 
Indian  route  until  tin-  diseovcry  of  the  Spiee  Klands  by  the  I'or- 
tn^jueso  at  the  bi'Kiinun;;  of  the  sixteenth  eentnry.  Kor  a  eentnry 
the  I'crtnjfuese  eontrolied  the  elove-tradi*,  but  in  \\'A)Tt  they  were 
exptdled  from  the  MolnccaH  by  the  Duteli  who,  in  order  to  seenrc 
a  nninnp-ily  of  this  trade  l>y  eordiiiing  it  to  the  .\mboyna  ^ronp, 
endeavored  to  exterminate  the  ('h)ve*trec  fnnit  il.s  nativi'  i-.liinds. 
They  were  at  tir.nt  so  far  sneeessful  that  the  Clove  Idands  no  bintji'P 
exported  cloves  ;  but  the  Dnteh  monoiiuly  was  broken  liefore  the 


eiiii  of  tlie  ei|;hteentli  <'eutnry  by  the  energy  uf  the  governor  nl  (1;.- 
Freiieh  islands  of  Manritiu.s  and  llunrbon,  who  sueeceded  in  177<i 
in  iiitnMliicin;;  into  them  the  Clove-Ire'  and  the  Nntine|;.  l-i'>>in 
Mauritins  the  Cbtve-tree  was  carried  to  Cayenne,  and  (hen  tti  /.in 
7.ihar  and  rther  tiopie.il  eountries,  and  now  /aH/ibar  and  I'l  iulu 
pri'dnir  a  larj;*-  part  of  the  t  love-crop  of  the  world.  (See  Tr.%>i.r, 
S>ir  riitipftrtiifiini  tin  (iin>jlii'r  ths  Muhnpus  oux  Islfx  tlr  Fniu<t,  ./. 
lii'urfioti  tl  ilfs  Sn-ftfllfs,  tt  'It  iTv  (.-i/'v  ii  (UitjniUf.) 

The  Clovi'-tree  llonri.ihcs  in  elaye\  loam  and  reipures  a  jjmi-l 
drainap*,  t  xposniv  to  the  ^tiin,  and  protection  from  bi>;h  winds,  h 
is  niispil  from  himm)  m*  by  biyerin^  the  branches,  wbirh  will  runt  ui 
six  or  ei^ht  nnnitliH  m  moist  ground.  The  seeds,  which  soon  l<>^c 
their  power  of  germinatitni,  should  Ih>  sown  a  foot  apart  in  rich  ^-'A 
a.s  siHtn  as  gathered  and  not  more  than  two  indies  beluw  the  sui 
face,  when  they  will  j^eruiuiate  at  the  end  of  live  or  six  wet-k' 
The  sii'illinp*  require  an  abumlant  supply  oi  water  and  protecli"ii 
from  tlu-  sun.  Csnally  the  .seedlings  up'  not  tntnsplanted  until 
lhc_\  an-  three  or  four  feet  hif,'li.  when  they  shouM  be  set  in  pil< 
filled  with  (  iiriclieil  .surface-soil  ;  they  n-tpiire  shadinj;  for  two  or 
three  \cafs.  Hanana-plaiits  W\\\\^  nfit-n  nsed  for  this  purpose.  Tlit 
ground  iKcupicd  by  a  Clo\c-tree  plantation  requires  careful  an. I 
constant  cultivation  in  order  to  produci'  the  Ik-sI  results;  lilx  r;d 
dressiuj^s  of  maiuirr  are  rcc<nnnH'n<led.  and  in  dry  weather  a  iIm  k 
mulch  of  litter  iiu'reases  the  viji^or  of  the  trees. 

The  tlowcr-bnds  are  at  lirst  white,  then  i;reen,  and  finally  briu'lit 
red,  in  which  stap-  (hey  are  i:athered.  In  Zan7ibar  this  is  done  \'\ 
hand  from  a  mo\:dile  slap',  ea«'li  bnd  beiiiK  picki-  1  ■'cparately  ;  in 
the  Ka>t  Imlies  thi-  buds  ari-  jjathereil  by  band  from  the  lu«.r 
braiK  lies  am  beati'ii  with  bainbtio  poles  from  the  upper  ones  on  i.* 
the  ^ronnil,  which  is  >wept  clean  to  receive  them,  or  on  to  clotlj> 
stn'ti'licd  under  tlu'  trees.  'I'lie  yield  of  lloHer-buds  varies  in  dif- 
ferent years  ;  o<H'asioually  none  are  pnulnccd,  and  a  heavy  crop  i- 
j^thered  only  at  intervals  of  five  or  six  years.  Kiveor  six  pnuii<l' 
is  eonsidereil  ai:  averam*  annual  crop  from  a  tree  in  its  prinn*.  In 
Sumatra  the  length  of  life  tif  the  Clove-tn-e  is  from  twentv  t" 
tweuly-fonr  years,  althoiigb  in  Andioyna  il  i^  said  that  it  doe>  i»<t 
begin  producing  until  its  twelfth  or  tifti'cnth  year,  and  eontiiuit - 
proiluetive  for  nearly  a  hundred  atul  lifty  years.  The  tIowcr-bii.l.> 
pre  dried  in  the  sun  as  soon  as  gatbereil  and  are  then  read\  t<ir 
shiptnent.  In  sonu'  parts  of  the  Mast  Iinlics  Ibey  are  cured  *>\\ 
franu's  over  a  slow  fire  before  exposure  to  the  snn. 

Cloves  conUin  sixteen  to  eighteen  percent,  of  essential  oil,olnini 
earyophytli,  a  colorless  yeUow  liipiid  with  the  odor  ami  tustc  i>! 
cloves,  and  composed  of  a  miytnre  of  bydrocarUm  and  engenol  in 
variable  proportions,  earyo)ihyIliu,  a  considerable  propnrllou  <i| 
gnm  and  tatmie  acid. 

The  principal  consumption  of  cloves  is  in  conking  ;  in  mcilicine 
they  are  nsed  to  nmdify  the  action  of  other  drugs,  entering  intM 


^1  ■ 


1f> 


\l\ 


MVUlAt  I  .K 

i^ciieous  moss  ;  nuliclt*  vii  v 

s  liavo  litH'ii  referred,  ami 
's,  is  represented  in  Nmth 
s  and  one  is  a  low  slnul).' 
he  tropics  of  Anierii-a  '  aiul 
stands.' 

es  ;  ■   some  prodnce  uncIiiI 

Howers  or  folia*;e.''      Tlic 

1  the  eloves  of  eoiniurict','' 


y  lli('  fiiiM-fjy  uf  tlic  jjnvrrnui-  nl  i].,- 
Ill  liuiirtitMi,  uhii  sui'rcfdt'd  in  ITTu 
.'iiivt'-trt' '  iiiiil  till'  Nutnii'j;.  I  imii 
rricil  to  ('iiyt'uiir,  umiI  llii'ii  to  /ui 
-II".,  iintl  iiuw  ZiiH/iliiir  ami  i'l  inlu 
ii'-crup  uf  the  Wiirlil.  (Sco  lV»i.  r. 
.1    Mitlii'fUff  nur  /*/»\  */f    Fniffr, -l. 

:  tsltH  it   ('lllJfHUf.) 

etiiyi'v  loiiiii  and   i-rijuirf.s  a  ^mcI 

ihI  |iri)tt'<'tii>n  fniiii  liij^li  uituK.     It 

ii|;  till'  hraiii'lirs,  wliirh  will  runr  in 

;rniiiiil.     'I'ln'  scimIs,  wliii-li  soon  Insu 

iiKl  t)t'  sown  a  fooi  apart  in  rich  ^^il 

trt'  tlian  two  inclics  Ik'Iuw  tin-  mh- 

^  at  tlio  end  uf  t\vv  ur  six  wi't-k^ 

lant  supply  of  water  and  protcclimi 

(>(IIiu^s  ui-i'  nnt   transplanted  nniil 

)i.  wlii'ii  tiii'V  shnnlil  lir  set  in  pit^ 

;  iIh'V  ri'ipiire  sliadiiii;   foi-  t\\.'  it 

ofti'ii  used  i'ur  this  purpn.sf.      Tin 

'  pljintation  reipiires  eareful  :uu\ 

priidiii-r  llii-  lH'!.t   rrsullpt  ;  lil«  r:tl 

iiiln),  and  in  dry  weather  a  iliuk 

V  uf  tlie  trees. 

Iiiti>,  then  K^reen,  and  tinull;^'  l>ri^'li: 

licred.     In  /an/iliar  tluH  is  dtnie  \'\ 

li  liud  lieitif;  piikr  !  separately  ;  in 

:ulieri-d   liy  hand   from  the  !ci\tir 

piih's  t'riini  the  upper  ones  i<ii  t>> 

tn  nT«-i\t' them,  iir  on  toi-luilis 

vield  nf  tlnuiT-liuds  varie.s  in  dit- 

iic  prudueed,  and  a  lieavy  eri)]'  i» 

nr  six  yi'ars.      Kive  or  six  po.iiMl- 

ri'|i  froiii  a  tree  in  it)*  prime.     In 

the  Clove-tn-e   is  from  twenl\  t" 

inhiiyna  it  is  said  that  it  doe>  i>Ht 

h  nr  fifteenth  year,  and  eontiiiiu  ^ 

mil  lifly  yt'urs.     The  llo^ver-lmll.^ 

^atliiTed  and  ari'  then  read\  hir 

'   Mast    Indies   lliey  are  eured  <>ii 

piiMire  to  the  sun. 

en  per  cent,  of  essential  oii.Mlriini 

piid  with  the  odor  and   ta>(i-  ■'! 

re  of  hydnn-arlMui  and  eii;;t'iit'l  ni 

a   eoii.siderahle    pntportiiUi  "l 

eloves  is  in  eookluf^  ;  in  mi'dit'iii" 
ion  of  (ttluT  dru).;s,  etiteriii);  inl" 


MYKTACKii:. 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


41 


Eu(j(iti</  Jtnitbos,'^  the  Rose  Apple,  a  native  of  sontheastern  Asia  and  the  Indian  Archipehin;o,  and 
cultivated  in  all  tropieal  countries  as  a  shade  and  ornamental  tree  and  for  its  delicately  fra^Tant  and 
rather  dry  fruit,  and  Etff/tnift  Jtnnbolanaj-  a  common  Indian  tindxH-tree.  Eufjinid  ttmjlin'f/,-^  the 
Surinam  Cherry,  a  slirul)by  species  orijijinally  from  Brazil,  with  handsome  flowers  and  aromatic  fruit  of 
a  pleasant  flavor,  is  often  cidtivated  and  has  become  natiu-ali/ed  in  the  tropics  of  the  two  worltls.^  In 
tropieal  South  America  a  ninuber  of  species  are  esteemed  as  fruit-trees,^  although  the  fruit  of  all  the 
Eugenias  is  dry  and  inferior  in  flavor  and  (pudity  to  that  of  many  other  tropical  trees. 

The  o-eneric  name  ^  contmemorates  die  interest  in  botany  and  j^ardenin*^  taken  by  Prince  Eugene  of 
Savoy,  the  famous  Austrian  genenil,  who,  after  the  peace  of  Carlowitz  in  IGOI),  devoted  his  leisure  for 
several  years  to  biiildinj]^  the  Belvedere  Palace  near  Vienna  and  laying  out  its  gardens,  in  which  he  made 
a  collection  of  rare  plants. 


numerous  pi-epai'ations.  The  essential  oil  relievcH  toothache  and 
forms  an  in^jredimt  in  various  kinds  of  pills.  CMove-stalka,  the 
pedunclos  ai  the  inlloreseeiiee,  are  imporleil  fruui  Zan/.il)ar  and 
usefl  iu  the  manufacture  of  mixi'd  spiees  and  in  the  adulti'ration  of 
ground  cloves  ;  and  the  fruit  itf  the  Clove  tree,  the  mother-cloves 
of  oommerci',  is  use<l  for  tlu'  ^aine  purposes.  The  oil  of  cloves, 
vrliioh  is  ohtained  liy  distillation,  is  i.irgely  used  in  perfumery 
(Crawfurd,  /Hcdinior;/  nfthe  Inilinn  /.'/(IH'/.s  article  Cloves.  —  Kliick- 
iger  &  llanhury,  /'/niriintniifrapfiia,  'JIO. —  (Juiltoiirt.  Ifist.  Drinf. 
ed.  7,  iii.  -71 ,  f.  '»*>!.  —  Spons,  Ennjrlopirdm  of  'hi-  Iinliistrial  Arts, 
Manufactiirt  s,  und  lian'  Commtrtuil  Pr(Mliirt<,  ii.  1 1'JO,  1808. — 
Nichols,  Tro/iiiiil  Atjriciilfu,-t\  184). 

*  Linnauis,  >y<fc.  t'O  (I7."»;i).  — Hrandis,  Forr^t  Fl.  Ilrif.  /ml. 
233.  — Kur/,  Forr.^r  /■'/.  Ilrif.  nurm.  i.  (l»."i.  —  Hooker  f.  FL  Ilrit. 
Ind.  ii.  471.  —  I'orlns  \'  Hfmslev,  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  xxiii.  L'*.)7. 

Jamhosti  rii/(iiins,  Dc  Caiidolle.  Prndr.  iii.  'JSt*  (IS'JH).  —  Wi^'ht 

&  Walk.T-Arnott.  /V,../r.  /■'/.  /m/.  i.  ;i.'VJ.—  Hentham,  /7.  Houf/k: 

120.— /;..r  .l/.fr/.  Ixi-  t.  :t;i.V;.  —  Ilrrc.  Linmni,  xxvii.  IVfJ. 

Afyrtus  Jiimhos,  IlumhoIiU,  Htuiphmd  &   KuiUh,    <•      (Un.  ft 

Spec.  vi.    Ill    (I8'_';i).--  Kunth.   Syn.    FL  .Eqmn.   v..   ■]  S. — 

Sprengcl,  Si^it.  ii.  485.    -  lliunu-.  /.V/'/r   /-V.  Xul.  Itul.  108.-i. 

«  Lamarck,  fUrt,  iii.  IDS  (1780).  -  Wi^'ht,  Iron.  (.  r>.1.">.  —  Hen- 
tliam,  Fi.  Austral,  iii.  'J8;j.  —  Itcddome,  Fl.  Siflv.  S.  !u<{.  i.  in7,  t. 
107.  — lirahdis.  /.  e.  liiW,  t.  ;iO.  -  Kiirz,  Forist  Fl.  lint.  Hnrm.  \. 
485.  — Hooker  tLi-.my 

Cali/i'lntfitln ..  Jnnih'ilii'i'i,  Willdeuow.  Sfur.  ii.  pt.    i.  It7,'i  ( 17;tt»). 
Syztn/iiun  Jnin/'>,l,in'iin,  De  Caiuhtlle,  /.  r.  SO  ( I  -iL'S).       \Vij;ht 

&  Wulkcr-Ariiott,  /.  c.  :V»X—  Hcrj;,  /.  r.  WMl 
Bugtniii  .l/f«./v/,  !•".  Mueller,  /•>«//;».  /*hfit.  Austnti  v.  ;KJ  (UStUI). 

Eugettin  Jnmhulnuti,  the  Illack  I'luui-trcc,  is  commtui  in  the  fi-r- 
tilo  plaius  uf  India,  asccudiii>;  on  tin-  Ilinialayns  to  an  elevation  of 
fourUiousaud  or  rarely  live  thousand  feet  ;  and  in  the  Indian  Ar- 


ehijielajjo,  Queensland,  and  New  South  Wales  it  is  uatunilized  or 
indijjemtus.  It  is  a  tall  tree,  often  attainiufj  the  heifjht  of  eiglity  or 
ninety  feet, with  a  stout  straight  trunk, and  in  India  and  othertrofw 
ieal  e»umtries  is  often  planted  as  a  shade  tree,  fiU'  which  purpose  its 
wiile-spreadiuj^  hrariches,  dnnipini,'  hr-auchiets,  and  crown  of  dense 
dark  fidia;,^'  make  it  valuahle.  It  produces  touj;h  hard  heavy 
dark-colored  wood,  which  is  used  in  India  in  huildiu^i^  mul  in  the 
matmfaeture  id"  horticultural  implements.  The  fniil,  which  re-'cm- 
liles  a  sumll  plum,  is  eaten  l»y  the  natives  of  India  and  liy  birds, 
and  yields  a  sort  of  vinepir.  The  haik  is  astringent  and  dyes 
hrown  (Balfour,  Cijflopitdia  of  Itnlitj,  ed.  3,  i.  1050). 
3  lannuMis,  I.  v.  470  (175;t).  —  Willdeuow,  /.  e.  iMi'J. 

MijrtH.<  Iirasilmn<iy  Limueus,  /.  c.  471  (1753). —  Sprengel, /.  e. 
ISO. 

Plinia  rufmu  Kinna'us,  Mnnl.  *J13  (1771).  —  Vellozo,  Fl.  Flam. 
V.  t.  Ui. 

i'liui't  /hfltotndat.i,  l.inna'u^  f.  >*//*'.  ed.  13,  Snppl.'J53  (1781).  — 
Hot.  .Mof/.  xiv.  t.  473. 

Fuo'tiiiz  Mii-yiii,  Lamarck,  /.  e.  'J03  (1780).  —  De  Candolle, 
/.  c.  JtJ3. 
.Vt/rtu.t  \Vill,irno,ni,  Spren>;el,  /.  r.  (I8li5). 
Fttgrnia  yCri/ltiuint,  Willdeuow,  /.  c.  903  (1700). 
Fuffiniaf  \\%llfiruiw'ii,  De  Candolle,  I.  r.  'J(i5  (ISiiS). 
lUujmin  Parkenana,  De  Candidle,  /.  c.  L*71  (18L'8). 
Stenoraltfx  Afichflii,   Her^',  M>irtius   FI.   linisii.    xiv.  pt.   i.  337 
(I85."i)  ;  Linwa,  xxvii.  310. 

*  Mi.pid,  Fi.  lud.  Hilt.  i.  440.  —  (Irisehaeh.  y-V.  />>,/.  \\\  Ind. 
•J30.  -  Honker  f.  /.  c.  .-.05.  --  Lcfroy,  UhU.  C.  S.  Au/.  Mm,  No.  L'5, 
71  {I'.ot.  F,rrinwh). 

•''   Uerj;,  .\fartius  Fl.  /!rn.-<il.  xiv.  pt.  i.  Ol'7. 
''  Micheli.  X.e.  PI.  a>n.^2'27. 


42 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMKRK  A. 


MYinAci;.K 


SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMKKICAN  AKBOKKSCKNT  SPKCIES. 

Eueugenia :  Flowers  4  rarely  S-parteil ;  calyx  coinpanulate,  scarcely  produced  above  the  ovary  ;  i>etal.s  free  and  spreiuli 
en  iiles  iiiinierous  ;  ]iei'  short,  obsolete,  or  clone  ated. 

Flowers  in  short  solitary  or  I'lustoreil  axillar'   racemes. 

I.i'avcs  ovate  or  oliovate,  ronndeil  at  the  apex,  short-petiolate 1.   K.  lU'xlKOLlA. 

heaves  ovate.  I'oiitrai'ted  at  the  apex  into  broad  points,  distinctly  pctiolate 'J.    K.  Monthoi.a. 

Flowers  in  axiliarv  fasi-icles. 
Leaves  nsually  broadly  ovate,  narrowed  at  the  apex  into  siiort  points,  subeoriaceons    .     .     .     H,   K.  I'Rociua. 
Leaves  ovate-ubloug,  narrowed  at  the  apex  iuto  long  points,  coriaceous 4.   K.  (iAiciiiiii. 


u^^ 


MYHIACK.K 


myktacka; 


tilLVJ    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


43 


SPKCIES. 

)vary  ;  pt'tals  fiue  ami  sinciuliin 


I.     K.  IH'XIFOLIA. 

'J.  K.  MiiNiniii.A. 


'A.  v..  rRdciiiA. 
4.  K.  Gakbkki. 


EUGENIA   BUXIFOLIA. 
Qurgeon   Stopper.     Spanish   Stopper. 
Leaves  ovate  or  obovatc,  rouiulod  at  thi>  apex,  sliort-petiolatc. 

Eugenia  buxifolia,WilIiloiii)W..Vc.ii.iit.ii.9G0(ITi)i)).—  ii.  .S'.l!).  —  SiiieiiHcl.  .S'//.s7.  ii.  484.  — Kuntli.  Mihii.  ,SV. 

Persuoii.  .S'//H.   ii.  -".».  —  I)r  Camlolli-.   I'roJi:  iii.  27").—  Hist.  Siit.  J'lti-ia.  i.  '.VJ^i. 

Don,  (•''■II.  Si/.-<f.  ii.  »riH.  —  Niiltiill,  .V///i"'.  i.  KW.  1. 1.".).  —  Myrtus  axillaris.   I'.iiret,  Lam.  [>irl.  iv.  412  (not  Swart/i 

Dietiidi.  .S''/(/.  iii.  ()'.'.  — Cliuiinian.  /•'/.  l.il.  —  Urisi'liacli.  (17'.»7). 

Ft.  liril.  W.  liul.  2.'i6.  —  Saijjent.  l''iiri!it  Tms  X.  Am.  Eugenia   myrtoides.   I'oiiel.   Lmn.   D'lCt.   Sny^X.   iii.    rjr> 

10<A  (V//.SH.S-   I'.  S.  ix    88.—   Ilitchcoi'k.  He/,.  .Mlssoiin  (l.sl:ii. 

Bot.  (liiril.  iv.  Sll.  Myrtus  Poireti.  Spreii(;cl,  .S;,.if.  ii.  4S;i  (l.S'J,")). 

Mjrrtus  buxifolia.  Swiutz,  Fm/i:  7.S  (178.Si  ;  /•'/.  Iw/.  On:  Eugenia  triplinervia,  y.  buxifolia.  Bei^,  JJnwii.  .\.\vii. 

I'.ll  (e.\i;l.  syn.  J'J.  Montiruln)  |IS.".4). 

A  sniall  slirul)l)y  tri-t',  in  Florida  raiely  twenty  feet  in  lieij>ht,  with  a  .short  trunk  uccasionally  a 
foot  in  (lianiftcr ;  or  often  a  shnih  with  nnnieious  stems.  The  surface  of  the  hark  of  the  trunk,  wliii'h 
harely  exci'fils  an  cinlitli  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  is  light  hrown  tinj>;eil  with  reil  and  is  liroken  into 
small  thick  s(|iiar('  scah's.  Tiic  hranchluts  are  terete,  slender,  and  coated  at  fir.st  with  thick  rufous 
tomentuni  ;  at  the  end  of  a  few  months  they  are  asiiy  f;ray  or  gray  tinged  with  red,  and  are  often  more 
or  less  twistcil  or  coiitorte<l.  The  leaves  are  ovate  or  obovate,  rounder  at  the  apex,  and  sessile  or 
contracted  into  very  siiort  tliick  petioles,  and  entire  or  occasionally  slightly  and  remotely  crenulate- 
toothed  ahove  the  middle;  they  are  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  half  an  inch  l)road,  thick  ami 
coriaceous,  dark  green  on  the  U]ii)er  surface,  yellow-green  and  marked  with  minute  hlack  dots  on  the 
lower,  with  narrow  inconspicuous  midrihs  and  incurved  nearly  olisolete  veins  arcuati'  and  united  near 
the  slightly  thickened  and  revolute  margins  ;  in  Florida  they  usually  unfold  in  November  and  remain 
on  the  branches  until  the  end  of  their  second  winter,  often  tnrnir.g  red  or  partly  red  before  falling. 
The  flowers,  which  ap|)ear  in  Florida  from  midsunnuer  until  early  autumn  in  short  rufous  pubescent 
racemes  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  old  leaves  or  often  of  tho.se  wbicii  iiave  fallen,  are  borne  on  short 
thick  pedicels  and  are  an  eighth  of  an  inch  acro.ss  when  expanded.  The  bracts  are  minute,  lanceolate- 
acute,  and  persistent  ;  tlie  bractlets,  whicii  are  placed  innnediately  below  the  (lowers,  are  broadly  ovate- 
acute.  Tile  calyx  is  glandular-puiu'tate,  globose,  ovoid,  and  pubescent  on  the  outer  surface,  with  four 
ovate  rounded  lobes  much  shorter  than  the  four  ovate  white  petals  which  are  rounded  at  the  apex, 
ciliate  on  the  margius,  and  glandular-punctate.  The  fruit  is  a  globose  black  and  glandnlarly  roughened 
horry  crowned  with  the  large  calyx-lobes,  one  third  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  with  thin  aromatic  llesb, 
and  is  usually  otu!-seeded.  The  .seed  is  an  eighth  of  an  inch  across,  with  a  thii'k  pale  brown  lustrous 
cartilaginous  coat  an<l  a  pale  olive-green  embryo. 

Enijiiiia  lii/xljh/lii.  which  also  iidiabits  several  of  the  Antilles,  is  distributed  in  Fhnida  from  Capo 
Canaveral  on  the  east  coast  to  the  southern  keys,  and  from  the  banks  of  the  Caloosa  IJiver  on  the  west 
coast  to  Cape  Sable.  On  Key  West  and  some  of  the  other  Florida  islands  it  is  one  id'  the  most 
common  plants,  forming  on  the  coral  rock  a  largv  part  of  the  shndiby  second  growth  which  now 
OCCUj)ies  ground  from  which  the  original  forest  has  been  removed. 

The  wood  of  Emjiiiiii  huxifiiliu  is  very  heavy  and  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  and  close-grained, 
Wd  contains  numerous  thin  medullary  rays;  it  is  dark  brown  shaded  with  red.  with  thick  lighter 
colored  sapwooil  comiiosed  of  lifteen  or  twenty  layers  of  animal  growth.  The  specitlc  gravity  of  the 
absolutely  dry  wood  is  (t.'.CUiO,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  oS.;?!}  poinid-..  On  the  Florida  keys  it  is  sonu- 
tunes  UM>d  for  fuel. 


■I 


T 


u 


SILVA    OF  X(  irJJI  AMElilCA. 


MYUTArt.V,. 


EiKjdiiu  bi(.fi/u/i(i  was  (lisc'ov  1  L'll  iu  6uu  Dofnngo  hy  tlu'  Swedisli  botanist  Swiirtz,"  and  was  IIm 
noficed  in  tlii'  United  States,  on  Key  West  by  D,    .1.  L.  IJlodgett. 


'  Oluf  Swartz  (ITUO-IHIS)  was  liiirii  u(  Niiriki>|)in;,'  in  Sweden, 
nnd  at  tin-  ii(»c  of  liglitei'n  wiis  sent  to  the  I'niversity  of  I'psal, 
where  he  .studied  imturid  hisloij-  under  tlie  younger  l.iiniieus.  In 
17M,'t,  after  the  |ire|>aration  of  his  I lissrrlntiii  tie  Mrlhnln  Miisrorum 
and  liis  neeuiint  of  (uuthna  ptii-hdta,  lie  left  Sweden  with  the  view 
cf  ini|iriAini;'  himself  hy  foreign  travel.  Having  spent  a  year  in 
Xorlh  Anuriea,  he  visited  the  We  t  Indies,  where  he  remained 
for  two  years  studying  Ihe  vi'getatloa  nf  the  tro|iies  and  gathi  v- 
ing  hotanieal  speeinnns,  ehietly  in  .San  Domingo.  In  ITStl  Swartz 
returned  to  Sweden  hy  way  of  Kngl.and,  and  four  years  later  was 
made  president  of  the  .\eadeiny  of  SicKkhidm  aiul  a  professor  in 
the  liurgiaii  Agrieultur.il  Institution,  where  he  devoted  the  remaoi- 
(ler  of  his  life  to  the  stuily  of  hotituy  and  the  clahonition  and  puli 
lieatinn  of  his  large  Wist   Indian  eullcetions.      In  his  Uencnt  el 


Spirits  On-liiileanim  Swartz  established  upon  fucd  prineiplessevinl 
new  genera  of  orehids,  ad(iing  many  new  tropieal  .\ineriean  spni, , 
to  this  family,  whieli  by  him  was  tlrst  elaborated  in  a  eoiniinhi'ij. 
sive  manner.  He  WiLs  the  author  of  a  number  of  elassieat  works  on 
the  West  Indian  llora,  in  which  the  tirst  descriptions  of  nuin\  gencr;! 
and  .spi'cies  are  foiiiul.  He  paid  particular  attenliiui  to  the  ~tiii|v 
of  eryptogamic  plant.s,  I'spei'ially  Mosses,  and  pidilished  a  njuiiiMl 
of  the  Sweilish  species  in  17',U>.  He  was  the  author  of  a  .S'v'"'/»k 
f-'ilimm,  published  in  IHtJti,  in  which  seven  new  genera  are  ilisiin- 
guished  :  and  he  is  said  to  have  discovered  in  the  neighborhoiMl  of 
Stockholm  alone  three  hundred  species  of  1  Jehens  new  to  the  llcivi 
itt  S'Aeden.  .*»'c'm7--/«/,  a  genus  of  nob'e  tropical  .\nierican  trees  ,i| 
the  Pea  faniilv,  was  dedicated  to  hitn  bv  Wdhieiutw. 


KXPI.WATIOX   OK   TIIK    1M..\TK 


H. 

<l. 
111. 
11. 
tl'. 


I'l.vt-    ((VI.     K.i-dFM.v  mxiiiii.n. 

A  llow.'i-ui.;  brand),  natural  si/e. 

Diagram  of  a  llowtr. 

A  llowei.  enlarged. 

^  ■  rtieal  section  of  a  tlower.  enlarged. 

.\  Howcr.  the  petals  and  slaineiis  removed,  enlarged. 

A  stamen,  enlarged. 

An  oxiile,  nmcli  inagnilied. 

A  fruitiiif.'  branch,  natural  si/e. 

Vertical  section  ol  a  fruit,  erdarged. 

A  f;  ill  cut  trans\ersely.  elilargud. 

A  seed.  iMilargeil. 

An  embryo,  enlarged. 


l\'' 


,  -WJ^V-Ofc-i-- 


MVKTAt'K,!;. 

tanist  Swiirtz/  and  wjis  lii^t 


ablishod  upon  iixed  principles  si  vpmI 
many  nrw  trnpical  Amrrinui  sjUTio 
^•ls  tlrst  t'laboratiMi  in  a  tMinipnlii-n. 
H»r  ol'  a  nnnibiT  of  cljussical  \vurk3«u 

till'  tirst  (Icsi-riptions  of  nianv  pMicm 
>:iiil  particiiliir  attriilinii  tu  the  ^UuU 
Ily  .Mnssi's,  itnd  piihli.slu'il  a  niaium! 
»;*,     He  was  till'  author  of  ii  Si/uojhh 

wliii'li  sovi-n  nnw  fjoncru  are  ili>iit|. 
r  lii.si'ovtTt'd  in  tin*  nrighborliuini  m' 
\  Hppfies  of  iJi'hens  new  to  tlie  tiui;i 
*  of  nob'c  tropical  American  trors  i  ] 
to  biin  by  Willilcnow. 


■      1 


,1 


!&■  > 


?:lva 


iP!:|! 


Ml 


S.lva  of  Nci'ih    America., 


(    K  /■'.i.n'nM 


.1  /tu> 


E'lGKNlA    HUXIKOLIA 


■      K 


SlYIlTACKit;. 


SILVA   OF  N  on  Til  AMERICA. 


46 


EUGENIA   MONTICOLA. 
Stopper.    White   Stopper. 
Iii:.vvi;s  ovate,  narro'vcd  at  the  apex  into  broad  point"-,  distinctly  pctiolato. 

Eugenia  Monticola,  DeCnmluUc, /Vw/c.  ill. '.'7ri  (IK'.!''*)- —  Myrtua  Monticola,  Swart/.  I'roilr.  TS  (1788);   Fl.  Jml. 
Don,  <ini.  Si/.it.  ii.  N.")ll.  —  Dictiicli.  Si/n.  iii.  tJL'.  — t'liap-  Ore.  ii.  .S'.KS.  — .S|ircii;,'cl,  Sysl.  ii.  484. 

man,  /•'/.   l.'il. — Giisi'lmcli,   /■'/.   Hiit.    If.   /»«/.  •J.ili —  Eugenia  triplinorvia.  liiru. /,(««./ <i,  .txvii.  IIMI  (in  part) 
Sargoiit,  J''oir.it  'IWrs  .V.  Am.  Mtli  I'nisiis  I  .  S.  ix.  8'.t.  —  ( I8."i4). 

liltt'licock,  Hc/i.  .MUsiiiiri  Hot.  tinn/.  iv.  XC.  Eugenia  axillaris. lfci(,'./^;/)//<i«.  xxvli.'JOl  (iii|mit)  (1S.")4). 

A  tree,  twenty  to  tweiity-tivo  ftet  in  lieiijlit.  with  a  trunk  (•(•casionally  ii  toot  in  diunioter ;  or 
toward  tiic  niirtlu'rii  limit  of  its  ran^t'  in  Florida  a  low  slu'uli.  'I'lic  liark  of  the  trunk  is  an  eijjlith 
of  an  inch  tiiick  and  is  diviih'd  i)y  ii ; ej^idar  siiallow  tissiiri's.  tlif  Mirfarc  of  the  luoad  ridi;es  tinaily 
separatinir  into  small  thin  lii;'ht  hrown  scales.  The  branchlets  are  terete,  ratlier  stout  and  I'if^id,  ashy 
fifray  or  j^ray  slicrhtly  tinj^ed  with  red,  an('  often  covered  witli  small  wart-like  elevations.  The  leaves 
are  ovate,  j^radnally  or  aliru|itly  narrowed  at  the  ii\nix  into  short  wide  points,  and  rouiukd  and  con- 
tracted at  the  ha.se  into  broad  winjjed  jietioles  ;  they  are  thick  and  eoriaicoiis.  dark  jjreen  on  the  n]p|)er. 
and  [laler  and  covered  with  iniinite  lil.ick  spots  on  the  lower  surface,  with  hroad  niidrilis  deeply 
impressed  aliiive,  and  conspicuous  arcuate  veins  united  near  the  thickened  revolute  entire  margins, 
)uid  are  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  inches  and  a  half  lon<r  and  half  an  inch  hroad  with  petioles  one  third 
of  an  iiu'h  in  len<;th.  The  flowers,  which  a|)pear  in  Florida  at  midsinnnier  in  short  axillary  racemes 
and  are  an  eij;htli  of  an  inch  across  when  expanded,  are  home  on  stout  pedicels  ;  these  vary  from  one 
sixteenth  to  nearly  oiu;  half  of  an  inch  in  length  and  are  covered  with  |)ale  white  hairs  and  furnished 
near  the  middle  or  toward  <i-j  apex  with  two  acute  minute  persistent  hi.ictlets.  The  calyx  is  hroadly 
ovate,  jflandular-punctate.  I'oated  on  the  outer  surface  with  jialc  hairs,  and  lnur-lohed,  with  ovate 
rouinled  lobes  shorter  thr.li  the  four  ovate  i>'landular  petals.  The  fruit  i^  a  black  j^lobose  glandular- 
punc(ate  berry  usually  '(Ue-seeded,  half  an  inch  in  diameter  and  crowned  with  the  nearly  obsolete 
calyx-lolies.  The  .seed  is  globose,  with  a  pale  brown  chartaeeous  coat  and  light  olive-green  cotyledons. 
In  Florida  the  fruits  ripen  in  slow  succession  from  November  to  ,\pril  and  are  edible  and  rather  juicy, 
with  a  sweet  agreeable  flavor. 

Kuijvniii  Moiiliiii/it  is  not  counnon  in  Florida,  although  it  is  distributed  from  the  shores  of  the 
St.  .John's  lliver  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state  to  the  southern  islands,  where  it  occurs  occasionally 
on  Key  West,  Key  Largo,  and  on  upjier  Metacond)e  and  Klliott's  Keys.  It  is  an  inhabitant  also  of 
several  of  the  West  Indian  islanils. 

The  wood  of  EiKjiitia  Moiilicold  is  heavy,  hard,  strong,  and  very  elose-grained,  with  numerous 
thin  medullary  rays.  It  is  brown  often  tinged  with  red,  with  thin  darker  colored  sapwood  cinnpo.sed  of 
live  or  six  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  specilic  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  0.!)15G,  a  cubic 
foot  weighing  "iT.OO  pounds.' 

Kiiiji'iiid  Mitiifico/ii  was  discovered  in  Sau  Domingo  by  the  Swedish  botanist  Swartz.  and  in 
Florida  w;is  tii-st  noticed  on  Key  West  by  Dr.  .1.  L.  Hlodgett. 

'  Kuijmii  Moiilinila,  like  tlii'  dIIht  s|n'cip.s  nf  this  gi-mis,  jjriim  (liuiiictcr  and  sliows   one  liiindred  iinil  sixteen    l.ivcis    of   nnnuiil 

slowly  ill   riorida.     In  llie  .Icsiip  ('ollectiiin  of  Norlli  American  :.;rowtli,  and  tiie  other  is  three  inches  in  diiuiieter,  witli  iiinetv-livu 

Wnmls  ill  the  .\iiierieaii  Mnseiiiii  of  Nutiii-iil  History,  Xew  York.  layers  of  anniuil  yrowth. 
arc  two  lug  apeciuicun  fruin  the  Fluriihi  keys  ;  one  is  8ix  inelies  in 


if 


I, 


\< 


Hi 


ill 


KXI'I.ANAI'ION    OK    rill.;    I'l.ATK. 


I'liiK  ccvii.    i:i,,iM\  McMi 


1.   A  llinvcriii:,'  ln-.iiiili 


I.  Illtllll'lll  M/r 


A  llu 


iiliiri,'<'il. 


;'.  A  fniiliiii;  liniiii'li.  natural  ni/f 


4.   Vfitiivil  M'll  1.111  iif  ;i  1 1 


it.  I'liliii^'i'il. 


('rci>ii  scctiiiii  111  A  fnilt,  fiiliiixt'il. 


(1.  An  .-nil. I 


lllul'|;i'cl 


W.I 


%  ■  V 


^i 


/ 


/ 


\\ 


r  1 


<\< 


tK 

^^#0. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


121 


|2.5 


2.2 


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I  ^  m 


Li  tm 


1.25   ||U 

1  — 

^ 

6"     - 

► 

Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  873-4503 


^ 


li 


hii'-a  ot    lior'.r.    .'.inei'. 


1 


■  y  r.i.ton  ,M 


EUGENIA     MONTICOLA  ,   D  C 


A  liuH-r^ua   thrt'-A 


H    TiiiitMir    P 


.'••?/'   h    hiiU 


'hr  i-iU'.j 


I  ^ 


I 


1'^ 


ii 


i 


HYRTACKA. 


alLVA   OF  NUUTJl  AMKlilCA. 


47 


EUGENIA   PROOERA. 

Stopper. 

Leavks  usually  broadly  ovate,  narrowed  at  the  ajjex  into  short  points,  subcoria- 
ceous. 

Eugenia  procera,Poirct,Z.a»(./^iW.Sii|)pl.iii.l«"J  (1813). —     Myrtus  prooera,  Swaitz,  I'mdr.  77  (1788);  Fl.  Jml.  On: 


lie  Candollc,  Protlr.  iii.  'J68.  —  Don,  (len.  Si)st.  ii.  85r».  — 
Nuttall,  Si/lm,  i.  106,  t.  28.  —  Dietiicli,  Si/n.  iii.  ".8. — 
Kerg,  LiniKrii,  xxvii.  207.  —  Cliapinan.  Fl.  l.'il.  -  -C.ise- 
bacli,  />'/.  Hrlt.  If.  hid.  238.  —  Snrgfiit,  Fore.it  -  feet  A'. 
.4m.  \Oth  Cemiia  U.  S.  ix.  Sl>  (in  purl). 


ii.  887.  —  Willduiiow.  Sjiei:  ii.  pt.  ii.  908. 
Eugenia  Baruensis.  Grisebucli.  Cat.  I'l.  Cub.  87   (18()()) 
(not  >luc(|nin). 


A  tree,  twenty  to  twenty-five  Feet  in  liei^lit,  witli  a  trunk  ofciisionally  a  foot  in  diameter.  The 
hark  of  tlie  trunk  is  a  sixteenth  of  an  inch  tliiek,  witli  a  siuootii  lijiiit  jrray  surface  faintly  tinj^eil  with 
red.  The  branclilets  are  slender,  terete,  at  first  light  purple  and  covered  with  }>laueous  bloom,  and 
ultimately  ashy  <jray  or  almost  wliite.  The  leaves,  which  luif'old  iu  Florida  in  May,  are  broadly  ovate, 
narrowed  into  broad  points  rounded  at  tlie  apex,  and  abruptly  or  jifradually  wedfre-shaped  at  the  base; 
they  are  thin  and  light  red  at  first  and  at  maturity  are  subcoriaceous,  two  inches  to  two  inches  and  a 
lialf  in  length  and  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  u  half  in  width,  conspicuously  marked  with  black  dots,  olive- 
green  on  the  upper  surface,  and  paler  on  the  lower,  with  narrow  midribs  .sligiitly  impressed  on  the  upper 
side,  obscure  arcuate  veins  united  near  the  entire  thickened  margins,  and  narrow-winged  petioles  from 
one  third  to  one  half  of  an  inch  in  length.  The  Howers,  which  are  produced  in  sessile  axillary  many- 
Howered  clusters  and  are  half  an  inch  across  when  expanded,  appear  in  Florida  in  April  and  May  on 
slender  glandular  pedicels  from  one  third  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long  and  furnished  at  the  apex  with 
two  lanceolate  acute  persistent  bracts  eiliate  on  their  margins.  The  calyx-tube  is  turbinate  and  nuicli 
shorter  than  the  limb,  which  is  divided  int<t  four  glandular  narrow  lobes  rounded  at  the  apex  and  hidf 
the  length  of  the  broadly  ovate  rounded  glandular  white  petals.  The  fruits  rii)en  in  Florida  in  succes- 
sion from  September  to  November,  and  vary  from  two  thirds  of  an  inch  to  nearly  an  inch  in  diameter ; 
they  are  usually  one-seeded,  crowned  with  the  large  persistent  calyx-lobes,  and  when  first  fully  grown 
are  orange-colored  with  a  bright  red  cheek,  turning  black  when  ripe;  the  He.sli  is  thin  and  dry  and 
slightly  glan<lidar-roughened  on  the  surface.  The  seed  is  nearly  globose,  with  a  thick  pale  chestnut- 
brown  lustrous  coat  and  olive-green  cotyledons. 

In  Florida  EwjeiiUi  jirocini  has  been  found  only  on  Key  West  where  it  is  common,  and  on 
Umbrella  Key.     It  also  inhabits  San  Domingo.  (!uba,  Jamaica,  Santa  (Jruz,  and  Martinique. 

The  wood  of  EiKjiiiia  /ironrii  's  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  light  brown,  and  c(Mitains  numerous 
thin  medullary  rays.     The  sapwood  is  indistinguishable  from  the  heartwood. 

In  the  autumn,  when  the  branches  of  Ein/diin  /imcera  are  covered  with  its  large  berries,  which  in 
the  same  cluster  are  sometimes  bright  orange  and  scarlet  and  sometin\es  black,  it  is  a  handsome  objei't 
and  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  the  small  trees  of  southern  Florida.  It  was  discovered  in  San  Domingo 
by  the  Swedish  botanist  Swurtz,  and  in  the  United  States  was  first  noticed  by  Dr.  J.  L.  Blodgett  on 
Key  West, 


mJ 


t  .1 


^fi; 


i 


!    I 


EXPLANATION  OF  TEIK  PLATK. 


PlATK   CCVIII.       Kl'GK.NIA    I'lllliKlu. 

1.  A  flowering  brunch,  natural  aue. 

-.  A  tinwcr,  onlarjjeil. 

I'i.  ViTtiral  section  of  a  flower,  enlarged. 

4.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  size. 

6.  Vertical  section  of  a  fruit,  enlarged. 

6.  An  embryo,  enlarged. 


(t 


't 


|. 


J    ! 


r.vr- 


^> 


:^ 


ilv.i  ol'   I'iordi    Arii"i'i  '^ 


('Ji.Fa.uin.  Jrl 


EUGENIA    PROCERA  , 


A  Huh-inur  iUr,\t' 


/flip ,  R .  TiUifur;  PurCf 


; 


!:■  i 


II 


■'  I 


In 


» 


I' 


I) 


il^y 


MVKTACE.t. 


aiLVA    OF  NOltni  AM  KHIVA. 


49 


EUGENIA   GARBERI. 
Red  Stopper. 
Lkaves  oviitc-oblong,  contracted  at  the  apox  into  long  points,  coriaceous. 

Bugenia  Oarberi,  .Surj^ent,  Garden  and  J-'unst.  ii.  '-'8,  f.  «7      Bugenia  procera,  Saigi'iii,  Fnrist  Trcr^  S.  Am.  U>t/i  t'en- 
(1H8!t).  mis  i:  i".  ix.  m  (ill  pint)  (1«8»). 

A  tree,  fifty  to  sixty  fuet  in  lii'ijrlit,  with  u  Htniight  trunk  eighti'iMi  to  twenty  inches  in  diameter, 
and  stout  uprij^ht  branches  wiiich  form  a  narrow  compact  liead.  The  l>ark  of  the  trunk  is  an  ei}>'hth 
of  an  incli  tliick  and,  like  that  of  tiie  prini'ijml  branches,  is  briglit  cinnamon-red  and  separates  freely 
into  thin  small  scales.  The  brancldets  are  slender,  terete,  and  covered  with  smooth  ashy  gray  bark. 
The  leaves  are  ovatc^oblong,  al>ruptly  or  gradually  contracted  into  hmg  narrow  points  rounded  or  acute 
at  the  ai)ex,  and  wedge-shaped  or  occasionally  rounded  at  the  base,  witii  thickened  revolute  entire 
margins ;  iks  they  unfold  they  are  thin  and  light  red,  and  at  maturity  are  dark  green  and  very  lu8tro>is 
on  the  upper  surface,  paler  and  marked  with  minute  black  dots  on  tiie  lower,  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two 
inches  long,  and  one  third  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  broad,  with  stout  petioles  a  (juarter  of  an  inch  in 
length  and  thick  orange-colored  midribs  barely  .  iipressed  on  the  upper  side,  ])rimarv  veins  arcuate  and 
united  into  a  conspicuous  marginal  line,  and  prominent  reticulated  veinlets.  The  minute  flowers,  which 
are  Itarely  an  eighth  of  an  inch  across  when  expanded,  a])pear  in  Floiiila  in  .Sei)tember  in  many-Howered 
axillary  clusters  on  slender  |iedicels  which  vary  from  one  (juarter  to  one  half  of  an  inch  in  length,  and 
are  furnished  near  the  apex  with  two  minute  acute  bractlets.  Tiu'  calyx  is  narrowly  obovate  and 
glandular-punctate,  with  four  ovate  acute  lobes  much  shorter  than  the  foiU'  broadly  ovate  rounded 
white  )>etals.  The  fruit,  which  ripens  in  March  and  April,  is  a  (piarter  to  a  third  of  an  inch  long, 
bright  scarlet,  subglobose  or  obovate,  crowned  with  the  conspicuous  lobes  of  the  calyx,  glandular- 
roughened,  and  usually  solitary  and  one-seeded,  with  thin  dry  tlesh.  The  seed  is  nearly  globose,  with 
a  tiiin  cnistaceous  light  brown  lustrous  coat  and  an  olive-green  endiryo. 

EiKjtiiiii  Criirhiri  occupies  a  rich  hummock  which,  about  three  (|uarters  of  a  mile  east  of  the  mouth 
of  the  Miami  River,  rises  above  the  level  Sitndy  plain  that  se|)ai'ates  Hay  Hiscayne  iri  suutheastern 
Florida  from  the  Atlantic  Oct^an.  Here  it  grows  in  consideralile  numbers  in  company  with  the  Mastic, 
the  Iron  wood,  the  Gund)o  Limbo,  the  Calabash,  the  Pigeon  Plum,  and  other  tropical  trees,  and  with 
the  Live  Oak,  the  Red  Mulberry,  the  Palmetto,  and  the  Pine,  in  a  grove  whicli  is  one  of  the  most 
interesting  in  the  United  Stiites  from  the  commingling  of  tropical  trees  with  timse  which  belong  in  a 
temperate  region.  Eitijiida  Garheri  grows  also  on  Old  Rhodes  and  on  Elliott's  Key  in  Florida,  on  the 
island  of  New  Providence,  one  of  the  Bahama  grouj),'  and  in  Antigua." 

The  wood  of  Euyvnld  Garheri  is  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  and  close-grained,  with 
nunu-rous  obscure  medullary  rays  ;  it  is  bright  red-brown,  with  thick  darker  colored  siipwood  composed 
of  fifty  or  sixty  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  specifii'  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  0.94;')3,  a 
cubic  foot  weighing  58.!>]  ]iounds. 

Kuijvnlu  (rdrheri  was  fii-st  collected  in  Florida  near  the  Miami  River  by  Dr.  A.  P.  Garber.'  The 
lustre  of  its  brilliant  and  abundant  foliage,  the  deep  rich  color  of  its  bark,  and  the  handson>e  shape  of 
its  head,  make  this  tree  an  attractive  object ;  no  other  tree  of  the  Myrtle  family  indigenous  in  North 
America  equals  it  in  size,  and  few  of  the  southern  Florida  trees  surpass  it  in  beauty. 

*  llrucc,  llfrb.  Keif.  *  See  i.  05. 

■^  Niebulsoii,  Herb.  Keie. 


1 


KXPF.ANATION  OP  TIIK   I'LATE. 


m 


PMTK  ('(iX.      KiKtKMU  (Iahhkhi. 

t.  A  li-iwi-riiiK  liratii'li,  iMtiirnl  fife. 

'J.  A  Howor,  i'iilttr|(ml. 

.'J.  Vi'rtii'»l  m-diiiri  iif  it  flower,  ••iilarjji'il. 

4.  A  utiuiuiii.  piiUrKHl. 

n.  Own  aci'tioli  »(  »ri  iirsry,  rnlarciil. 

0,  A  fruiiiMK  lirnndi,  tiatiirnl  »!«<■. 

7    ViTtii'iil  •■'<')  loll  of  »  fruit,  riilnrxt'il. 

M,  A  M-<-il.  ciiUrKKl, 


/- 


I   tl 


r 


*f 


■'■V 


sr.va 


5i.va-  o!     No 


rth   Airn-nca. 


t:  /:,.,„«  ./,■/ 


EUGENIA    CARBF.Rl  , -■.u-, 


.  {  liuurrti.f  i/nt'^i^ 


/w(/J,^./J?/i.'K/    ,'  .I.'  ' 


i 

) 

i 

', 

i 

i 

1 

i 

^ 

■ 

i    1 1 

u 


I  J: 


rn 


1^ 


M 


CACTACK 


petals 
the  ciil 

CereuB, 

(Jen. 
I'hijs. 
Gfii. 
Echinot 
(IHliT 
lO'.t. 


yj 


Si, 

twenty- 

or  less 

anil  i'i,i 

l)i'ani'lii 

jreniina 

cluster 

lateral, 

in  man 

I'xterio 

cluster 

eolorei 

spread 

Klit'oni 

intu  a 

cells  <i 

into  II 

anatro 

juicy  i 

of  alli 

abbrei 


>  'riu 

ulzod  ; 

Kciii 
the  biiS' 
uto  ;  sti 

Kick 
witli  sit 
rugose 


|:,i 

J 

iill. 

A 

I'ACTACEit;. 


SUVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


51 


CEREUS. 

Flowi;us  perfect ;  eiilyx  elongated,  tlic  l()l)es  numerous,  iniliricuted  in  many  scries ; 
petals  numerous,  imbricated  in  lestivation  ;  stamens  indetinite,  inserted  in  the  tube  of 
the  calyx  ;  ovary  inferior,  1 -celled,  many-ovuled.     Fruit  baccate,  many-seeded. 

Cereus,  tiuwortli,  Syn.  PL  Sun:   ITS  (181'J).  —  Muisncr,  Cepbalocereus,    I'teilVti,   Otio   A-   JHclrii/t    Garten::.    14- 

Oen.   r.'«.  —  KiidliclKT,   ^V«.  944.  —  Miciiiel,   Hull.    S-i.  (ISIiSj. 

I'/ii/s.  ef  Xitf.  Si-irl.  1«;W.  IIH.  —  lU'iitlmm  ifc  HookiT.  Cephalophorus.  Lviimve.  ('act.  Jlnrl.  Munrill.  '.^'6  (1838). 

Gni.  i.  8li).  —  Hiiilluii.  Hiaf.  I'i  ix.  .'!!.  Pilocereus,  Liiiiaiie,  Cm-t.  Hen.  ct  S/,ir.  Xnr.  7  (18.'il)). 

Echinopsis,    /iicraiini.    .M'liiiiiil.    .\hi:l.    Mi'mrh.   W.   {'175  Echinonyotanthua.  I.oiiiiiirc,  CVW.  6Vh.  et  Sjiei:  Am .  \l) 

(I8;i7).  — Mi.|m4.  ItiiH.  Sri  J'hys.  e.l  Sat.  Seerl.  18;!'.),  (IS:;;!,. 

1011.  Echinocereus.   Kii^i-Iiii;imii.  ll'i.'ili-:niii.i  Mrinnir  of  a   Tour 

/n  .Vnrtlirni  .l/iviVo  {.Smatr  Kn,:  Ii„t.  Ai)p.\.).'.ll  (1848). 

S|iiiij  li'iitk's.s  trce.s  or  slu'iihs,  witli  copious  watery  juici',  the  sti'ius  soimaiiiu's  uuluiiinar  and  six  to 
t\vi'iity-ril)ln'(l,  soiiietiint's  oyliiuh-ifal,  eri'ot  anil  slifjlitly  iiiaiiy-ribbLMl,  .soiuetinii's  remoti-ly  joiiituil,  more 
or  less  three  to  seveii-aii<j;le(l  and  spreading'  or  ('lind)in<r,  sometimes  eylindrieal.  weak,  remotely  jointed 
and  eii^lit  to  twelve-ril)l)ed,  and  sometimes  short,  f>lol)ular  or  oliloni>',  inany-ril)he(l,  and  elnstered  or 
l>raneiied  from  the  l)a.se.  Unds  on  tile  haek  of  the  rid<je.s,  spriiij;in^'  from  the  axils  of  latent  leave.s. 
jreminate,  superposed,  the  upjier  produeiiifj  a  branch  or  flower,  the  lower  arrested  and  developed  into  a 
fluster  of  spines  surrounded  hy  an  elevated  cushion  or  areola  of  cliaIVy  tomentose  scales.  Flowers 
lateral,  diurnal  or  nocturnal,  large  and  showy,  often  fragrant.  Lobes  of  the  calyx  sj)irally  imbricated 
in  numy  ranks,  forming  a  long  and  slender  or  short  or  siibglobose  nectariferous  tid)e.  those  of  the 
exterior  ranks  adnate  to  the  ovary,  scale-like,  only  their  tips  free  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  and  sometimes  a 
cluster  of  spines  in  their  axils,  those  of  the  interior  raidis  free,  elonnatcd,  green,  yellow,  or  bright- 
colored.  I'etills  cohering  by  their  bases  with  the  top  of  the  c:ilyx-tnbe,  larger  than  its  interior  lobe.s, 
s[)reading,  recurved,  white,  red,  or  crimson.  Stiunens  numerous,  in  two  or  many  ranks;  filaments 
filiform,  adnate  by  the  b;use  to  the  tul)e  of  the  calyx,  those  of  tiie  interior  ranks  free,  the  exterior  united 
into  a  tube ;  anthers  oblong,  minute,  attached  on  the  back  below  the  middle,  introrse,  two-celled,  the 
cells  opening  longitudinally.  Ovary  interior,  one-celled  ;  style  elongated,  filiform,  terminal,  divided 
into  numerous  radiating  linear  branches  stigmatic  on  the  inner  faci> ;  ovides  indefinite,  hori/.ontal, 
anatropous,  inserted  on  numerous  parietal  placenta' ;  funiculi  long  and  slender,  becoming  thick  and 
juicy  ill  the  fruit.  Fruit  baccate,  s(iuamate,  or  spineseent,  many-.seeded,  often  edible.  Seeds  destitute 
of  albumen,  subglobose  and  tuberculate,  or  idiovate  smooth  or  pitted.  Embryo  straight ;  cotyledons 
abbreviated  or  foliaceous,  usually  imuiate ;  radicle  conical,  turned  towards  the  hiliuu.' 

*  Tlie  following;  sfctimis  tif   tin'  gt'ims  art'  i»)w  usually  recog-      t'tiviTi-il  like  tin-  I'ruit  with  .si'ale.s  ;  seeds  siiiuutb  ;  enibryit  huulced 
iilioil  ;  - 

KcniNucKitKl'H.  Sti'ins  sliurt,  usiiHlly  suli);lolHwr,  braiielird  fnmi 
tile  biise  ;  oulyx-tubo  ubbreviuted,  sulH^aiiipunulute  ;  ovary  ai-iile- 
ato  ;  .sti^inius  j^n-t'ii  ;  seed  tulHTi-ulHte  ;  t'otyleduiis  suberect. 

KucKKRCH,  Stems  loiij;  ;  calyx-tube  eloti^ate<l,  usually  t'urnisbeil 
with  sleiuli-i-  baii'-like  spines  ;  sti^uuw  pale  ;  seed  sniuutb  or  i-artdy 
rugose  ;  embryo  booked  at  the  apex. 

l.KI'IDOCK.RKliS.    Stems  elongated  ;  ealys-tube  slioit,  niaiiy-lubed, 


at  ibe  apex. 

I'lLocKUH  >,  Stems  elongated  ;  calyx-lube  short,  few-lobed,  eov- 
ered  with  scales  ;  stigmas  pale  ;  seed  smooth  ;  embryo  bunked  at 
the  apex. 

l-li'iliNoi'sirt.  .Stem  depressed,  ribbed,  globose  or  cylindrical  ; 
calyx-tube  elongated,  pulvilligermis,  mauy-lobed  ;  o\'iiries  bristlv, 
covered  with  scales  ;  cotyledons  siimll,  euniuite. 


i     ! 


62  SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  cactace.i:. 

About  two  hundred  species  of  Cereus  are  now  recognized ; '  they  inliabit  the  dry  southwestern 
rcion  of  North  America,-  the  West  Indies,"  tropical  South  America,^  and  tlie  Gahipagos  Ishmds."  At 
least  four  species  with  erect  coluuinar  stout  ateius  may  properly  be  considered  trees ;  these  are  Cereiis 
(/i(/(uit(.'iis,  the  t.iUest  member  of  the  Cactus  family  and  an  inhabitant  of  the  ai'id  deserts  of  the  south- 
western territories  of  the  United  States  and  of  Sonora  ;  Cvrciis  I'rini/lti,''  a  plant  of  Lower  California, 
till'  islands  of  the  Bay  of  California,  and  Sonora,  which  produces  thicker  trunks  than  any  other  Cactus 
now  known;  Cireim  Recleit-aburiijiuum'  of  the  same  regions  ;  and  CereiiH  Ptnu'lunitx,'*  which  in  the 
temperate  arid  parts  of  Peru  rises  to  a  height  of  forty  or  fifty  feet. 

The  fruit  of  several  species  is  edible,  and  that  of  others  has  reputed  medicinal  virtues."  The  ribs 
of  the  woody  frames  of  the  stems  of  the  large  arborescent  species  are  durable  and  are  used  for  the 
rafters  of  liouses  and  for  fuel.  Several  of  the  species  with  cylindrical  stems  are  planted  in  warm  coun- 
tries as  hedges  to  protect  cultivated  lields  from  grazing  animals,  and  others  are  everywhere  po])ular 
garden  plants,'"  valued  for  their  beautiful  Howers,  wiiich  are  sometimes  nocturnal  and  exceedingly 
fragrant. 

The  generic  name  relates  to  the  candle-like  form  of  the  stems  of  some  of  the  species. 


I  ,  i 


*  Like  othiT  i)liints  of  the  t'ai'ttis  family,  tlie  species  of  Cereus 
are  ilifticiilt  to  uiulerstalul  aiul  litnit  unless  studied  alive,  and  it  is 
not  imitrolpalile  that  the  iiiiiiiIht  at  present  established  hy  botanists 
will  be  rt-dueed  when  they  are  iH'tter  klH>wn. 

'^  Knj^etinann,  Am.  Jour.  Sri.  ser.  *J,  xvii.  'J7S  ;  ii>it.  Mt.x.  linw.'i. 
Sun:  ii.  'JS.  —  Ilenisley,  /Int.  Ilwl.  Am.  Cenl.  I.  ,5tO. 
»  Crisehaeh,  I'!,  lirit.   If.  Iwl.  1100. 

*  C.  Cay,  /•'/.  Chll.  iil.  IS.  —  .Jameson,  .S'yn.  /'/.  .fv/mitor.  i.  LMiO. 

'*  Hooker  f.  Trnini.  Liwi.  Sin\  xx.  'J'JIV  —  .Anderssoii,  Stock-h. 
Acad.  Hntuil.  18.-i.'t,  O."*  (Ot»  GaliifKifinn-Oiinie:*  ]'ri/.). 

'  AValson,  I'rnr.  .'\m.  Arnil.  xx.  IKW  (ISS.",).  —  .Sirp'nt,  Cnrdru 
wi'l  I'nr.sl.  ii.  M,  f.  (I-J.  —  Hrandegee,  I'nn:  Cil.  .Inid.  ser.  •-',  ii.  ItU 
(/'/.  Ihjfi  rii/. ).  —  Va.sey  >t  Hose,  Cimlrili.  I'.  S.  .Xtil.  Ilrrh.  i.  TH. 

The  little  island  of  San  I'eilro  Marten  in  the  finlf  of  Califori.'.a 
is  coviTed  with  a  forest  of  larpe  trees  of  tliis  Cai-tiis,  ealled  Car- 
ilen  by  the  Mexican  Imliau^,  who  grind  the  seeds  and  pulp  into 


llour  whieh  they  wrap  between  eorn-husks  and  boil  into  cakes. 
The  ribs  of  the  stems  are  used  on  the  island  for  door-posts  and  the 
raftei's  ttf  honses,  and  snpply  the  inhabitants  with  their  only  fuel. 

'  Watson.  /.  e.  \\\.  I-JI)  (ISSli).  —  lirandi'gi'e, /'™-.  Cal.  .■Icml. 
ser.  •-',  iii.  111.  —  \'.l.sey  &  Rose,  /.  .•.  S!). 

The  bristly  covering  of  the  frnit  of  this  tree,  which  prodnces 
trunks  twenty  to  thirty  feet  hit;h  and  three  feet  in  ilianicter,  is 
used  a.s  hair-brushes  by  tin  .Mexican  Indians,  who  also  ^rind  the 
seeds  and  mix  them  with  their  nu'al. 

«  Ue  t'.andolle,  I'mlr.  Iil.  HH  (1,S-.'S). 
Cai-ttt.1  Pfruriatiti.^,  I.iini.Tiis,  Sper.  lit"  (I7.~);i)- —  I**'  C'andoUe, 

/*/.  Ora.-'.if.f^  t.  .^>S, 
f'arru.t  hfliitjimu.^,  W'illdenow,  ICuiim.  Suppl.  ll'J  (lSi:t). 

»  liaillon.  //;.</.  I'l.  iv.  IIS. 

'•*  Nicholson,  lift,  (iitnl.  i.  L'lH*.  —  Natnlin,  .Mnnnt-l  <li-  IWcrlimit' 
teur,  100. 


Ii 


M'       1 


^ 


CACTACEiG. 


aiLVA  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


63 


CEREUS    GIGANTEUS. 


Suwarro. 


Flowers  clustered  at  the  top  of  the  stems ;  calyx-tube  short,  covered  with  scales, 
niany-lobed.  Fruit  oval,  burstinj^  irrefj;ularly  into  three  or  I'oiu-  valves  ;  seedu  smooth  ; 
cotyledons  foliaceous,  hooked  at  the  apex. 


Cereus  giganteus.  Eiij^elniann,  Kmorij'a  Rep.  168  (1848)  ; 
Am,  Jiiur.  Sri,  ser.  2,  xiv.  •'!.'!">;  xvil.  2.'?1  ;  I'roi:  Am. 
Ami/,  iii.  287:  liof.  Mex.  limiiul.  Stirv.  ii.  Vl.  t.  (il,  (J2 ; 
Hreiivr  A'  1\'iilaon  liut.  C'al,  i.  217.  —  Ui);eli>«',  I'ufijir  li. 
H.  Hep.  iv.  12.  —  Kiigelniann  &  Hi);elo»',  I'mijir  li.  U. 

Hep.  iv.  ;!(■) WalpiTH.  Ann.  v.  4(!.  —  I.«inali'i',  ///.  Hurt. 

ix.  Misc.  Or».  —  Maroon.  Jnue.  linrt.  Snr.  Fi'unt'e.  s^r.  2.  iii. 


t;7ti. -*  Hcmsli.y,  liui.  lll„l.  Am.  Cent.  i.  543.  — James, 
Am.  N<il.  XV.  ',182,  (.  ;(.  —  Sai ;,'Piit.  Fnrest   Trees  N.  Am. 
\»tlt  Cennns  ('.  ,S'.  ix.  80. 
Pilocereua  Engelmanni,  l.enmirc,  ///.  llort.  ix.  Mi»c.  '.17 

Pilocereua  giganteus.  Fiii^tcr,  Il.imlli.  Cact.  ed.  Uilmpler. 
OtVJ.  f.  .SS  (l.SSti). 


A  tree,  fifty  to  sixty  feet  in  licijifiit.  with  ii  trunii  soinetiine.s  two  IVct  in  (liaiuctfr,  columiiur,  thickest 
helow  tlic  iiii(hlle  and  tapcriiif;'  "•raibidlly  ami  ssiij^htly  towards  l)(>th  ends,  inariied  l)y  transverse 
8U])erticial  hnes  into  rings  I'onr  to  eight  inciies  long,  which  repre.sent  tiie  ainonnt  of  annnal  longitudinal 
growth,  and  branchless  or  furnished  above  the  middle  witli  a  few,  usually  two  or  three,  .stout  alternate 
or  sonu'tiines  oj)|)osite  U()right  branches  which  are  shorter  but  otherwise  re.-scmlde  the  |)rinci])al  stem. 
At  the  liase  the  trunk  is  eight  to  twelve-ribhed,  with  obtuse  ribs  four  or  live  inches  broad  separated  by 
wide  sjiallow  depressions ;  higher  up  the  stem  the  ribs  are  somewhat  triangular  and  rounded  or  obtuse 
on  the  back  with  deep  narrow  grooves  between  them ;  at  the  top  they  increase!  to  eighteen  or  twenty 
by  bifurcation  or  by  the  growth  of  new  riiis,  anil  are  obtuse,  deep,  and  conii)ressed.  The  stem  and 
branches  are  covered  with  a  thick  tough  green  epidermis,  and  consist  of  a  fleshy  covering  and  a  circle 
of  bundles  of  woody  fibre  which  makes,  with  annual  layers  of  exogenous  growth,  dense  tough  elastic 
columns  placed  opposite  the  depressions  between  the  ribs  and  one  half  of  an  inch  to  three  inches  in 
diameter  ;  they  are  freipiently  united  by  branches  growing  at  irregular  intervals  between  them,  and 
increa.se  in  thickness  towards  the  ba.se,  where  they  swell  into  .spreading  irregular  knotted  roots.  The 
Woody  frame  remains  standing  after  the  death  of  tiie  plant  and  the  decomposition  of  its  Hcshy  covering ; 
this  is  three  to  six  inches  thick,  saturated  with  bitter  juice,  and,  pa.ssing  between  the  woody  bundles, 
forms  in  the  centre  of  the  stem  a  pith  four  to  six  inches  in  diameter.  The  backs  of  the  ribs,  except  at 
the  base  of  old  trees  where  they  become  worn  and  smooth,  are  set  at  distances  of  half  an  inch  with  a 
row  of  pale  elevated  chaffy  cushions  or  areohe  abinit  half  an  inch  in  width  and  rather  more  in  length, 
from  which  are  developed  clusters  of  stout  spines  ;  these  are  straight,  with  dark  enlarged  bulbous  bases, 
nnd  are  sidcate  and  angled,  and  pale  or  tinged  with  red  ;  in  the  centre  of  the  clu.ster  a  if  .six  stout 
spines ;  of  the.se  the  lower  four  are  horizontal  or  slightly  inclined  downward,  the  lowest  being  the 
longest  and  stoutest  and  sometimes  an  inch  and  a  hall'  long  and  one  twelfth  of  an  inch  thick,  while  the 
upper  two  are  shorter,  more  slender,  and  slightly  turned  upward  ;  surrounding  this  central  group  of  six 
is  a  row  of  shorter  and  thinner  .sjireading  radial  spines,  twelve  to  sixteen  in  number,  Tl  i))per  radial 
spines,  which  are  sometimes  accoinpanicd  by  a  few  shorter  .setaceous  spines,  and  the  h)\vcr  vary  from 
one  half  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length,  and  are  nnich  shorter  than  the  lateral  radial  spines  which  are 
sometimes  an  inch  and  a  half  long  and  increase  in  length  towards  the  bottinn  of  the  cluster.  The  spine- 
clusters  and  areola!  fall  together  from  old  stems,  generally  tin-  six  central  spines  falling  fir.st,  leaving 
the  radial  spines  appre.ssed  on  the  stem.  The  flowers,  which  begin  to  appear  on  jdants  twelve  to  fifteen 
feet  high  and  open  from  Jlay  to  July,  are  produced  in  great  numbers  near  the  top  of  the  stem,  each 


I  '! 


^i 


:'  , 


Il  *  t ' 
'\f:  \ 


^1 

p  ;<  «j>i 

''  \ 

\.' 

• 

\Y 


04 


SILVA    OF  NOliTII  AMEIilCA. 


CACTACK.*. 


lu'inn-  surrouiuliHl  on  tlie  lower  siili"  l)_v  the  ratliiil  spines  of  the  ehister  iiliove  wliich  it  is  tleveh)|)e(l;  tliey 
arc  four  to  four  and  a  half  inches  Ion"',  and  two  and  u  half  inehes  hroad  when  expanded.  The  ovary 
is  ovoid,  an  iurji  in  len;;'!!!,  and  rather  shorter  than  the  stout  tube  id'  the  flower;  it  is  covered  iik'  the 
liase  of  the  tuhe  liy  thick  indtricated  yreen  scales  witii  small  free  trianjrular  acute  scarioiis  niueronato 
tills  furnislu'd  in  t'leir  -'ixi^s  with  short  tufts  of  rufous  hairs  and  occasionally  with  clusters  of  short 
cliartac  cons  spines.  The  scale-tips  lengthen  above  the  base  of  the  tube  and  jrraduall}'  pass  into  thin 
(ibloii"-ovate  or  obovate  sepals,  luueronate  or  rounded  at  the  apex  and  closely  imbricated  in  many  ranks. 
The  petals,  which  vary  in  iiundier  from  twenty-Hve  to  thirty-live,  are  (d)ovate-spatuhite,  obtuse,  entire, 
thick  and  Hesliy,  creamy  white,  two  tiiirds  of  an  inch  lon<;'.  and  nuich  rellexcd  after  the  expansion  of  the 
lliiwcr.  The  stamens  arc  excecdinf;'ly  numerous,  with  Ioi:}j  slender  Kkimcnts  and  linear  anthers  emar- 
M'iiiate  at  both  ends;  tiic  filaments  are  united  for  hal*  their  lenjrth  to  the  walls  of  the  ealyx-tube,  the 
exterior  rows  liciiij;-  joined  below  into  a  Ion;;'  tube  wiiich  lines  its  bottom,  from  which  rises  the  stout 
coluiiiiiar  style  suiiomided  at  tiie  base  by  a  circle  of  oblonj;'  lu'etarifcrous  jrlands  and  divided  at  the  apex 
into  twelve  or  fifteen  jjreen  sti^nuas.  The  fruit  riiiens  in  Auj^ust  and  is  ovate  or  slijjhtly  obovate,  two 
and  a  half  inches  liin<j.  one  inch  and  a  third  broad,  and  covered  with  the  remote  persistent  tips  of  the 
scales  of  the  ovary  ;  the  top  is  truncate  and  covered  by  the  deprt^  -iil  pale  scar  left  by  the  falling  of 
tiie  flower.  When  ripe  it  is  limht  red  and  separates  irreffukirly  into  three  or  four  fleshy  valves  which 
;irc  one  sixth  of  an  inch  thick  and  bri<rht  reii  on  their  inner  surface,  and  in  openin^r  disclus«>  the  liri<rht 
scMrlct  juicy  mass  of  the  eiilar<red  funiculi  through  which  are  scattered  innumerable  seeds;  these  are 
obovate.  rounded,  one  sixteenth  of  an  inch  lonjr,  and  covered  vs'ith  a  thick  lustrous  dark  chestnut-brown 
coat.  After  the  burstinjj  of  the  frnit  the  juicy  central  ma.ss  dries  and  falls  to  the  ground,  the  valves  of 
the  jiericar]).  which  remains  for  some  tiiue  lon^ri:'  on  the  stem,  turning  buck  and  presenting  the  ap|iear- 
ance  of  a  star-shaped  red  flower.' 

Cinun  ijlijii/ihiis  is  distributed  from  the  valley  of  Bill  Willia.is  River  through  central  and 
southern  Arizona  to  the  valley  of  the  San  I'edro  River,  and  soutliward  in  Souora,  scattered  in  consid- 
erable numbers  throuj;h  llie  crevices  of  low  HK'ky  hills  and  over  the  dry  gravelly  mesas  of  the  desert,  to 
which  its  till  sombre  scntiuei-like  shafts,  which  look  iis  if  they  had  been  cut  from  stone,  give  a  peculiar 
and  most  interesting  aiipearaiice.-' 

Tlie  wood  oi  the  coluiiins  is  strong,  very  light,  .soft  and  rather  coarse-grainerl,  witii  a  satiny  surface 
susceptible  of  receiving  a  fine  poli.->h  ;  it  contains  numerous  conspicuous  medullarv  rays  and  broad  bands 
of  open  cells  marking  the  inner  portion  of  the  layers  of  annual  growth.  It  is  light  brown  tinged  with 
yellow,  and  when  perfectly  dry  has  a  sjHJcific  gravity  of  O.lilSM,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  1!).87  pounds. 
The  columns,  which  are  almost  indestructible  in  contact  with  t!;e  ground  and  little  affected  by  the  at- 
mosphere, are  largely  used  for  the  rafters  of  adobe  houses,  for  fencing,  and  by  the  Indians  for  lances, 
bows,  etc.  The  pulp  and  seeds  are  devoured  by  birds,  and  are  iirized  by  the  Indians,''  wlu»  c(dlect  Jiein 
with  long  forked  sticks,  and  who  dry  and  eat  thcni  or  press  them  when  fresh  to  ubtuin  their  thi.'k 
molasses-like  juice,  which  they  preserve  for  winter  use. 

('■  ri  it/i  tjiyinfiKK  was  discovered  on  the  1st  of  Novendier,  1H4(J,  in  a  gorge  of  the  (lila  River 
near  the  mouth  of  the  San   Francisco  iu  Arizona  by   Meutcnant-Colonel   William   11.  Kmory  '  of  the 


^  Tlif  iiO(-oiii|)nnyiiij^  platf  waa  engraved  from  ilniwiiigH  iiuuli* 
!)}•  .Mr.  Faxon  of  tlie  Howcrs  anil  fruit  of  Vereus  giiiiiiilm.M  priKliiciil 
on  tin-  toj)  of  a  trt>i>  sPTit  to  inp  in  Hrookliiu;  from  Phisnix,  Arizona. 
hy  Mr.  Thomas  II.  Doiighw.  Tin.  top  of  the  stem,  which  had  iM'eii 
cut  ufT  two  or  three  feet  from  the  nytt^x,  wan  placed  a«  KiMin  as  it 
arrived  on  a  hoard  in  a  warm  dry  (jreeiihouse  wlierc  the  ;  .nail 
Howcr-hiids  with  which  it  was  iMivered  jyrew  and  tijiened,  allfl  after- 
ward prod ■<!  fully  (U'vehipcd  fruit  with  perfect  seeds. 

''  l*oT.trails  of  fWfus  t/ifintttrus  iliKplayin^  tlie  liahit  of  the  plant 
and  tlu'  :)pjH>araucc  of  the  ctumtry  wliich  it  inliahits  can  he  fuiiiid 


in  Kx.  Due.  No.  11,  ^lOth  Con^n'sH.  Ist  .S'Miicn  (\titrH  of  ti  MiUhtnj 
HfcnnnntMtnvr  /mm  Fort  Leafetiirorlh  in  Mutnoitri  to  Stm  Ihrfjti  in 
Cnli/imiia),  opposite  pp.  7l',  71,  7t!,  7H  ;  in  the  fruntiiipici'e  to  part 
ii.  vol.  ii.  Itrpitrt  im  tht  'A  .S'.  Mejriran  Itonmlarif  Surt'etf  (Kx.  IIim*. 
No,  108,  Ivlth  Congress,  Ist  .S<>K8ion)  ;  in  the  Trrnmirt/  of  liiHniii^,  i. 
-.jti :  in  the  Florf  tle.n  Serrrs,  x.  up|H)Hit4'  p.  'J-l  ;  xv.  op|Mmile  p.  1H7 ; 
add  iu  the  frontispiece  to  vol.  vi.  of  the  Urp.  of  the  U,  S.  (irogmphi- 
•'•l  S'lrrri/i  W'rAl  of  thf  ihtf  ffuhfirriit/i  Meriitian. 

'  Thurber,  ^tl•m.  Am.  Armt.  n.  ser.  v  .'Wn. 

'  S.e  iv.  OO. 


lactacba;. 


SILVA    OF  .XOllTJJ  AMElilCA. 


65 


iJnitc.l  Stiites  army,  when  in  eonnniind  of  a  n.ilitaiy  recon nuisance  from  Fort  Leavenworth  in 
Missouri  to  San  Dii-o  i.i  California ; '  and  tiie  first  aeuonnt  of  this  tree  was  published  with  a  portrait 
in  the  report  of  tiiis  expedition.-  The  Suwarro  is  now  a  familiar  object  to  all  travelers  on  the  railroads 
of  southern  Arizona,  and  is  occasionally  cultivated  in  CaUfornia  and  under  glass  in  the  northern  states 
and  in  Europe.^ 


'  lliiiiiboldt  (Bjwi  »iir  la  Smirlk-Efpaiine,  i.  31L')  alliiili'»  to 
till'  iKiurrciU'P  of  II  (,'riiit  ijliii(lri«il  CacliiH  which  the  Spanish  iiiis- 
siomiricH  riiiinil  griming  in  the  wwwla  at  the  fmit  of  thi'  Ciilifomia 
Miiiintaiiw.  Tliis,  as  Dr.  Kngplmann  siiggi'sts,  may  liiivc  hoen  (V- 
rriu  i/igaulm,  or  it  inay  cqniili)-  well  havf  hvvu  onr  of  the  othir 
tull-HtrinniHil  nperii-a. 

-  !'.».  I)c;.  Nil.  II,  .'HHh  Congress,  1st  Si»:.ion,  72. 

'  The  scimIs  I'olh'i'teil  In  tnluiH'l  liiiurv,  auil  afdrwanls  lij-  Dr. 
(ii'orgo  Thiirher  anil  Dr.  ('.  f.  I'arry  wh™  loiiiimtiil  as  hulanists 
with  the  I'niti'd  States  governmi'Dl  eiiM'dition  whiih  wiw  intniiited 


with  I'stabhshing  thr  linunilary  line  hctwi.n  this  coimtry  and 
Mcsi.o,  wi  re  distributed  liy  Dr.  KiiKelnuinn  among  iiiltivators  of 
C'lutns-iilnnts,  and  a  inmilier  of  speiiniens  wen'  raised.  These  have 
urown  shiwly,  and  so  far  as  lias  been  reported  none  of  thcin  liavc 
yet  Ihiwered.  In  Kiirope  r<Tfii.<  niiimteim  Itowered  for  the  Hrst 
time  ill  .liilv,  IS'.ll,  a  large  speiimen  wliiih  hail  been  obtained  fimn 
an  .\iniTiian  llorisl  pniiliiiing  a  number  of  llnwers  in  the  l!o>al 
(iarilens  at  Kew  in  Kngland  ( W.  Watson,  Hani,  n  ami  I-om>,\\. 
34J.  —  l!ol.  May.  e.\.iii.  1.  l\i\iM). 


,  1 


• 


If 


I,    J!| 


irl 


KXl'LANATION  OK    iilV,   I'l.ATK 


I'LATK   t't'X.      (V.|ll;|it   ItKUNTKUN. 
A  lluwi'i'  iiiul  IIdhi'I'IiuiI,  imtiiriil  ni/.e. 
Vertical  Bucii.iii  111  II  (liiivi  r   iialinul  aizc. 
A  >taiiii'ii,  I  iilar^'ril, 
'I'lio  api'X  iif  a  hlyln,  onlurni'd. 
C'niHH  Hi'riiiiii  iif  nil  (tvnrvi  ••iiliir({i"(l. 
A  I'liiHtcr  iif  iiviili'N,  iiiiirli  iiiii;,'iiirn'i|. 
A  I'liisi'il  am!  an  n|>i'ii  ftiiil.  iialiiiat  niu'. 
A  iiMil.  I'lilui'^'i'il. 

Vc'itii'al  Hi'ctiiiii  iif  It  H I,  I'liLirund, 

All  c-iiiliryo,  miii'li  iiiii|;nil|i<i|. 

A  llll«liT  of  MplllcH,  «lij;|il|y  l'Illnr(;i.(l 


^■f^^i 


f 


i  ? 


!    t 


'  [ 


■1 


^    >■! 


;  l<  h\u;-'i  M 


CEREUS    GIGANTEUS,  En^elm 


.'/    i'^torftti.!    Jir, 


/•v/'  H  TiiftruT    /\t//.t- 


I    ' 


!'    I'   * 


I 


AIIAl.lAl'O: 


NILVA    OF  NOliTU  AMHIllVA. 


87 


AIIALIA. 

Fl.owi'.us  porfrct,  polj^aino-inoiKrcions  or  polyf^aiiio-dicrfious ;  calyx-tuhc  colur- 
t'nt  witli  tho  ovary,  the  liiiih  triinnitc,  repatul  or  ininutoly  *i-tootlic(l,  tlu-  ti'cth  valvatc 
ill  ii'Htivatioii ;  pctaU  5,  inibricatid  in  iL'>tivati()ii ;  staiiuns  5  ;  ovary  2  to  iMfUi-d  ; 
ovules  solitary  in  oacli  (cll.  Fruit  a  hcrry-liki-  drupt-,  2  to  .Vsccded.  Leaves  alternate, 
dinitate,  pinnate  or  aeeoinpound,  stipulate,  deeiduous. 


Aralia,  l.iiiiiii'ns,  (Im.  fW  ( 17i!7).  —  A.   I.,  ile  .lii««iou,  fVi/i. 
'.'IS.  —  Miiniier,  (leii.    X't'i   (in   jmit).  —  Kmllirlier,   drn. 


I'M  (ill  puit).— I),iiiiHHP  &  I'laiicliiiii.  I{,,:  llni'l.  \»r<\. 
101.  _  Itiiilliiiin  &  llcmkcr,  I'ln,.  \.  'XW,. 
Diniorphanthua.  .Miiiml.  r„iiim.  l'/i;/l.  'Xi  (1810). 


Aromatii'  spiny  trees  uiiil  siiralis,  witli  stDut  pitliy  liiaiiciili'ts  mik!  tliick  tltsliy  roots;  or  l)ri.stly 
or  j{lalinias  |ii'ri'Miiial  licrhs.  Leaves  alternate,  digitate  or  unci' or  t»  lie  |iinM:ite,  the  [linnie  Hernilato ; 
Htipules  ineiins[)ieiioiiH,  -i>roiluee(l  on  the  exjianiled  anil  elasjiin;;  liasu  of  the  petiiilu.  Hraets  anil 
braetlets  niinate.  Flowers  on  slender  jointed  pedieeis,  uniliellate,  small,  j^reeliish  white,  the  aniliels 
solitary,  raeenmse,  panieled  or  rarely  eolleeteil  into  i'oniponnd  ninliels,  (!aly\-tulie  eoherent  with  the 
ovary,  the  linili  traiieate,  repand  or  minutely  live-toothed.  Disk  epi^yniius,  explanate,  continent  with 
the  liUH«>  of  the  style,  the  marj^in  thin  and  free.  Petals  live,  inserted  li\  their  hriiad  hases  on  the 
margin  of  the  disk,  ovate,  iihtnse  or  aente  and  slij^litly  intlexed  at  the  apex,  'stamens  live,  inserted  on 
the  mar;;in  of  the  disk,  alternati^  with  the  petals;  lllaments  lilifoim;  anthers  ohloii<r  or  rarely  ovate, 
attached  mi  the  hack,  introrse,  twcwelled,  the  cells  opening'  lim;;itadiually.  Ovary  two  to  live-celled  ; 
Htyles  two  to  live,  in  the  fertile  flower  distinct  and  erect  or  sli>;htly  nnited  at  the  hase,  spreadinj;  and 
incnrved  aliitve  the  middle,  or  inenrved  from  the  ha.se  and  .sometimes  intlexed  at  the  apex,  crowned  with 
the  larjje  <'apitate  stifrmas  ;  in  the  sterile  llower  short  and  united;  ovnlcs  solitary,  snspended  from  the 
apex  of  the  cell,  anatropons ;  raphe  ventral,  the  niicropyle  snperior.  Frnit  laterally  compres.sed  or  three 
to  live-anj^led,  crowned  with  the  reaniants  of  the  styles  ;  exocarp  lle>liy  ;  nntlcts  two  to  live,  orliicidar, 
ovate  or  olilonj;,  c(Mnpre.s.sed,  crastaceons  or  hony,  one-seeded.  Seed  compre.s.sed  ;  te.sla  thin,  adnate  to 
the  thick  Hi-shy  allaimeii.  Had)ryo  minute,  next  the  hilina  ;  cotyledons  ovate  or  ol)lon<;,  as  long  as  the 
.straight  radicle  or  barely  longer.' 

Aralia,  as  the  genns  is  now  limited,  eon.si.sts  of  about  thirty  North  American  and  .\siatic  s|iecieH. 
In  Asia  it  is  connnon  in  the  eastern  and  .southern  parts  of  the  continent  from  .Manchuria  to  northern 
India,  .Fapan,  and  the  islands  of  the  Malay  Arehii)elagi).  In  eastern  North  America  seven  sjjecie.s,-  all 
herbs  with  the  exception  of  Arii/in  sjiiiiond,  a  small  tree,  are  distributed  from  Canada  to  New  Mexico;  ' 
one  herbaceous  species  grows  on  the  mountiiins  of  California,'  and  one  or  two  others  in  .Mexico.'     In 

*  The  gt'iiiiH  is  roiiviMiiiMitly  ilividcil  into  two  MootionH  :  — 
KrAUAI.IA.      Strliis  wiHitly  ur  IiitIhu-i'imis  ;  Ifuvi-s   pilillitti*  vv  ilc- 

(•i>in|iiiuml ;  lluwors  polyf^unio-iiioiKL'i'iinis  or  {R'rfcct  ;  styli's  usuiilly 
live-. 

(ilNHKNn.  ISttMiiJ*  liorlmciMMi.s  ;  ieavcR  dictate  ;  flowers  polypiiuo- 
ilitvcioiiii ;  styli's  two  or  riirt'ly  three. 

''  Torrey  &  (imy,  /7.  .V.  Am,  i.  li-tt'i.  —  Wiitsoii  &  C'oiilter,  (inii/'.- 
ifaii.  f(l.  (!,  'Jll!. 

*  Antlia    Aumi/w,  CuvuiiiUes.   Inm.    iv.    7,   t.  Ilia  (Kit'). -IK- 


t'aiiilolle,   l*i-oilr.  iv.  -.*»rt.  —  (ii-iiy,  Smithwitidti   Vontrih.  v.  (i.'i  (/'/. 
U'riijhI.  ii.). 

*  .lm/;,i  Ciili/iirnloi,  Wiit.ioii,  Pm:  Am.  Acail.  .xi.  Ill  (lH7l!).  - 
ItrewiT  S:  Watson.  Ilul.  Ciil.  i.  •J7;(. 

Aralia  ractmosa,  Torrey,  f'acijii-  II.  it.  Hep.  iv.  tH  (lS,">(i)  (not 

Linnanis).  * 

.lrfi//(i  r/i(>'»uw(i,  vur.  o(r((/^/if(i//.i,  Torrey,  Hot.  Wilkti*  .Kjpt'i,-. 

AV/-./.  :)-J.->(lH7l). 

■'  llfinsley,  Hot.  liiiil.  .\m.  Cfut.  i.  .j71.  —  llrainlej;ee,  J'mc  Cnl. 
A,-wi.  SIT.  J,  ii.  ItV.,  t.  S  (/v.  /;.i>i  Cul.). 


I' 


>\    % 


:     i 


r>.s 


>■//,  IM    OF  NOltTlI  AMERICA. 


AKALlACK.i;. 


Asia  Ar(i/ii(  sniiiaxi  in  sliijlitlv  inodifietl  t'orins  a])])ears  in  Miint'Iiuria,  .lapan,  anil  the  l'liili|i|iin(' 
Islands;'  ami  a  swond  Ani'M-ican  spt'ciL's,  Ariiliit  (iiiiiiijutjh/lii,  is  also  found  hi  Mani-luiiia.  Jajian 
j)ossi'sst's  oni'  cndeniic  lifrliaieoiis  spi'iMcs.  and  China-  at  least  two;  in  the  Malay  Aifliijielago  the 
lar^vst  nundu'i'  of  arliori'sii'nt  and  sluidiby  forms  are  collected,'  and  in  India  the  two  sections  of  the 
i;i'iin>  are  represcnlid  h\  eijjlit  s|irci('-..' 

Alalia  has  few  nsefnl  pioiierties.  In  China  ginsenjj.  the  root  of  Araltii  i/ldnf/ucfolla.''  is  prized 
in  ini'dicinc,  and  in  .lajian  tiie  roots  and  younjj  shoots  of  Ari(/ii(  (■(irilalii'^'  are  eaten  as  vcfretaldes. 
The  roots  of  the  American  Araliii  .tjiuitisii,  Araltn  rdvomixd,'  Arnlla  iiiiilifdiills,"  and  Ardl'in 
/lis^iidii-'  are  sometimes  used  in  domestic  practice  as  "rentle  stinudants  and  aperitives,  chietly  in  the 
treatment  of  rheumatism  and  syphilitic  symiitoms.'" 

The  ocncric  name  is  of  oiiscure  and  doulitful  meaniuj^. 


m 


»  Arnliii  hi/fxtl'ii'-'t,    Tri-si,   Efunul.  lioi.  'SAt  i  IMIO  —  WaI|U'rs, 
.t  'i>i,  ii,  V'Jl. 

-  lM>rlH's  \  llriiislcN .  J'lur.  Liufi.  Siw.  x\iii    '.VM. 
a  Mitiuel,  /■'/.  Iu»l.  Hat.  I  740. 

<  Il.u.krrf.  /••;   Itrit.  I  ml.  ii.  T'Jl. 

-  IhM'.iisiii'  &  I'liiiK'lioti.  Ii>v.  Hnrl.  IH.M,  lO'i.  —  (Jmy.  Mrm.  Am. 
\cwi.  11.  scr.  vi.  Mil.  —  KtirlH-s  A:   Ilmislrv.  i.  < .  XIH.  -  WatMui  i^: 

Coulter,  frVuv'"  .Un'i.  id.  i\,  '2\'A. 

l\iutu  ij'tiii'/>iffi>!iuitt,  LiiiiifiMi.s,  S/H'r.   10.VS   (17."i;t).  —  l)e  Vnu- 
d(tlK',  Prtxir.  iv.  "J-VJ.  — Sei'iimini,  Jour.  Hot.  vi.  .%(, 

Pnnajt  Amerit'atiujn,  Kulincs(|uts  AV(c  /*'/.  iv.  .X  (ISIMJ). 

Pauaj  iiituieuff,  i\  A    Moyrr,  litill.  CI.  Ph'/.-'.-.^foth.  Aoul.  >Vi. 
St.  Ptlfrahourg,  i.  'MO  (IHia).  —  Sfenmim.  /.  r. 

fiinsiiuf  >jiiih'pu'/>iliumf\\\nH\,  /int.  nwi  PI.  II'J  (ISTO). 
Ill  China  fmni  thi-  rnrlicst  historii-  tlnn's  tin-  mots  of  .lr<i/ia  «/uin- 
'I'u/olia  liavr  ciijovcil  the  it'iuitatioii  of  pussfssiiij;  iiiarvfloiiN  iiirWi- 
(-al  virtue!*,  and  fabulous  |)ri<'(-s  arc  paiil  for  tin-  wild  Maiii'liii'ian 
H'ot.s  whifli  art'  nuiri'  csU'enu'd  than  tho.sr  of  ciillivatrd  or  t>f 
Aint-rican  plants,  and  art>  now  almost  ciitii-i-l\  t-onsiiincd  in  thf  Itn- 
piTial  lioiivliold.  Thf  ntot  is  tli'sliy,  spindh'-shaprd,  with  two  or 
three  tcniutial  (livi.siuns,  from  one  to  four  iin  lies  loii^,  siMiiitraiiA- 
pi'.reiit  iind  yelluwi-sh,  with  a  swt-ct  inticilafriiious  flavor.  In  China 
the  drug  propart'd  fnun  the  nHit  of  the  tniiM-n^,  whii-h  apparently 
possi's>es  no  aitive  pro|H'rties,  is  preserilK'd  for  nearly  e\ir\  form 
of  human  disease,  and  as  a  tonic  and  stimulant  it  is  eoiisiden-d  in- 
vaiii.ihle  (Uaynal,  Ili.-'toire  PftUtinopfii'/ut  ft  Pi>liti'j'tf  drs  /i/ii/'/M.tp- 
iii'H.i  A'  (In  ('<immrrce  ilfS  Purtifitfii.t  ttiinf  !'.■*  ilfux  iudes^  ii.  'JIO.  — 
•lartoux,  J.tftns  EililUiutnt  et  Citrii-nsfs  (cd.  Touhumf),  wiii.  'J7,  t .  — 
Scentann,  /  -•.  ii.  :VJ().  —  Smith,  Chinexe  Mat    M"!.  HVl) 


The  extinvtion  of  the  Maiiehurian  supply  led  tu  the  iuiportatioii 
of  the  .Xnicrican  ri»ot,  and  for  more  than  a  century  immense  (pian- 
tities  of  wihl  American  (iinsen^-roots  have  hren  Heiit  to  China 
from  the  eastern  I'nited  States,  nhere  the  plant  has  lH>ioiue  ran* 
and  is  in  danj;er  of  extertmnation.  (See  I^atitaii,  Mt'moire  t'on- 
I'l'nurtt  la  prt'cit'u.fi'  jtltmlf  tin  fiiti-seng  <lf  Tartarit\  thi'imrtrtr  rn 
i'auatla.  —  Miehaux  f.  Vfijaij^  a  Vnuv»t  tlr.t  .Mnuts  .\lltghani/s, 
IH'J.  —  Itafinesque,  .Uf'/.  PI.  ii.  ."kI.  -  \V.  IV  C.  Itart»ui.  Mnl.  tint.  ii. 
l'»a,  t.  \:>.—  WoiHhille,  Mni.  pot.  ii.  *!7t),  t.  W.)  Fur  enituries  Die 
.\siatii-  (tinseii^,  Hhieh  was  first  known  to  Kurttpeans  in  Japan,  has 
iH'en  eultivated  on  a  larjje  sealt;  in  th.at  eouiitry  (Kaempfer,  Aman. 
Exot  8'.*<».—  Uein,  Thr  Imltuitrus  of  Japan,  llttJ)  ;  in  some  parts  of 
Coren  it  eouRtitutes  the  must  important  farm  crop  (AHton,  Ph»iniia- 
reulical  Journal  anil  'f'rausa»'tioti.t,  IHS,">,  "It'J),  and  reecndv  attempts 
have  iH'en  irnide  to  cultivate  it  in  the  northern  Cnited  St'ttes  (Stan- 
ton, (uir'lfn  a'l.i  porf:Kt,  v.  'J'J3.  —  A>f/'  Hull.  189.3,  71,  t.). 

«  Thunherj,',  PI.  Jap.  I'J7  (17HI).-  Miipiel,  Ann.  Mus  i.wjJ. 
Pat.  i.  '.t.  —  I'ranchi't  I'i;  Savaticr.  Pnum.  PI.  Jap.  i.  I'.M. 

Arnlia  tilult.-,  Sielmld  &  /.nccarini,  PI.  Jap  i.  r>7,  t.  lTi  (1K,^1). 

■  I.inna'us.  /.  .-.  '^71*  (I7.VI).  Chapnum,  PI.  U'A). — Watson  A: 
Coulter,  /.  r. 

"  I.innieus,  /.  r.  'J7I  (17'».'M  Chapman,  /.  v.  —  \Val>on  t'C  Coul- 
ter. /.  '■• 

»  Ventenat,  Janl  t'^h,  11,  t.  11  ( !H(MU.  Chapman,  /.  c. — 
Watson  &  Coulter.  /.  r. 

'"  Poreher,  Pcsourrtu  ••!'  Simlhi m  PoiiU  aiui  ponsts,  ^A.  -  .lohn- 
son.  .l/.iN.  MfJ.  Hot   .V.  Am.  \rA\.~  f.  S.  IKipeu.^.  ed    HI.  ITM. 


^i. 


AHALIACEA. 


SILVA    OF  NORTU  AMERICA. 


5<> 


ARALIA    SPINOSA. 

Hercules'  Club. 

Flowkrs  pertt'ct  or  polygamo-niona'cious,  iu  laij>;e  comijoimd  racemose  panieles. 
Leaves  ample,  twice  i)iiinate. 


Aralia  spinoaa.  UnnaiUit,  .S/'cc  'JT.'!  (175:>) Fabiiciiis, 

Kiwm.  PL  Helm.  cd.  "J,  405.  —  Crant/.,  rmliell.  123.— 
Miller.  Diet.  fA.  H,  No.  li. —  I)u  Kdi.  Ilnrhl:.  lUuimx.  i. 
G;{.  —  Laniiirck,  Hit.  i.  'JL','?.  —  Mar.sluiU.  Arbiist.  Am. 
11.  — Waller.  Fl.  Car.  117.  —  Sehmiill,  (hsir.  IIiikiii::.  ii. 
flL',  t.  lOL',  lOli.  —  Willdonuw,  11,'r/.  Itauwr..  L',') ;  .S^.  <•.  i.  ,,t. 
ii.  1520;  Knum.  li.'i'.'.  — Mlrhaiix,  /V.  Il„r.-.lm.  i.  IHC).— 
I'erHoon,  Syii.  i.  .'i.'i'J. —  I'msli,  Fl.  .tin.  Sr/it.  i.  20'.*. — 
lioeiiier  &  Scliultcs,  S'/kI.  vI.  701.  —  Klliutt,  .S'A'.  i.  .■)72.  — 
Sprengcl,  Synt,  i.  i(51.  —  IX-  ('uiuli)lle,  I'rmh.  iv.  2."i'.).  — 
Doll,  (Ifii.  SijxI.  lii.  .IS".).  —  Spacli.  Hill.  I'l'ij.  viii.  120.  — 


Toirey  &  (ir.iy.  /'/.  X  Am.  i.  G17.  —  Dictriili,  Si/n.  ii. 
10.'!,").  —  Curtis,  Jii-/i.  (ien/iii/.  Sitri:  X,  Cm:  iii.  'Jl. — 
Cliapiiiaii,  Fl.  ItiO.  —  Swiiiaiin,  ./'(He.  I!nl.  vi.  Hi,"). — 
Kocli.  I)>'in/r.  i.  072.  —  Laui'lic,  Deitlmlif  Ihmli:  imI.  2. 
.")0;i. —  Watson  it  t'oultiT.  in-iu/'n  M'lii.  cil.  0,  213. 
?  Chierophylluin      arborescens.     l.imi;i'us.     S/iec     '2'i'.) 

(i7,"i;i).  — Hill,  r,;,.  .s./sf.  vi.  r,r,.  t.  ,")3,  f.  ,3.  —  Cnuit/,, 

Cmhi'll.  71),  —  Limiarck.  Din.  \.  (>S.|.  —  Willilenow.  ,S>'.'. 
i.  pi.  ii.  1 1.">7.  —  IVrsoon,  .S'//«.  i.  321.  —  Ucni.  <len.  .S'</.<V. 
iii.;iti7. — 'I'lurcy  it  (Way.  /'/.  .V.  Am.  i.  0  t.S.  —  Dietiidi, 

Sijii.  ii.  oh;!. 


A  spiny  tiw.  thirty  to  tliirty-tivu  I'wt  in  liei<;iit,  with  a  trunk  six  to  fii>ht  inches  in  diunit'ti'i'  and 
stont  with'-spreailini;'  branches  ;  or  more  often  a  shnih  witii  a  ehistei-  of  nnlirancheil  stems  six   to  twenty 
feet  tall.     Tliu  bark  of  the  tiimk  is  tiarix  i)rowii,an  eif;iitii  of  an  incli  tiiiek.and  (livich'd  hy  wide  shaUow 
fissiifes  into  hroad  rounded  ridfjes  iireiridarly  broken  on  tlie  siirfaee.     Tiie  liranehlets  are  one  lialf  to 
two  thirds  of  an  incli  in  diameter,  armed  Hke  the  j)rineipal  brandies  and  yoiiniif  trunks  witli  stout  and 
straij^iit  or  slii^iitly  ineiirved  orani;'e-eoKired  .seattered  priekles,  and   iieaily  encircled   by  the  eons[iiciioiis 
narrow  leaf-scars  wiiicii  are  marked  iiy  a  row  of  jiroinincnt  liliro-vasciilar  biiiKMe-scars ;  tiie  inner  bark 
is  briifht   f;;reeii  and   tiie  outer   is  tiiin,  li^iit  oraiifre-eolored   in   tiie  lirst   season,   histroiis  and   marked 
irrei;;nlarly  wilii  oiiloii^  pale  (hits,  and  in  tiio  second  year  lij;iit  iirowii,     Tiie  terminal  bud  is  conical, 
blunt  at  the  apex,  one  Ii.ilf  to  three  ipiarters  of  an  inch  loiii;',  and  covered  with   thin  cliestniit-iirown 
scales.     The  axillary  buds  are  trianu;ular,  llattened,  and  about  a  ipiarter  of  an  inch  in  leiii;tli  and 
breadth.     The  leaves,  which  are  clustered  at  the  top  of  the  branches,  are  twice  pinnate,  three  or  four 
feet  lonjj,  two  and  a  half  feet  broad,  with  stout  lij^ht  brown  ]ietioles  eis;liteen  to  twenty  iiielies  in  leiin'tli 
claspiiii;;  the  stem  with  enlarged   bases,  and  armed  with  slender  prickles,  or  occasionally  unarined  ;  '   the 
pinna-  are  uiieipially  [linnate,  usually  with  live  or  six  jiairs  of  leaflets  and  a  l(iii<;'-stalked  terminal  leailet. 
and  are  often  fiirnisbed  at  the  base  with  a  pinnate  or  simple  leaflet  ;  the  ultimate  divisions  of  the  lea\es 
arc  ovate-acule,  dentate  or  ercnate,  wedjje-sb.iped  or  more  or  less  rounded  at  the  base  and  short-stalked, 
with   prominent  midribs  and   reticulated   veinlets ;   when  they   unfold  they  are  lustrous,  broii/e  i;reeii. 
and  slightly  pilose  on  the  upper  side  of  the  miilribs  and  on  the  midribs  and  primary  veins  below,  and  at 
maturity  are  inembranaceous,  dark  y;reeii   on   the   upper  surface,  pale  on   the  lower,  two  to  three  inches 
ill  leiifi'th,  an  inch   and  a   half   in   breadth,  and  occasionally  furnished  with  small  booked  prickles  on  the 
upper  side  of  the   midribs.     Tile  acute  stipules  are  half  an  inch  loiii;',  and  when  the  leaves  unfold  are 
piibeniloils  on  the  back  and  eiliate  on  the  margins.      In  the  autumn  the  leaves  turn   lifjlit  yellow  before 
lallinj^.     The   flowers,  which  appear  in   inidsummer,  are  iirodiued  on   loiin'  slender  pubescent  straw- 
colored  pedicels  in  many-Howered  umbels  arranj>ed  in  conipoiind  iianieles,  with  lii;ht  brown  puberulous 
branches  forininfr  a  terminal  racemose  cluster  three  or  four  feet  in  leiit;th  which  ri-cs,  .solitary  or  two  <ir 
three  tof^ether,  above  the  spreadinjif  leaves.     The  bracts  and  bractlets  are  lanceolate,  acute,  scarioiis, 

'  .Ira/ii  smuimu  H  ,  Torri'v  &  limy,  /•'/.  .V.  .Im.  i.  HI7  tlSlO). 


'       ! 


.) 


■:f 


!  ' 


I 


GO 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


ARALIACEiE. 


and  persistent.  The  flowers  are  one  sixteenth  of  an  incli  long,  perfect  or  often  unisexual  by  the 
abortion  of  the  ovarv,  and  have  acute  white  petals  inflexed  at  tlie  apex,  and  connivent  styles.  In 
the  autumn  thf  branches  of  tiu>  flower-Justers  become  purple.  Tiie  fruit  ripens  in  Augjist  in  small 
(luantities  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  the  flowers,  which  are  often  sterile ;  it  is  black,  one  eighth  of 
an  inch  in  diameter,  globose,  three  to  five-angled,  Jind  crowned  with  the  blackened  styles  ;  the  flesh  is 
thin,  puriik',  and  very  juicy  ;  the  nutlets  are  criist<iceous  and  compressed. 

Aral  ill  .^/li/iosii  is  distributed  from  Pennsylvania,  where  it  is  common  on  the  western  slope  of  the 
.Mlcgiianv  Mountains  in  the  counties  of  Clearfield,  Cambria,  Westmoreland,  and  Fayette,  to  southern 
Indiana' and  southeastern  Missouri,  and  ranges  southward  to  Florida,  western  Louisiana,  and  ea-stern 
Texas,  growing  in  deep  moist  soil  usually  in  the  neighborhood  of  streams,  and  probably  attaining  its 
<;reatcst  size  on  the  foothills  of  the  Big  Smoky  Mountains  in  Tennos.see.  The  Manchurian''  and 
.Fapanese  forms'  are  only  distinguishable  from  the  American  plant  by  their  larger  wider  leaflets,  which 
are  often  more  deeply  cut,  and  are  usuafly  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface. 

The  wood  of  Aral  id  sjiinosu  is  close-grained,  light,  soft,  and  brittle;  it  contiiins  numerous  thin 
medullary  rays  and  rows  of  open  ducts  marking  the  layers  of  annual  growth,  and  is  brown  streaked 
with  yellow,  with  lighter  colored  sapwood  composed  of  two  or  three  layers  of  annual  growth. 

The  bark  of  the  root  and  the  berries  are  occasionally  emph>yed  in  the  United  States  in  medicine, 
principally  in  domestic  practice,  and  are  stimulant  and  diaphoretic  ;  the  bark  of  the  root  is  emetic  and 
cathartic,  and  has  been  found  efficient  in  relieving  rheumatism.* 

The  earliest  account  of  Ariilin  spiiiimn  was  published  in  TOSS,'"  and  describes  a  plant  cultivated 
by  Hisliop  Com])ton  in  his  garden  at  Fuliiam  near  London,  who  received  it  from  John  Bani.ster  in 
Virginia. 

The  luiusual  appearance  of  its  stout-armed  stems,  the  great  size  of  its  leaves,  and  the  enormous 
clusters  of  flowers  which  appear  whei.  most  trees  and  shrubs  liave  passed  their  flowering  time,  have  long 
made  Aralin  sjiiimsK  a  favorite  in  the  gardens  of  temperate  countries,"  where  its  iiabit  and  jieeuliar 
appearance  are  unlike  those  of  any  other  hardy  jdant.  In  recent  years  the  American  plant  is  less 
f're(piently  seen  in  cultivation  than  the  hardii-r  aiv,\  vrii*:  robust  Manehurian  form. 

Ara/i'i  siiiiiiifii  may  be  projuigated  from  seed,  or  from  cuttings  of  the  fleshy  roots,  which  soon 
produce  vigorous  plants. 


>  Kiil(;w!iv,  I-riic.  I'.  S.  Sal.  .Vii..  ISSL',  fi7. 
-  Araliii  .^futntMl,  var.  t'hmfnsi->. 

Anilia  Cfiiiirmis,  I.iiiiiH'iis,  .S'/*fr.  L'TM  (17r>.'l).  —  I)o  C'andolU', 
Protlr.  iv.  'J.*!!*.  —  Ht'iitbam,  I'l.  lloiufk.  \'Xi.  —  .S'oinaiin.  Jour. 
Bol.  vi.  \X\. 

Leea  siiino.ta,  Spreiigi'l,  Siinl.  i.  070  (18"J,"i). 

Aralia  Planrhiminnn,  Uancc,  Jnitr.  lint.  iv.  17-  (IWki). 

Aralia  IhcaUneanOt  Ilaiirp,  Ann.  Sri.  .Vd/.  (m5p.  ri,  v.  -l."!  (180(1). 

Araliii  Miitnl.ihuririi,  Maxiiniiwit'7.  &  Uiiprrclit,  /lull.  fV.  Plii/.i.- 
Mnlh.  Arii,l.  Sri.  .Si.  rUcrthoiini,  x\.  IIM  (1S.-7). 

himarj'hiiHthis  .Mtmilshurirux,  .Miixiniuwii'/,  Pnm.  Fl.  .imur. 
i;i;t(l.v-,!P). 

.■\rnlin  .ipiun^a,  Fiirb«ft  &  Ilemslpy,  .Jiiur.  Linn.  Snr.  xxiii.  338 
(in  |mrl)  (1H.SC.). 
•  Aralia  npinns'n,  var.  rlala. 

Iiimnr/Jrintliiii  tlaiu.i.  .Miciufl,  Comm.  I'hyt.  !).">,  I.  VI  (1810).  — 
\Val|iiTs,  /.'■/..  ii.  4;i(P. 

Arnlni  rantsrtns,  .^ii-ljuitl  &  /uiL-ariiii,  Ahhanil.  AkaU.  Munrh. 
iv. 'Jh!  (1843). 

Anilia  LeriKina,  Kiieli,  \{'i>rlirn.f<hri/l,  1804,  .'109.  —  .Si'cnmiin, 
I.  r.  13.5  (l'xcI.  var.  fl.,  'turrrv  tV  (irav). 

Aralia  elata,  .Si'L-niaim,  Jour.  tint.  vi.  131  (180S). 

Aralia  njiinmu,  var.  i/lahrctrent,  Kniiii'liit  &  Siavatiur,  /.  c.  191      yin.  .'VI. 
(187.1).  '  Aiton,  Hurt.  Ktw.  i.  382. 


.Irrt/m  npittnsa,  var.  canncatj,  Kpaiu-lirt  &  .*^avatier,  iiuum.  PI. 

Jap.  i.  19-.!  (1875). 

Ill  Yi'so,  whiTt?  this  form  willi  larpt-  ovat«  IratleLs,  paU'  and  pu- 
l>cHoent  or  rart'lv  glalirtiii.t  on  tlic  lower  Hiirfarc,  grows  tn  the 
largest  size,  it  is  one  ut  tllP  cuniliioiit'st  iiihalalaiits  of  the  forest 
of  cleeicliitniH  trees  whii-h  cover  the  hiw  hills,  growing  in  rich  humid 
soil,  nsually  .tssoeiati-d  with  White  (taks,  IlonilH'ams,  the  Hop 
IlurnlH'am,  Magnolias, Ceniiliphvllum,  I.inileii.s, ami  .\eanthopanax  ; 
it  is  also  ahunilant  on  the  monntain  ranges  of  Itomlo,  anil  is  always 
a  i-onspieiions  featnre  in  .Aiignst  and  .September,  when  the  (lower- 
flusters  rise  aljove  the  surr.nimling  foliage. 

*  I'.lliolt,  Sic.  i.  373.  —  Koseiithal,  .S>i.  PI.  Diapkor.  500.  —  .loliii- 
Bun,  .V<iti.  .\M.  PI.  iV.  Am.  l.Vi.  —  f.  .S'.  /<i.</»74.,.  ed.  Ifl,  1714. 

^  .\nfjflira  arhoresrfnit  xpimhia,  neu  Arbor  Imhra  Fraxini J'olio,  mr- 
lire  .ipinmo,  Itay,  llitl.  PI.  ii.  1798. 

Chriftnphoriana  arbor  aculeala  Viri/iniensvi,  I'Inkenet,  Phi/I.  t.  1!0  ; 
Aim.  llol.  98. 

Angrlira  arborrsrms  .'pinosa.nrii  Arlmr  Indira  Fraxini  folio,  rorlice 
•tpiuoso, ,}.  Comnu'lyn,  Uort.  i.  89,  t.  47. 

.Aralia  arborrscrn^  spinosa,  \'aillalit,  .SVrm.  Sirnrl.  Flor.  43. 

Aralia  raulr  antlealn,  I.innii'us,  Horl   Clifl'.  113. 

Aralia  arhorra  antleala,  Linnnsus,  I'lriil.  'JO.  —  Clayton,/'/.  I'lV- 


•  I^mlaii,  Arh.  Uril.  ii.  909,  f.  7M. 


h 


RAUACEi*;. 

lal  by  the 
styles.  In 
st  in  small 
;  eighth  of 
lie  flesh  is 

)))e  of  the 
J  southern 
11(1  eastern 
tnining  its 
irian'^  and 
lets,  which 

erous  thin 
•n  streaked 

1  medicine, 
L'inetic  and 


cultivated 
Uanister  in 

'.  enormous 
,  have  long 
nd  i)eculiar 
lant  is  less 

wliii'h  soon 


.itT,  iCnum.  I'l. 

,  ])alt>  and  pu- 
grows  to  the 
»  of  the  forust 
;  ill  ricli  luuiiid 
'iiiiis,  tlip  liop 
,\(nlltlio|mimx  ; 
I,  niul  is  alttjiys 
lien  the  tlowiT- 

•.  nco, — .loiiii- 

.  10,  171 1. 

axini/ulio,  tor- 

nt,  I'h'il.  t.  -'I) ; 
cirii  folio,  cnrike 
Flor.  43. 
layton,  I'l.  I'l'r- 
i.  (109,  f.  TM. 


Ill 


EXPLANATION   OF  THE   TLATE. 


IT 


".). 
111. 
11. 
]•-'. 
i;i. 

14, 


I'l-ATK    CC'XI.       AUALIA    sriNOSA. 

Tlio  L'inl  of  a  iKiniclo  of  flowers,  natinal  si/.p. 

l)ia);rain  of  a  Hower 

ViTtical  sti'lioii  (if  a  [icrfi'i't  flower,  inlarijiMl. 

A  sUiiiieii,  flout  ami  nar  view.s.  iiilarj^inl. 

A  perfect  Hower.  the  jiclals  ami  staimiis  riiiioved,  enlar^eil. 

All  ovule,  umeli  iiiai,'irtieil. 

The  eml  of  a  fruitir.jj  paniele,  ii.iliiral  size. 

A  fruit  eul  transversely,  eiilari;e(l. 

A  seed.  eiilarj;eil. 

X'ertieal  sei'limi  (jf  a  seed,  eularfjed. 

.\ii  eiulirvii,  mm  h  lua^iillieil. 

A  leaflet,  natural  si/e. 

A  winter  hr.inehlel.  natuial  si/.e. 

A  groniiij;  leriniual  hiul  showiui;  stipules,  natural  size. 


.  >1 

m 

f* 

;      :  1 

i 

■i 

\ 


1    -I 


I 


n 


If 


i[i 


Ml 


1   ); 

1    .         r 

I 

i 

Hi 

1 

/, 


jilVa  of  Mor'-:i  ArrifMca. 


Idb    CCX! 


^  /•'  /■'tt./ft  dei 


Lcvendai 


ARALIA    SPINOSA, 


•1* 


il 


/"i^  H  Tant-nr  /'fr;.> 


i!  i 


4 


li 


COBNACK 


Fi 

stiimei 
I  or  2 

Comua. 

15H.  - 

ir.;t.  ■ 

i.  'M 


i'^ 


si'iily  l> 
flustt'n 
I'litiro  I 
iuid  of 
wliito, 

BCllll'S, 

or  whi 
panulii 
in  the 
four,  c 

J)ftllls 

opnii 
coluiu 
of  tin 
ovoid 
style, 
tnistii 
Enilir 
cotyk 
( 
the  e( 
more 

of  till 

>  Tl 
tions  , 

I.  K 
hrgo  I 

•-'.  V 
»ix  wli 

3.  f 


I    '     I 


coksacka;. 


8IJ.VA   OF  NOKTII  AMElilCA. 


6a 


CORNUS. 


Flowers  perfect ;  calyx  minutely  4-tnotliocl ;  petals  \,  valvate  in  aestivation ; 
stamens  4  ;  ovary  2  or  rarely  :}-eeIle(l ;  ovules  solitary,  suspended.  Fruit  drupaceous, 
1  or  2-seeded.     Leaves  opposite  or  rarely  alternate,  destitute  of  stipules,  deciduous. 

Coroua.  Liniuous,  Oen.  'J'.t  (17H7).  —  Adansoii,  /•''«(.  I'l.  ii.     Benthfimia.  I.iidlpy,  l!<>f.  Ji'iy.  xix.  I.  I.'iTO  (1833).  —  Meis- 
ITiS.  —  A.    L.    du    Jussieu,    (irii.    L'll. —  .Mi'isiipr,    Gni.  ner,  'I'l/i.  103.  —  Krulliclier,  (Vi'i/.  7'.)(<. 

iri3.  —  Kndlidior,  (leii.  7it8.  —  llciitlmii!  it  lloukur,  Oeii.      Eukrnnia,  Ualiiifsciue,  A/.^ii,/rii/-/i.  Am.  .VJ  ( IS.'iS). 
i.  <J5().  —  linilloii,  Hilt.  I'l.  vii.  7'J.  Cynoxylon.  Italiiiisciui-.  Almiji-niili.  Am.  oil  (1838). 

Benthamidia.  Sjiaih.  Ili^i.  (Vy.  viii.  100  (1830). 

Glabrous  or  pubescpnt  trees  and  slirults,  with  iistrinjiciit  bark,  slender  terete  unarmed  branclilets, 
sealy  buds  with  accrescent  scales,  and  tibriius  roots;  or  herbs.  Leaves  ojijjosite  ur  rarely  alternate  and 
clustered  at  the  ends  ol'  tiie  branehlets,  coiiduplicatc  or  involute  in  vernation,  petiolate  or  subsessile, 
entire  or  obscurely  serrate,  hirsute  with  tnberculate  r<)u;;iiened  liairs  on  the  upper  sin'face,  silky-pilose 
and  often  glaucous  on  the  lower,  deciduous.  F"l(>wers  small,  terminal  or  axillary,  white  or  "greenish 
white,  in  close  cymes  or  heads  surrounded  I)y  a  conspieiuius  involucre  of  four  to  six  lar<i[e  petal-like 
8C)UeH,  or  yellow,  precocious,  unibellate,  the  sessile  nnd)els  surrouiuled  by  four  small  deciduous  scales  ; 
or  white  or  cream-cidor,  in  dichotomously  branched  cvmes.  Calyx-tube  turbinate,  urceolate  or  cam- 
panulate,  terete,  anj^led  or  wini;ed,  the  lindi  minutely  fonr-tootbed.  Disk  epigynous.  i)ulvinate,  depressed 
in  the  centre,  or  obsolete.  Petals  four,  oblong  or  ovate,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  disk.  Stamens 
four,  exserted  ;  tilanients  iiliforni  or  subulate,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  disk,  alternate  with  the 
petals ;  anthers  oblong,  introrse,  versatile,  attached  on  the  back  near  the  middle,  two-celled,  the  cells 
opening  longitudinally.  Ovary  inferior,  two  or  rarely  three-celled  ;  style  exserted,  simple,  fdiform  or 
colunuiar,  crowned  with  a  single  capitate  or  truncate  stigma  ;  ovules  suspended  from  the  interior  angle 
of  the  apex  of  the  cell,  solitary,  anatropous ;  raphe  dorsal;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  dru[(aceous, 
ovoid  or  obloiig,  areolate  at  the  apex  and  often  crowned  witii  the  calyx-lobes  or  the  remnants  of  the 
style,  free  or  (Benthamia)  confluent  into  a  fleshy  tnberculate  synearp;  siircocarp  dry;  putameu  bony  or 
cvustaceous,  two-celled,  two  or  sonu-tinu's  one-seede<l.  Seed  oblong,  compressed  ;  testa  mcnd)ranaceous. 
End)ryo  straight  or  slightly  incurved,  as  long  as  the  eopicms  llesliy  albumen  and  surroundeil  by  it; 
cotyledons  foliaceoiis  ;    radicle  terete,  elongated,  turneil  towards  the  hilum.' 

Cornus  is  widely  distributed  through  the  three  continents  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  south  of 
the  equator  appears  in  Peru  with  a  single  species."  In  North  .\merica.  where  the  sj)ecies  of  Cornus  are 
more  numerous  than  in  other  parts  of  the  world,  sixteen  or  seventeen  have  been  distinguished.'  Three 
of  these  are  arborescent ;  the  other  American  species  are  large  and  small  shrubs,  and  herbs  of  boreal 


'  Tlio  HiM'i'ica  may  \)C  oonveniently  griiu|HHi  in  the  ftrtlowin;;  sci'- 
tioiis  .  — 

1.  Klowori  in  closo  cymes  siirroumletl  Ity  an  invohuTi'  ut*  four 
largo  potaUlikc  Ai>ali*!i.     Ucrbiiccous. 

2.  Klowera  in  t'ldsi-  rymps  stirrtuimied  by  nil  involucro  nf  four  tii 
BIX  whitf  potiil-liko  sfalt'H.     Arbnrt'scfut. 

3.  Flowers  capitate,  Hurrutnuleil  by  un  involucre  of  four  white  (pr 


creanM'olon'd  petal-like  scales  ;  drupes  eontbient  into  a  tiesliy 
synearp.     Arborescent. 

■I.  Flowers  unil)i41ate,  the  umbels  surrounded  by  green  decidu- 
ous scales.     Arboreseent  or  frnteseent. 

5.  Flowers  white  or  cr^am-color,  in  cyinose  panicles,  ebraeteo- 
late.     Arborescent  (ir  frutesce.:*. 

-  llentban)  &  Ilotiker,  <ifn.  i.  V'*iO. 

'  Coulter  &  Kvans,  Hot.  fiaatte,  xv.  30,  80. 


I 


}^L^^i 


(H 


siLVA  OF  xoirrii  amkuica. 


COUNACKii:. 


n-jrioiiH.  The  Horn  of  Mexico  contains  four  or  Hvo  HpecioM  ; '  uiitl  in  Kiiropt!  tlicro  iiro  four,"  all  wiiU-ly 
(li>ti'il)Ut(>(l  ill  wi'stci'ii  Asia  ■'  ulso.  Of  the  four  Iliiiialavun  Hpccics,  Cuniiis  xinujiiinid*  is  also  Kiii'(>|ii-aii 
and  northern  Asiatic,  wiiih-  CuniHii  )ii(irfo/)/ii//li(''  ranges  thi(iu<;ii  China  and  Corea  to  .laiiaii,  and 
CiirntiK  ciipildtii"  to  central  China.  At  least  Hvu  species  are  now  known  to  p;row  natiirall)-  in  China,' 
altlu)n<;;h  only  two  of  tliciii  are  [icculiar  to  ihat  eniiiire.  Five  species  occur  in  Japan,"  where  Cuniiis 
Kdii.^ii''  icpicsents  the  I'Moweiiiifj  Dogwoods,  and  (Jorea  possesses  probahly  one  endemic  sjiecies.'"  In 
the  early  (ertiarv  epoch  arlioresccnt  spiries  of  Corniis  inhaliitcd  tlii^  Arctic  rejjion  ;  and  towards  the 
eocene  ]ii'iicMl  species  similar  to  existinj;  forms  appeared  in  Kiirope."  In  North  America  tnices  of 
Conuis  :ih(iund  in  the  midcoiitiiicntal  Laramie  ^rroup.'- 

Coriiiis  is  rich  in  tannic  acid,  and  the  bark  and  occasionally  the  leaves  and  iiiirij)e  fruit  are  used  as 
tonics,  astrinjjeiits,  and  febrifujjes.'^  The  sweet  chcny-liko  fruit  of  the  Kiiropean  Cnnms  inxn^'  is 
edible,  and  is  used  in  preserves,  robs,  and  cordials;''  and  tha''  of  several  sjiecies  contains  considerable 
(piantities  of  fatty  oil.'"  The  dried  inner  bark  of  the  .\merican  C'o/vo/n  .smv'm","  mixed  with  t(d)acco, 
was  smoked  with  satisfaction  by  the  Indians  who  inhabited  the  shores  of  the  Urcat  Likes  ami  the 
central  rci-ions  of  the  continent.'" 


I 


I   i 


'     ! 


'  IIuiiiIimMi,  ItniiplaiHl  &  Kiiiidi,  .Vt>f.  '»Vm.  r/  .S'/M'c.  iii.  i;k».  - 
Kiintli,  Siju.  I'l.  .i-'.-juin.  iii.  7."i.  — iU'in.sIi'V,  hi-t.  liwl.  Am.  Cvnt.  i. 

r»7"t. 

•  Nvmaii,  ('on»ftfi-f.  /•'/.  Enrop.  IllO. 

•  rM.i.-,>HT,  /v.  Orinkt.  ii.  HH)*-\ 

•  l.iimieuf*,  Sptc.  117  (I7."»;j). —  L'llt'ritipr,  fonnj*,  5.  —  Oc  Ciui- 
diiUf,  Pn^ir.  iv.  'J7l'.  —  (inimiM-I,  Will.lonnw  A:  lliiyiio,  Ahhu<l. 
OvHhch.  Ili>h.  i.  I*J,  t.  :J.  —  rullius,  /■■/.  A'-Mx.  i.  117.  -  la'dfbour,  H. 
limit,  ii.  ;i7H. —  llraiidii^,  Fortit  !•'!.  Ilrit.  Imi.  'J.-kI  —  lIiHikiT  f.  /'/. 
lirit.  lud,  ii.  744. 

Cnrntiit  Qywtrnlvit  ^-  A.  Moyrr,  .l/<'/i.  Avml.  Set.  St.  Pttershourfj, 
M<r.  t;.  V.  'Jll  (IK-I!)).  —  HoissitT,  /.  r. 
'>  \V:illich,  /iorhurtjh   Fl.  Iful.  i.  VX\  (Ift'JO).  —  Dtm, /»rw/r.  Ft 


\V'"/.    141. 


Do    Ciuidollr,  /. 


hriin(li>«,  /.  c.  'St'J.  t.  yj.  — 


Kurl 


A;    ]Ii-iii.sli>y,   Jnur.    Linn.    Sik:     xiiii. 


llMok.r    f.    /. 

•Mr,. 

Cornwi  hmrh'ipiuhi,  V.  A.  Mcvtr,  /.  <*.  IT^'J   (IH|;»).       W:ilpi'r>. 

Ann.  ii.  7-5.  —  Friimlii't  ik  Saviitirr,  Kuum.  1*1.  Jnp.  i,  VX). 
i'ornu.i  tTiifmh,  lliinre,  ./our.  Hot.  xix. 'JlO  (IHHI), 

f'oruus  tnatrofifii/Ud,  whirli  is  oms  of  the  sliitflii'st  am)  most  beau- 
tiful trees  uf  tlu-  ^'Muh,  is  c-oiuuion  in  the  f(trf.stfi  uf  nurthcTii  ami 
ci'iitnil  •Tnpan,  wlicro  it  i.h  u.tually  fuund  cm  iiioiNt  Hlopt-A  nr  in  tlii' 
nfM^liljurluNxl  (if  Btrcams,  8»inetJnio8  rising  to  the  lu-i^|it  of  fifty 
or  sixty  feet  anil  dt'vt'Iojiiujr  truiikn  two  or  three  feet  iu  tliiiinetcr 
ami  Itroad  tiat  hcails  nf  hdii/ntilal  tiraiirhc<i.  In  nortluTu  IniUa. 
uherc  it  is  wiilrly  ilistrihutrd  at  eli'vation.4  iH>twi>fn  thrfi>  thou- 
sanil  ami  ei^lit  llion.Hand  fcrt  almvc  tlie  soa,  thi*  wo<h)  is  valued 
fur  the  PXCelliMit  chan'oal  for  pnnpowih'r  whifh  it  yichU,  tlie  frint 
14  oaten,  and  tlie  h-aves  furnihh  f-  ..ler  for  goats.  (See  (luiidde, 
U'ln.  lu'!iivi  I'lmhrr.*,  'JlL'.) 

<  Wallieh. /.  .'.  4;U  (18t.'0);  /'/.  ,1*.  liar.  iii.  10,  I.  *J1I.  Don. 
/.  r.  —  De  Camloile,  /.  c.  'J7;J.  —  Hooker  f,  /,  .-.  7r>.  -  iM.rhe.s  \ 
Hcmsley,  /.  r. 

fieuthitmiii  frnffi/frn,  I.indley,   Hi't.   lirg.   xix.  i.  ir)7!t   (1.h;1;1); 

'/>««.».  Hi'if.  Hurt.  Site.  Ror.  *J,  i.  4."i7,  t.  17.  —  Walpers,  /.'.yi.  ii. 

43.';.  —  Wi;,dit,  ///.  ln,L  Ji,^.  t.  l'J2.  -  Hot.  Ma<j.  Ixxviii.  t  MAX.  ~- 

Fl.  dit  Si'rrfs,  vii.  'Jlil. 

In  tlie  niountaini)U.H  rof^ion!4  of  Inrlia,  wliere  f'orriu.i  vti/ntata  is 
almiidant  at  elevations  of  from  ihirty-tive  hundred  to  eight  thou- 
s.ind  feet,  tlio  handnonie  ycllowi-'h  red  strawl«'rry'-shaped  succuh'iit 
fruits  formed  liy  the  eoalitJon  of  the  numrrouH  [tenearps  are  eaten 
raw  and  are  made  into  presenes  (Itrandis,  /.  r.  *j.\'J). 


"   Knrl.es  &  Henwloy. /.  .'.:M4. 
"   l-'ram-hel  &  Siivatier,  /.  r.  llK». 

«  Miquel,  Ann.  Mnn.  I.nift.  lUit.  ii.  loO  (180").  —  Tram het  & 
Savatier,  /,  (■.  —  Thr  diintiu,  xliii.  1"»I1,  t. 

ilt'nthiwuit  Jtiponiai,  Sirhold  &   /uiTarini,  /*/.  Jap.  i.  U8,   t.  HJ 

(1m;i,->). 

' '  ( '.,n,u.i  ojHnntilt.*,  SielM.liI  &  Zuecarini,  /.  r.  UK),  I.  .V)  (  1K:V>).  — 
Mitpiel,  /.  r.  ItU)  —  Frani'liet  &  Savatier,  /.  .-.  IIMJ.  —  Forlies  Hc 
llemsley,  /.  r. 

In  •lapun,  whero  Cnrnn*  ojfirmalis  was  inlrodueed,  probahly  from 
Con-a,  several  eenturien  ago,  it  in  esteemed  fur  the  tonie  and  iL>)triii- 
gent  properties  of  the  fruit  {■M'e  Smith,  Cfiineur  Atat.  Mni.  71),  and 
is  often  phmted  in  gardi-n^,  when*  it  appears  ati  u  luinhy  tree  twenty 
or  Iwenty-tive  feet  in  height,  with  the  hahit  and  general  appeuraiu-e 
uf  the  Kuropean  Cornelian  C'licrry,  whieli  it  reseinhleit  in  most  of 
its  essential  ellant('te^■^. 

'1  Saptjrtu,  thujiw  JUtlinntitlogvpu-  des  Arhre.i,  'J4!>.  —  Zittel, 
Hawlh.  FtiUr<mtolntj.  ii.  (114. 

»■<  !.,  V.  Ward,  Wlh  Ann.  Ilrp.  l'.  S.  iie-.Uuj.  Surv.  lH84-«u,  490 
(Sifn.  Fl.  /.(iniinif  (iroup). 

"  Uiwenthal.  .Syn.  /'/.  Ihapl.or.  .*Ca  —  Haillon,  Iltft.  Fl.  vii.  70  ; 
Tnutr  hot.  M,,i.  1U7--'. 

1*  hinumus,  /.  '■.  (I7.fcl).  —  I/nt*ritier,  /.  ■■     I.  —  Sehinidt,  <h,ir. 
liiiumz.  ii.  7,  I.  ti;t.  — (iuiuiiul,  Willdenow  iV  llayne,  /.  c.  10,  t.  «V  — 
I)e  (  .tmlolle.  /. . .  \1TX  —  Nyman,  /  c.  [\VJ. 
ift   London,  Arh.  /inf.  ii.  UHil 

i«  .frntr.  rhiiH.  M'>l.  ii.  \VA).-  A.  Uichard,  llist.  Sat.  M.fl.  iii. 
.V>|. 

>■  Linna»us,  .\fo>,t  \W  (1771).—  I.'Ht'ritirr,  /  '•.  "»,  t.  2.  — ('.  A. 
Meyer,  /.  r.  liKJ. —  F.merson,  Tne.^  .)/«*<.  cd.  'J,  ii.  IliO,  t.  —  Coulter 
&  Fvans,  Hut.  (r'azettft  xv.  'M.  —  Watson  tt  Coulter,  tira'f's  Man. 
ed.  IJ, 'JM. 

f 'oniii.-  Amtitntini,  Du  Hoi,  />m;*.  7  (1771)  ;  Harhk.  fianmz.  i.  UVl. 
r  Ctimus  ainUen,  {.jimarek,  Pict.  ii.  11(»  (I7H(i). 
rCtmnsaUHj,  Walter,  Fl.  Car.  HH  (not  Linnu-ns)  (I7MM). 
'  ('irruii.t  rnhitjintua,  Khrhart,  lii'itr.  iv.  ITi  (17K*.t). 
( 'ortiii.-*  n/anorar/fO,  Mitemdi,  Mrth.  108  (17'.M  ). 
f'onntH  lunutfino.va,  Mirhaiix,  Fl.  lUir.-Am.  i.  '.*"J  (IHOIJ)- 
'  ( 'omnnpiihj(pima,  Ualinos(|ne,fV.  /.r«/()riV.7H  (1H17) :  Ai'mijraph. 
Am.  til."  De  Candolle,  /.  .-.  iv.  :i7l.        Don,  dm.  S;/it.  iii.  101. 

Cornun  uhlifpia,  Kallnesque,  .Ann.  Xat.  I.'l  (IH'JD), 
'^  It  i.s  this  species,  whii'h  was  generally  known  its  "  Kinnikin- 


I     11     ' 


L'OttNACEi£ 


SUA' A  OF  ixojrj'j/  amj-jiuca. 


05 


Tlio  wood  of  Conius  is  hai'd,  clost-'jiaiiKMl,  and  diiniMc,  and  is  used  in  tnrni'ry  and  for  ciiairoal. 
Tlie  frruatt'st  vulue  of  Corniis,  iiowuver,  is  foi-  tlio  decoration  of  parlis  and  ;;ard<'ns  ;  scvi'ial  of  tliu 
Hpoeit's  pi'odncu  ilowurs  and  fruits  of  reniaricablu  beauty,  and  otliiTs  cover  tiu^ir  liranclics  witii  l)rilliantly 
colured  hnvk. 

The  plautH  of  this  freuus  are  little  injured  in  America  hy  tiic  attacks  of  insects'  or  liy  funeral 
diseiises.-' 

Tho  generics  name,  from  roriiii,  rehitoH  to  the  iiarihiess  of  the  wixul  produced  hy  tlu>  dilVerent 
Hjiccies. 


'^l    M 


used  ui 


uie,"  oucl  wod  ebietly  prizud  by  thu  IndiuiM  fur  ttiiiukiiig,  itlthutif^h 
in  tli(i!iu  piirtH  of  the  luiintry  wliurt'  it  was  nut  fuuml  tlu'y  ii.hl'iI  fur 
thu  Hiuiir  piir|)ns('  thf  liurk  uiid  li-iivcs  til'  srviTul  other  {iluntrt,  (hcc 
Parry,  Given  Hep.  titolotj.  Surr.  WiActtiiAtii,  Ii>ii'ft,  nuil  Mtnuesotn^ 
013.) 

*  Thu  Kiill  \Vul>-w«riii  aoiiit'tiiTiLvH  diHli^iirt-H  ' '«*rnrw  ,//unWu,  ami 
thu  hirvji'  uf  .[titinjnln  mrMi/li/fW/fi, Ch-iiit'iis  (f'ntr.  i*/iil.  Arml.  18(iO, 
11),  iiiiiH>  withiu  it.t  leaves,  ami  Ciilco/ihitni  mnnlln,  WiilHiiij^haiii 
{TranM.  hut.  Sin\  Ltmd.  IHH'J,  KVJ),  feed;*  on  tlu-  Iuiwch  of  Cornu^^ 
fnthfurms  in  Califurnia.  Tlie  lurvii'  of  »  Saw-tly,  finrjiiiihoniJi  vnri- 
nnm^  Nnrtoii,  dcHtroy  the  fuliago  tif  nevuml  of  tlie  Rhruhhy  spceuiH 
uf  t'onius  ill  iiiany  partH  of  tlie  cotiiitry  (d.  <i.  .lack,  (I'ftnlvn  and 
l-'tirr.it,  ii.  •"tJII)'  ^Mie  or  two  s)HH'ies  uf  uiiideiititied  burer!i  iiijtiru 
the  wooil  uf  CorniH.  and  a  whitish  Seale-iiiseet  is  often  ahiuidaiit 
uii  the  Ixirk  of  plants  of  some  speeies, 

^  The  Aiiiericun  iirhnreseeiit  species  of  Ci)rtiu.>t  are  attacked  hy 
a  number  uf   churaeterihtte  fungi  ;    .\f//rii.iporiuin    nilulnm,  Herkt- 


ley  tV  Curtis,  which  is  ronunon  on  Ciirnus  alltrtii/oltii,  kills  thn 
yuuhjf  twi;;s  and  Iiranrhes,  wliieh  liecoine  yelhiwish  brown  and  often 
hi|;lily  poli.shi'd  and  >poUril  with  the  minute  perithccia  uf  thi.s 
parasite.  Sr/ituriu  mrnirii/n,  Uesina/iere.  picMbices  nninermiH  Hniull 
white  spot.H  piiwcb'ied  with  purple  on  tlie  leaves  of  i'lu-nns  jloruUt 
and  Cirnn.'*  nth  ntii'itia  \\\\i\  on  those  uf  many  >hrnliby  sjiccies.  Of 
all  the  Ameriean  speeies,  f'rrnu*  fiorii/a  !i|i|iearrt  to  be  the  must 
Hubjeet  to  attacks  ut  fnn^i,  abunt  thirty  species  liavin*;  been  de- 
tected on  this  tpe.  Amunj;  mildews,  Mirrnsjilurra  Alni,  Wintcrt 
iti  common  on  the  louven  of  fWnuM  nfteruij'ulUi  ami  CWnus  iiloio~ 
uij'rm.  Phiflhcliniit  fjntUUa.  Li^veilliS  n  cuininon  fungus  on  tho 
Chestnut-tree,  occurs  alsu  oil  * '-jmu.*  jlori'iu  and  Cnrnus  ttlnlouljrra. 
A  Httoty  black  fniigus,  Diw ronfiorinm  finUhrnm^  Saecardo,  is  not 
raro  on  the  leaves  uf  i^nrnu*  jutnirulnla  and  (^i'niu.<  .v»nVv«,  but 
althungh  it  disligures  them  it  diK-s  nut  penetrate  into  the  interior 
uf  the  pUuUi. 


SYNOI>SlS   OK   TlIK    NOUTH    AMERICAN    ARUOKKSCENT   SI'KCIKS. 


FluworH   in  a  dcnnc  cynume   hood   nurrounded  by  n  eonspicuoutt   invuliierc  of    1  to  <>  petiddikp 
Hrules  from  btids  funned  the  proviims  HUiiinier. 
Head s  of  ilowerdindrt  inclosed  by  tho  invohicru  during  the  winter  :  involucral  scabs  4.  obeur- 

dato  or  notehed  at  the  apex  :  leaves  ovatu  or  elliptical t.  C.  Fi.oKlit.v. 

Heads  uf  Hower-buds  not  inclosed  by  thu  involiicro;  invulueral  scales  4  to  0.  oblun<;  to  olxivate. 

usually  acute  at  the  ajKJx  ;  leaves  ovato  or  rarely  obovate -.  C.   Ni  ttallii. 

Flowers  in  a  cymose  head  without  involucral  scales,  terminal  on  shouts  of  ibe  year. 

I^'uvcH  mostly  alternute  and  clustered  at  tho  ends  of  the  b^aIudu'^ W.  V.  At.TKRMFOLiA. 


w 


HUA'A    OF  SOUTH  AMKltlVA. 


COHNACK.K. 


! 


CORNU8   FLORIDA. 

Floworlng    DoKWOod. 

lIl'.Alw  of  fl(i\v('r-l»ii(lH  incloM-d  In  the  irivoliicrc  ;  iiivolucriil  scali's  4,  ol)cortlat(>  or 
liolcli)  <l  lit  the  iipcx.      KciivcK  o\iiti'  or  tlliptiial. 


CornilH  ll»rl<|ii.  hinnirii*,  .S'/'"'  1 17  (I'ri.'l),  —  Millnf,  Uirt, 
,<\.  «.  ,\,..  .1,  -  Del  Koi,  Ihrhk.  tluuim  i.  J«7, — 
Wiili;(i  iilii'iiii,  lliti'lirrili,  Sut'liim,  llnh.  Ill;  .S'unliim, 
//'./■;,  M.  I.  17.  f.  tl.  — MiMii.li,  iriumf  \\;i.,,  •.'«._ 
M»r»l(»ll,  JrlniMf.  Am,  .'l.'i  — t'a»ti|{liiiiii,  I'l'/y.  nr'/li  Shili 
fnltl,  )l.  2'.':..  —  r.»f.mr.  k.  />.V^  ii,  111;  ///,  i  IW. — 
V/it\U'r,  /■'/,  C'ir.  MM.  _  |;||<<rili.T,  r„r«/(».  1.  -  NWimiilt, 
llrtif,  Ih'im-..  ii,  ().  I.  r.'.',  —  Willil.iiow,  llrrl.  ILiiims. 
7;l  1  .V/zer,  i.  (Kll  ;   Kniim.  I'iJ.  —  Alilxil,  liiiriti  „f  )i,„r- 

(li'i,  ii.  t.  7:i.  — /M.  -lA/y.  «v.  I.  Wil.  _  Miilwiu,  AV. 
ll'ir.Aiii,  i.  tit.  —  I'lTaiNiii,  iS'/zn.  i.  I  I't.  —  Di-afiiiitniiivK, 
Hill.  Arh.  I.  ,'l,'.0.  —  SiliUiilir.  //.i«.///.  1.  «'.'.— Tiifonl. 
//'<r^    /^/^    /!'«.  41,   t.    111.    f.   7.  —  S'liiii'r'iii    Ihihiniirl, 

Ii,  (:,;), —  .Miriiiiiu  f,  //,v.  ,irA.  .!/«.  lii,  i;iH.  t.  ;i. — 

l'iir«li.  /7.  Am.  S</,f.  i,  lOH.  —  lli^iluw,  /■'/.  //././,/n,  ;IM, 
N>ill»ll.  '/'„.  i,  tW,  —  ItiM-iiii'r  &  Hi'liulti'K,  .S'//W.  ill,  :il'.l.  — 


llnynp,  /Vn(/r.  AV.  0.  — Ouini|»0,  (>lto  &  Huyne,  JAAiA/. 
//"/*.  'Jl,  t.  I'.».  —  KllioU,  .S'A.  i.  '.'07.  —  .SpmiKfl,  .S^/.»^ 
1.  .iril.  — AiidulM.ii,  /*/;•'/»,  t.  «,  7;i,  1'.".'.—  Do  Ciiiiiliilli-. 
I'rinlr.  iv,  '.'7.'l.  —  IIiKiki  r.  AY.  Ilnr.-Am.  i.  '.'77  (in  |iiiit).  — 
Dull,  liiii.  Sijft.  lii.  .|(M».  —  Dii'trii'li,  Syn.  i.  ,"p(ll.  —  Tcunj- 
K  litay,  fl.  N.  Am.  i.  ti,V.'.  —  'I'orrcy,  AV.  .V.  )'.  i.  'JiHl.  — 
Darliii({t(iii,  AV.  Centr.  vA.  It,  lit.  — C'lin|inian,  AV.  IIW.  — 
('iirti»,  /i''7<.  (leulvr/.  .S'l/rc.  jV.  Car,  IHCiO,  iii.  (id.  —  Kcirli, 
Jh'iiffr,  i.  (i'l|.  —  Kiiiprsuii.  TrrtH  .M-ism.  ni.  'J,  ii.  ■Il>7,  t.  — 
liailliiii.  //iV.  /•/.  vii.  (W,  r.  li;.  —  Ki.lK'wii)-,  AV...-.  /'.  .S'. 
A''i/.  .Willi.  IKH'J,  07.  —  l^aiirlit-,  Deiilsrhii  Drmh.  n\.  'J, 
rilO,  —  SiirKi'nl.  h'^reat  Tree*  X  .Im.  10^/«  Cfmii*  I'.  .V. 
il. !K>.  —  Cipiillir  A;  Kviiiis.  Jtnl.  tl'ixiile.  xv.  It'.'.  —  Wiitudh 
\  Ciuillir.  Ilniij's  ,!/.(»..  I'll,  l!,  I'l  1. 
Benthfunidla  florida.  S|uii'li,  llUt.  (Vy.  viii.  1M7  (liC)'.)). 


A  liiw  liiitliy  trci',  r.'ircly  fiirty  fi'<*t  in  lii-i);ht,  with  ft  sliort  trunk  twclvi-  to  t'ijjlitet'ii  iiiflif-*  in 
'liiiiiii-ti'r,  nIi'IiiIit  H]irfailiiiK  or  iijiri^lit  liriUii'lii^N  iiiiil  diverfrin^  liranclilots  turned  upwanls  near  tlu' 
i'ImU  1  or  l'i'i'i|ni'iitly  tow.-inl  tin-  nortlu'rii  liniiln  of  ili«  iin^c  a  niany-stcunniMl  slirul).  1'lii>  hark  nt'  tlic 
I  Mink,  wliii'li  varii'H  froin  an  t'i;;litli  to  ii  ijiiarttr  of  an  inch  in  tliickiicss,  lia.s  a  dark  red-brown  surface 
diwdi'd  into  i|iiadr.'inKular  or  iiiany-hidi-d  jilate-hke  mmIi-m.  The  hranehletH,  wlien  they  first  ap)iear,  are 
|iahi  ({M'i'ii  or  i^recM  tinned  with  red,  and  are  ^lalirotiH  or  sh^htly  |iulieruluuH;  in  their  tirxt  winter  they 
are  hri^ht  red  or  yelhiw-jjieen  and  .ire  ne.irly  Hiirroiinded  hy  the  narrow  riiiji;-like  leaf-.sears,  wliile  later 
they  lieeoiiie  h^lit  hrown  or  ({lay  tili};ed  with  red.  'I'he  hiid.H  are  ii)rii:ed  in  iiiidsuninier,  and  are  covered 
hy  two  o|i|ioNitti  iteiit«!  [loiiited  M'ah-i*  roiindeil  on  the  hack  and  ci''inate  hidow  for  lialf  their  leii^tii ;  the 
leriiiinal  hiid  in  ,'U'Coni|i.'iiiieil  hy  two  |iairii  of  Literal  hiiiU,  each  i  iivereil  hy  u  sin<rh'  scale  ;  the  scales  of 
lliii  oilliT  pair  of  these  Iat4-ral  liildx  nxiLilly  fall  in  aiitiinin,  and  the  inelo.sed  shoots  then  often  reinain 
nndevelo|ied  ;  on  fertilo  Hhootii  the  t«'rniiiial  hud  in  replaced  hy  the  head  of  tlower-huds  which,  hy 
liiid«iliaiiier,  |irotriides  from  hetween  the  two  ii|i|ier  lateral  huds.  The  leaves  are  involute  in  vernation, 
ovale  to  elli|itii'al  or  rarely  slightly  ohovate,  acute  and  often  contracted  into  slender  points  at  the  apex. 
^r.idiMliv  tianowed  at  the  h;iM>,  remotely  and  ohsciireiy  creiiulate-toothed  on  the  somewhat  thickeiiid 
liiarifiiiH  and  iiiimtly  cluHtered  toward  the  endn  of  the  lirancheH  ;  when  they  unfold  they  are  pale,  puhes- 
ceiil  helow,  and  faintly  puheriiloiiH  ahove,  and  iit  maturity  .ire  thick  and  firm,  hri^jht  <^iecn.  and  covered 
Willi  minute  appressed  liairH  on  the  n|ipi'r  xiirfaee,  and  pide  or  .sometimes  almost  white  and  more  or  less 
piihi'Hcenl  on  the  lower,  from  three  to  nix  incheit  lon^f  and  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  inches  hroad  ;  they 
have  proiiiineiit  li>{lit-colored  niidrihit  deeply  impreHsi-d  ahove,  live  or  six  pairs  of  primary  veins  parallel 
with  their  sirles  and  connected  hy  ohHciire  reticulated  veinlets,  and  jrrooved  petioles  from  one  half  to 
three  (piarters  of  an  inch  in  len^^th.  In  the  aniiitun  they  turn  hrifjht  .scarlet.  The  head  of  llower-huds 
Ik  iiielowd  hy  four  invohicral  wtalen  wliir  h  reinain  li)?lit  hrown  and  more  or  less  covered  with  pule  hairs 
throiiKli  the  winter,  and  is  home  on  a  ntout  eliili-Hhaped  puheruluiiH  reddish  peduncle  which  durin<;  the 


i 


IllNACK.!:. 


(  I  )||NA(.'KiC. 


HJLIA    OF  AUJi'TJ/   AMKlilL'A. 


67 


winter  Im  ii  qimrtor  of  an  inch  or  Iohh  in  length,  Iml,  liy  the  lini<'  tlir  llowcrs  liavu  t'X|mniicil,  is  nn  incli 
or  iin  int'li  and  ii  liitit'  loM<r.  'riic  involucral  Males  lM';;in  to  init'olil,  cnlarp',  and  }{i'o\v  wiiitu  with  the 
firNt  warm  dayx  of  H|irin;r,  and  wliuii  thu  tiowfrx  open,  which  in  Texas  takes  place  in  March  and  in 
MassachuscttH  in  May<  when  the  leaves  are  half'  ^rown,  these  si'ales  I'orni  a  tiat  corolla-lilo!  ('U|i  three  or 
tour  inches  in  diaiaeter  ;  at  niatnrity  they  are  ohcordate,  an  inch  or  an  iiieli  and  a  hall'  wide,  gradually 
narrowed  helow  the  middle,  the  rounded  apex  notched  liy  its  ^rowin;;  round  the  discolored  and  tiiick- 
ciu-il  remnants  of  tint  portion  fiu'nied  durin;;  the  previous  sunnnej,'  reticulale-veiiu'il,  and  |iuru  white, 
pink,  or  rarely  hri^rht  reil ;  they  fall  after  the  fadin;;  of  the  tlowers.  The  llower-huds,  which  are 
collected  in  close  uiany-llowered  cymes,  are  ohlon^,  olituse,  pid)erulous  with  p:dc  hairs,  and  sessile  in  the 
axils  of  hroadly  ovate  nearly  triangular  minutely  apiculate  frliihious  li^ht  ^reen  deciduous  hracllets. 
The  tlowers  are  an  ei;;hth  of  an  inch  across  when  expanded  ;  the  calyx  is  terete,  sli;;htly  urceolate. 
puliernlous,  ohtusely  four-lohed,  and  li^ht  <rreen  ;  the  corolla-liilies  are  strap-shapeil,  rouniled  lU'  acute 
at  the  apex,  sli^rhtly  thickened  on  the  margins,  pidieruluiis  on  the  outer  siu'face,  glahrous  on  the  inner, 
rellexed  after  antliems,  and  green  tipped  with  yellow  ;  the  disk  is  large  and  orange-colorcil,  ancl  the 
style  is  columnar  and  crowned  with  a  truncate  stigma.  The  fruit  ri|iens  in  Octolier,  usually  only  three 
or  four  dru[)es  lieing  developed  from  a  head  of  tlowers;  they  are  siirroinnled  liy  the  remnants  of 
ahurtive  tlowers  and  are  ovoid,  crowned  with  the  renniants  of  the  narrow  persistent  calyx  and  with  the 
style,  hright  scarlet,  half  an  inch  long  and  a  (piarter  to  half  an  inch  hrnad.  with  thin  mealy  tiesh  and  a 
snuiotli  ovate  thick-walled  slightly  grooved  stone,  acute  at  the  two  eiiils  and  containing  two  ohiong 
seeds,  (M'  often  only  one,  covered  with  a  thin  pale  coat. 

Ciiriiiin  jhiriilii  is  distriliuted  from  eastern  Massiichusetts  to  southern  Ontario'-' and  southwestern 
Missouri,'  and  southward  to  central  Florida  and  the  valley  of  the  IJra/os  liiver  in  Texas,  and  reappears 
on  the  Sierra  Madre  and  several  of  the  other  mountain  ranges  of  eastern  ami  southern  Mexico.' 
Comparatively  rare  at  the  north,  the  Flowering  Dogwood  is  one  of  the  commoiu'st  and  most  generally 
distrihnted  inhaliitants  of  the  ileciduous  forests  of  the  middle  anil  southern  states,  growing  untler  the 
shade  of  taller  trees  in  rich  well-tlrained  soil,  anil  from  the  coast  nearly  to  the  sunniiits  of  the  high 
Alleghany  Moiuitains. 

The  wood  oi  Curiiiis  ffiiridii  is  heavy,  hard,  and  strong,  tough  and  close-grained,  with  a  satiny 
surface  susceptihle  of  receiving  a  heantiful  polish;  it  contains  numerous  conspicuous  medidlary  rays,  and 
is  lirown,  sometimes  changing  to  shades  of  green  and  red,  with  lighter  colored  sapwood  coni|)oseil  of 
thirty  to  forty  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  siiecilic  gravity  of  the  ahsolutcly  dry  wood  is  ().SI.');{,  .i 
euliic  foot  weighing  .")(). SI  pounds.  It  is  largely  used  in  turnery,  for  the  hearings  of  machinery,  the 
hnhs  of  small  wheels,  harrel-hoops,  the  handles  of  tools,  and  occasionally  for  engravers'  Mocks. 

The  bark,  especially  that  of  the  roots,  which  contains  a  hitter  jirinciplc,  coruin  or  cornie  acid,''  is 
astringent  and  slightly  aromatic,  anil  is  occasioi.ally  used  in  the  form  of  powder,  decoctions,  or  tinid 
extracts,  in  the  treatment  of  intermittent  and  malarial  fevers.'  and  in  homieopathic  practice." 

'I'he  Flowering  l)i  gwood  is  one  of  the  nui^^l  heantiful  of  the  small  trees  of  the  American  forests, 
which  it  eidivens  in  early  spring  with  the  whitenes.s  of  its  tlnral  leaves  and  in  autumn  with  the  s])lemlor 

*  Mi*rtiaii,  /Vim".  Phil.  Ai'wt.  IS'.f-*,  1177.  nifutnl  Iw^Hint  iittn  the  iimllarili/  in  virtue  hftwevn  the  Cnrntts  flnriild 

'^  Bi'll,  fifi'ttuj.  Hep.  I 'lilt.  1871M*I),  ,V,'.  —  Miu-'oUD,  Cut.  Can.  1*1.      ivfl  sfni-m,  umt  the  Cittchnna  utfieinali.*  nf  Lintians,  —  Itartoii,  Cnlt. 


i.  I!NI. 

*  IlriMcllii'uil,  I'.nl.  tiilzellt.  ill.  ."i,'l. 

*  llcimloy,  lliil.  Ili'il.  Am.  Cent,  i,  ,"i7."i. 

S|H'c'niii'iis  pit  III  rill  liy  .Mr.  ('.  (i.  friiiKli"  "ii  llio  SiiTni  Mailri" 
(irp  iH'i'uliar  in  tlit'  miowy  whilt'iii'SH  tif  tin'  iiiiiliT  .siirlacf  iil'  tlir 
letiven,  wliii'li  is  clutlii'il  with  tliiric  itulK'Sfi'iii-i'. 

*  (Ji'ij;t'r,  .tun.  Chem.  unit  Phttrm.  xiv.  'JIHJ.  —  A.  .1.  I-'ri-y,  .tin. 
Jimr.  I'harm.  1S7S,  a'.HJ. 


I'll,  a,  i.  1L>,  17  ;  ii  17.  —  \V.  1'.  C.  lliiptmi,  .Meil.  H.,1.  i.  I:i,  t.  a.  -- 
HiRi'liiw,  )/.</.  lint.  ii.  7a,  t.  lis.  —  Kaliiiosiim-,  Mnl.  Fl.  i  till,  1. 
■-•S.  -l.iiulK.y,  /••/.  Me,l.  SI.  —  A.  Iti.haiil,  lli»l.  Mat.  M.,1.  in 
.i.%t.  -Ciinitli.  .Meil.  Hot.  ;147,  f.  Hit.  --('arson,  .\l,il.  Hoi.  i.  rM, 
t.  l-.  —  I'orelier,  lienonrei  .-t  of  Simthi  ni  Fiehli  anil  Fori  .</.<,  .V.J.  — 
Itcntli-y  &  'rrimiii,  .1/../.  PI.  ii.  i;K!,  t.  llUi.  —  .loliiisiiii.  Mim.  .Mnl. 
Hot.  X.  Am.  l.Vl,  t.  ."i.—  / '.  .s'.  IK<i>etii.  eil.  l(i,  .'lOS. 
'  Mill.s|>au);li,  .1™.    .Mill.   PI.  in    //umnu/iiirtic   Heinnlii',   i.   71, 


•  S'liocpf,  .Mut.  Meil.   Amir.  14.  —  .).   .M.  W'alkiT,  An  i,>/«Ti-      t.  71. 


*l 


I     -^ 


Ml 


11 


!    I 


08 


SUVA    OF  NORTH  AMKRICA. 


CORNACK^E. 


of  its  foliage  and  the  brilliancy  of  its  fruit.'  Ni  :rce  is  more  desirable  in  the  garden  or  park°  in  regions 
wlii'iv  the  snnnner's  sun  is  sutlifiently  hot  to  insure  the  production  of  its  Howers  through  the  perfect 
dfvelopiueiit  of  the  branchlcts.''  A  variety  witii  pendulous  branches,  discovered  a  few  years  ago  in  the 
forests  of  Marvlan<!.  and  one  with  brigiit  red  involucral  scales  are  now  often  cultivated. 

The  first  published  account  of  Cornus  floridu  appeared  in  the  P/n/t(i(jr(ij)ltl(t  of  Plukonet  in 
KJid  ;'  his  information  was  probably  derived  from  John  Banister,  the  English  missionary  in  Virginia, 
altiiough  there  !■  no  mention  of  the  P^lowering  Dogwood  in  Banister's  printed  catalogue  of  Virginia 
plants.  According  to  Loudon,"  it  was  cultivated  in  England  in  17I51)  by  Thomas  Fairchild,"  and  a  few 
years  later  by  Philip  Miller  in  the  Physic  Garden  at  Chelsea." 

Cnrniat jhiviihi  is  easily  raised  from  seeds,"  which  germinate  in  the  second  year  ;  it  requires  nioder- 
atelv  ricli  well-drained  soil,  and  under  favorable  conditions  begins  to  flower  when  ten  or  twelve  years 
old." 


'  K;iliii,    7V,ii-</.-'    Knglish  0(1.   i.  UUI ;    ii.    l|-,:i.  _  W.   Kartrini, 
Trtmh.  llPl. 
-  (ittriUn  ond  For'.tl,  iii.  I'M,  i.  "(I. 

*  111  (irnit  Britain  and  otlier  fiMintrios  nf  ncirtliprn  anil  cpntral 
Kuro|i('  t\irnn.*  tl'>rit!<i  rart'Iy  pritdnrcs  llnwors  (Lunilon,  .Ir'i.  iirii. 
ii.  11*17.  —  The  Ganhn,  xxxiii.  tU  ;  xliii.  l.'iO). 

*  Corfjtw  Virifiniatia^  llnsi'uli<t  i-lurimis  aihi/ll^  ir  hin>!itrrn  tiint- 
futitlo  nthrn  frumprnlif'iii't  t.  'Jil,  f.  It ;  .li'/;j.  Hut.  IJO.  —  ("atcsliy,  \fit. 
Hisl.  Car.  i.  27,  t.  27. 

(^oruHX  involitcrii  marimn^ /olinHjt  ohrrrff  mnliitin,  I,ini':ru«.  Ifnrt. 
Cilf.  3»  ;  Hnrl.  I'pf.  •JO.  —  RoyiMl,  Fl.  /.ri,,l.  I'r.,lr.  -1 1'.l.  -  (lay. 
ton,  Fl.  Viri/m.  17.  —  C.pIiI™.  .\rl.  Ilcrt.  />.  174:1,  S!l  | /'/  S.,,-,. 
hiir.).  —  MilliT,  Ihcl.  .'.l.  7,  No,  :!.  —  I>uliuniil,  7>fii(.  :!i.<  .Ir'.r-'.t, 
i.  182. 

^  Lmiddti,  /.  '-. 

''■  lliuinas  Kaircliihl  { lt>t'i7  ?-l7"Jft),  a  nnr^eryjnan  ;itii1  tlurist  at 
Hiixtim  near  lyjmlon.  wliu  united  a  luve  of  seience  witli  tin'  succe'.s- 


fiil  prnctioe  nl"  lii.s  art.  In  17J'J  ho  published  7'A»  (^iti/  d'ttrdentTf 
rotitiiintiig  tfif  mii.«t  ixp'^neni't'il  mrthml  of' allit'dfin;/  otul  nriUrinij  sin'h 
fferffrffttn.  f'ruit-lrff.i,  ftoirrritit/  :ihruhn,jhmm,  I'lnlirk  plfVit:t^  etc.,  n.^ 
wiii  hf  nmtirrwtilnt,  anii  thrift  l>f.tl  in  fhr  Luuilon  titinlrn.^  ,  and  in 
17'J1,  in  the  VhiU'si'jihit'ii!  Trnnnnctionn  (xx.iiii.  lL'7  lll'J),  .In  .Ir- 
cnnnt  of  Home  netr  Erperiment.i  nhltituj  to  the  iliji<'re'il  and  soniflimfX 
rnntrari^  .Motioti  of  thf  Sa/i  of  /'Ai'jA*  antl  Tmn.  lie  wiw  a  corre- 
spondent of  I.immMi!!,  and  hy  his  will  left  to  the  Trustees  of  the 
fharity  .'^ehlH^l  of  Shorediteh,  when*  he  »lied,  .t'J.",  the  ineonie  of 
whieh  was  to  he  used  for  an  annual  sermon  to  he  preaehed  on 
Whit.-inn  'I'uesday  ( Felton,  Portraits  of  Kuijti.th  Author*  on  (lanirn- 
ini/,  ed.  *J,  (tO. —  The  Cuttatje  fianlrner,  vi.  143). 

"   .\it<»n,  Ifort.  Kur.  i.  I.'t7. 

^  The  ^reat  ahuiulanee  of  this  tree  in  those  parts  of  the  country 
where  the  eliniate  is  not  to<»  severe  for  it  may  he  explained  hy  the 
faet  that  the  fruit  is  :i  favorite  fooil  of  many  birds,  who  Heatter 
tlie  seeds  without  injurin};  their  vitality. 


EX1'I..VN.VTI0N   OK  TIIK   PI.ATKS. 


k 


I'l..\TK    CrXII.      C'(.HVt-<    Kl.(ilini.\. 

1.  A  llowi  riiit;  liraneli,  natural  siio. 

2.  A  llowiT.  ciilari,'ed. 

.'!.  Vertical  section  of  a  Hnwer.  enlarged. 
4.  An  ovary  eiit  crosswise,  enlarged. 


I'latk  f'f'XIII.     CciiiM-i  Ki.onn>A. 

1.  A  friiitini,'  lirancli.  natural  -i/.e. 

2.  Vertical  section  of  a  fruit,  eidarfji'd. 

3.  A  fruit  cut  crosswise,  eidarited. 
■I.   A  nutlet,  inlariied. 

,").  A  seed,  otilari^t'il. 

(>.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed.  onlarReJ. 

T.  An  enihryo.  murli  niat^nitied. 

8,  A  winter  hranclilct  with  llun'cr-bud»,  natural  size. 


4 


COUNACEiE. 

•  in  regions 
tlu!  perfect 
affo  in  the 


riukenet  in 
in  Virginia, 
of  Virginia 
,'  and  a  few 

nires  nioiler- 
twelve  years 


.■  Cilii  (iiirilmn, 
nil  iiriltriiifi  such 
^i  fittints,  etc.,  a^ 
iftrtUn.i ,  fttnl  in 
J7  111-'),  An  Ar- 
•ril  and  snmtlimfs 
III'  wiis  a  corro- 
Triistt'es  of  tlie 
i,  the  incoriio  iif 
be  prendu'il  on 
M"r«  on  fiariien- 


«  of  tlio  country 
explained  hy  the 
riU,  who  seatter 


I 

* 


i( 


11  ' 


>  I  '       i 


I 

i 


I 


(    .■■   ;-,u;"i  , 


CORNUS    FLORIDA 


■I /,;„,-, I,.,  ,/iiv.i' 


/.I   (I'll/     /'.!«.• 


i'! 


"*J 


i't 


r 


i  I 


■^ 


J' 


J" 


/ 


i 


■'  / 


'^: 


i^ 


l\ 


iiii 


"l' 


>-i 


r.    r'Liit'i 


CORHUS    FLORIDA 


■f  Rtvatfiu  >!in\y  ' 


If 


,,  jii!^ 


iiil 


' 


(OliNACK.I':, 


SILVA    OF  NUJlTJr  AMinUCA. 


G!» 


CORNUS   NUTTALLII. 
Dogwood. 

IIf.ads  of  flowcr-l)U(ls  not  inclosed;    iuvolueral  soulcs  4  to  G,  oblong  to  ohovatc, 
usually  acute  at  the  apex.     Leaves  ovate  or  rarely  olx-vate. 


Cornua  Nuttallii.  A  idiilioii,  ///n/.«,  t.  I(i7  (tS37)  ;  Oni. 
lli'iii/i:  Iv.  I.Hi;. —  I'orrcy  it  (iriiy,  /•'/.  »V.  Am.  i.  ti.VJ. — 
Walters,  Jifji.  li.  l.'Ci. —  Itcntluiiii,  /'/.  IliiHiiTri,  ,'il  I. — 
Niittnll,  Sijtoa,  ill.  ."il,  t.  07.  —  Torrey.  /'ifijir  Ji.  /,'. 
Jle/i.  iv.  94:  /^'^   Mij-.   Jlnmid.  Sun:  71;  JM.    IVilh.i 


Kyull,  ./niii:  J, inn.  .S'<«'.  vii.  134.  —  Gray.  J'fn:  Ani. 
Ar.iil.  viii.  ;iS7.— Ilicwcr  i\;  Watsun.  Itnt.  Cal.  i.  271: 
ii.  I.VJ.  —  Iliill.  Ilit.  t;,i.-:,tt,:  \\.  ,S8.  —  Sarjjc'iit,  J-'nrr.if 
Trn:i  \.  .Ini.  Uit/i  Cmsn.i  T.  S.  ix.  91.  — Coulter  it 
Kvaiis.  /.^.^  fi'ir.ffft',  XV.  ."».». 


AV/'/'ic.  A>/'Ci/.  .">'-'< i.  —  Newlieiry,  /'i/ci/:> /i".  /i'.  y/.'/;.  vi.       Cornus   florida.   Ilookui-.    AV.   Hur.-.lm.    i.   L'77    (in    part) 
'J I.  7.'.  —  C'dopci'.  I'ni-ljir  It.  ](.  Hi II.  xii.  [it.  ii.  29,11,!.—  (IHIi:!). 

A  tri'i',  forty  to  \  ixty  feet  or  cxcqitioiiiilly  one  liiindrcd  feet '  in  lieiijlit.  with  a  trunk  one  or  two 
feet  in  diameter,  and  slender  si)rea(!in<;  braneiies  wliicli  form  an  oMonjr-eonieal  or  ultimately  a  round- 
tip|)iied  head.  The  I' u-i<  of  tile  trunii  is  a  ipiarter  of  an  ineii  tiiieli,  brown  tinj^ed  with  red.  and  divided 
on  the  surface  into  small  tiiin  ajipressed  seaies.  Tiie  liraneldets  are  slender,  liirht  green,  and  eoated 
when  young  with  ^lale  hairs ;  in  tlieir  lii-st  winter  tiiey  are  glai)rous  or  jiuberulous,  dark  reddisli  purple 
or  sonietinu's  gr  en.  eonspieuousiy  marked  by  tlu'  elevated  liuiate  leaf-sears,  and  later  become  liglit  l)ro\vn 
or  brown  tingid  with  red.  The  buds,  wiiicii  are  formed  in  .luly,  are  acute,  a  tliird  of  an  inch  in  length, 
and  covered  with  two  natrowly  ovato  acute  long-pointed  puberulous  light  green  opposite  scales;  the 
terminal  bud  is  :iccompanied  by  two  pairs  of  lateral  buds,  each  covered  by  a  singh'  scale ;  the  scales  of 
tlie  lower  pair  usually  fall  in  tiie  antiniin  and  tlie  buds  remain  undeveloped,  and  tiiose  of  the  uj>per 
j)air,  wliieli  are  now  eoated  witii  pale  iiairs,  especially  toward  tiic  :ipex,  tiiicken  and  turn  dark  purple, 
and,  lengtiiening  in  the  spring  witli  tiie  shoots  which  they  inclose,  tinally  become  scarious  or  often 
develop  into  small  leaves,  and  in  falling  mark  the  base  of  tile  brancidets  witli  ring-like  scars.  The  leaves 
are  involute  in  vernation,  ovate  or  slightly  obovate,  acute  and  often  contracte<l  into  short  points  at 
tile  apex,  wedge-shaped  at  the  base  and  faintly  ereiiidate-sen-ate,  and  are  generally  clustered  toward  the 
ends  of  the  branches;  when  they  unfold  they  are  coated  below  with  pale  tomentum  and  are  puberulous 
aliove,  wiiile  at  maturity  they  are  meinbranaeeous.  bright  green,  and  slightly  puberulous,  with  short 
appres.sed  hairs  on  the  upper  surface  and  woolly  pubescent  on  the  lower,  and  are  four  or  five  inches 
in  length  and  an  inch  and  a  half  to  three  inches  in  breadtii,  with  prominent  pale  midribs  impressed 
above,  about  five  pairs  of  slender  primary  veins  nearly  parallel  with  their  margins  and  connected  by 
remote  retieidated  veinlets,  and  stout  grooved  hairy  i)etiolcs  from  one  half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long, 
with  large  cliuiping  bases.  In  the  autumn  the  leaves  become  brilliant  orange  and  scarlet  before  falling. 
The  head  of  thiwer-buds  appears  during  the  summer  from  iietween  the  up])er  pair  of  lateral  leaf-buds, 
and  is  surrounded  at  the  bas(>  but  not  inclosed  by  the  involucral  scales ;  during  the  winter  it  is  hemi- 
spherical, covered  only  at  the  base  by  the  involucre,  half  :in  inch  in  diameter,  and  is  usually  nodding 
by  the  reHexion  above  the  middle  of  the  stout  hairy  peduncle,  which  is  enlarged  at  the  apex  and  three 
(piarters  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length.  In  early  spring,  when  the  tlowers  open,  the  involucral  scales 
have  become  an  inch  and  a  half  to  three  inches  long  and  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  inches  wide;  they 
are  now  white  or  white  tinged  with  pink,  narrowly  oblong  to  obovate  in-  sometimes  nearly  orbicidar, 
abruptly  acute,  acuminate  or  obtuse,  entire  and  thickened  at  the  iipex  with  the  remnants  of  the  portions 
of  the  scales  formed  during  the  previous  sununer,  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface,  gradually  narrowed 

'  Kulloyg,  Fvrtst  Treta  i>f  Culi/iirnia,  112. 


I    I  ( 

1     i 


i 


till  I 


70 


:^iLVA  OF  xoiiTii  ami: UK  A. 


COHNACK^K. 


below  the  iniildle  uiul  fonsjuciiously  eij^ht-iilibed,  tlie  N|nt'iiilinH;  nl)M  beiii^  iiniti'd  by  leticiiliitt'd  veiiiletn. 
'I"bc  lIowiTs,  wliieli  are  crowdcil  in  tk'iisi'  I'viiiosc  beads,  are  inodiiced  in  the  axils  of  niiniite  aeiiiiiiiiatu 
Maiiims  deeidiioiis  bracts.  The  calyx  is  terete,  slij;-|itly  urceolate,  |iul)erul()us  on  tile  outer  surface  and 
veiiow-'ncen.  nr  in  one  form  lif;lit  puride,  with  dark  recl-|uu'i)le  lobes  ;  the  petals  are  straii-sbaped, 
rounded  at  tiie  ajiex,  spreadiiif;',  somewhat  puberulons  on  the  outer  surface,  with  thickened  siifrhtly 
iiilicxed  niarnin.s;  lliey  are  yello\v-!;reen,  or  in  the  i>ur|(le-llo\vered  form  yellow  below  the  middle  on  the 
iinicr  surface  anil  nf  a  dark  jihiin-color  above  it  ;  the  style  is  columnar  and  crowru'd  with  a  truncate 
stifTiiia.  The  fruit  ri|ii'ns  in  October,  thirty  or  forty  drupes  beinj;  crowded  into  a  dense  s|dierical  head, 
whieh  is  surrounded  at  tiie  base  by  a  riuj^  of  abortive  |ieu<lulous  ovaries;  the  drupes  are  half  an  inch 
lon<j,  ovoid,  much  llattcni'd  by  nmtual  pressiux".  crowned  with  the  broad  persistent  calyx,  and  brij^ht 
red  or  oranj;;e-col(>r,  with  thin  mealy  tlesh  and  thick-walled  one  or  two-seeded  stones  which  are  obtuse 
at  both  ends  and  scarcely  <;roovcil.  The  seeds  are  oblong;-,  eomjiresscd,  and  covered  with  a  very  thill 
pale  papery  coat. 

Cnniiis  yiilliiU'ii  is  distributed  from  the  valley  of  the  lowei'  Fraser  liiver'  and  Vancouver's 
Island.'  .-oulliward  alonj;'  the  coast  of  Hritisb  (Jobunbia,  through  western  Wasbinj;tou  and  Orejjon,  and 
southward  on  the  coast  ran;jes  of  California  to  the  Sail  Iteruardino  Mountains  and  on  the  western 
slojies  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  It  jjiows  usually  in  nmist  well-drained  soil  under  the  shade  of  coniferous 
forests,  ascendiliij  on  the  Cascade  .Mountains  to  an  elevation  of  three  thousand  feet  above  the  .sea-level 
and  of  four  or  li\e  lliousand  at  tlie  scuithcrii  limits  of  its  ranf^e,  and  attaiiiiiifr  its  greatest  size  near  the 
shores  of  I'u^et  Sound  and  in  the  lledwood  forcsl>  of  iiortliern  California. 

The  wood  of  ('unnis  Xi'llnlh'i  is  heavy,  exccediii^lv  hard,  stronj;',  and  elo.se-fjrained,  with  a  satiny 
surface  siisccptiiilc  of  receiving-  a  h'cmkI  polisli  ;  it  contains  numerous  obscure  medullary  rays,  and  is 
li:;lit  brown  tiiii;e(l  with  ri'd,  with  lii;'htei'  colored  sajiwood  composed  of  tliirlv  to  forty  layers  of  annual 
jjrowlii.  I'he  spccilic  nra\ity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  O.TISl.a  cubic  foot  wcii^hin;;'  Ifi.l'J  pimnds. 
It  is  used  in  cabinet-makiny;,  for  malls,  the  bandies  of  tools,  etc. 

The  ilowcr-rlusters  of  Curniin  A'(///(///i/ are  more  beautiful  and  conspicuous  tlian  the  llowcrs  of 
any  other  tree  of  the  I'aciiie  states  ;  and  in  early  sprinj;.  when  the  j^reat  ilower-scalcs  have  f;rown  to 
tiieir  full  size,  it  liniits  ii[)  the  dark  and  sombre  forests  wbicb  are  the  home  of  the  I)oi;wood  as  with  a 
bridal  wreath,  and  as  with  tonjjues  of  flame  late  in  the  year,  wiien  the  beauty  of  the  brilliantly  colored 
leaves  and  larije  heads  of  brij^ht  fruit  is  often  beiiflitened  by  the  appearance  of  autumnal  llowcrs. 

('(irniis  Xiittnil'i'i  was  discovered  on  the  banks  of  the  lower  Columbia  Uiver  by  David  Douijlas^ 
in  ISli.'i  or  ll^'Jl")  ;  it  was  lirst  mistaken  for  the  Floweriuj;  Dogwood  of  the  east,  and  was  not  distin- 
guished from  tiiat  specie-,  until  several  years  later  by  Thomas  Nuttall  '  in  his  transcontinental  journey.' 


1  .Maciiiin,  fV/^  (■■,111.  /'/.  i.  1!K). 

*  (i.  M.  Diiwiioii,  Ciinii'litUi  Stil.  11.  srr.  ix.  IIIU. 

»  See  ii.  !M. 

« .Sec  ii.  :i-i. 

^  Vaiious  attfiiiptM  Ikim'  \>v%'\\  iiiaiti'  in  tin-  fiustitii  states  and 


Kuro]H>  tit  t'liltivate  tliiit  tiiii^iiitii'tMit  tree,  but  ulltiuai^li  tin*  svv\\a 
j^eriiitiiiite  rriulily  tlie  voiiii;;  |iliiiitH  mihiii  [H-ri^li.  ami  tlie  right 
method  iif  iimimgiiig  !heiii,  ^^Q  fur  \is  1  have  heanl.  ha.s  not  yet 
been  di.seiivereit. 


i;.\)'l,A.N.\iIOX  OK  TIIK   1'I.ATKS. 


Pl..\rK    CCXIV.       CuK.MS    NCTT.M.I.II. 

1.  A  tluwerin;;  liraiuli.  natiiial  si/.e. 

2.  A  lliiwer,  enlarged. 

y.  Vertieal  neetion  of  a  Iliiwcr.  iiilaru'ed. 
4.   A  fruiting  bnmeblet.  iiatiival  si/.e. 
Th  Vertieul  tfcetiiiii  of  a  Iniit,  eular^^ed. 


Ii.  A  fruit  eiit  (ToK«H  ise.  cnlai');e(l. 
7.   An  eniliiyo,  niueli  ni.i),'nitied. 

l'l.,VrK    ('('X\'.       CoRNCS    NfTT.VI.l.Il. 

1.   A  ilowerini,'  brain  li.  witli  .in  invidiiere  nf  .six  seale.s.  natural 


'J.   A  \\  Inter  branehlet  h  itii  beinl  of  How  er  limls,  natural  si/P. 


ll-t 


*•-"■   «f*«-^-  ' , ' 


'  f 


^ 


..*■' 


i   i 


Sliva 


I'U-.    I  UlWlVi' 


1  ' 

1    ; 
i 

\> 

^k 

i.t 

Siiva  of  Norvh   Aticnc* 


(■A'  .Ku."i  ./..' 


CORNUS    NUTTALLU  ,  A„.1 


.( /,•,..,'.•«..•  ./.■•■.■..  ' 


.'"I/'  .V   'UfU'ur  !\tii,f 


■A\ 


N 


n 


I  I 


■5  ' 


i'vt 


til       , 


il  ■ 


A  iiu-i'itHuJ    (iinit^ 


COF^Nl'S    Nl'TTAl.l.li 


!   I 


coknacka:. 


,SILVA    OF  JSOUTJI  AM  Kit  K' A. 


71 


COR^TJS  ALTERNIPOLIA. 
Dogwood. 
Lkavks  mostly  alternate,  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  brauthes. 


Cornus  alternifolia,  Liiinaus  f.  .S'l/sr.  <>d.  l.i,  Suiipl.  iLTi 
(17S1).— Uiiiiarck,  Dirt.n.  110;  ///.  i.  ;««.  —  L'H.'ii- 
ticr,  Coriiiis,  1(1,  t.  0.  —  Kliiliiirt,  Ikitr.  iii.  11).  —  l)u  Uiii, 
Jliirlilc.  Iliiiiiii:^.  cil. 'J,  i. 'J.Vi.  —  .Solmiiilt.  (Vcs//'.  Ilminir.. 
ii.  l.'i,  t.  "0.  —  WilMcniiw,  /.'('/■/.  liinimr..  77  :  Sjiec.  I.  (ItVI ; 
Kiiiim.  Ui.'i.  —  Mic'liiiiix,  I'l.  Hor.Aiii.  i.  it.'f.  —  IVranoii, 
.S'7».  i.  Ml. —  Dcsfontaiiius,  Hist.  .\rli.'\.'AT>l.  -  Vmiri'iii 
Viihiimfl.  ii.  l")?.  t.  4.").  —  I'msli.  /•'/.  Am.  Sr/il.  i.  1(1'.).  — 
Nilttiill,  (ii'ii.  i.  9'.). —  Kociiicr  A;  Sclmltcs,  .S^/■^^  iii.  .'!'_'.'!; 
.W'(«M'r>l.  — Klliolt,  .S7.-.  i.  L'K).  —  ItiKflow,  I'/.  Il;st<m. 
ed.  '.'.  .'S.  —  (iiiimpi'l,  Otto  &  Uavnc,  Alihild.  lint-..  .">.'!. 
t.  4;!.  —  llayiic,  Ihnilr.  Fl.  K.  —  Spreii|i;el,  Sijat.  i.  l."l.  — 
Do  ("aiiiliilli',  /'/We.  iv.  .71.  —  lIookiT,  I'l.  I!ui:.,tiii. 
i.  -7.">.  —  Don,  Ot'Ti.  iS'y.i^  iii.  3'.t8.  —  Taiisi'li.  Iifffiisli. 
Flora.  I«;i8,  7.!-'.  —  Spacli,  IIUl.  IVy.  viil.  '.VI.  —  Dietrich. 
Sijn.  i.  ."i();{.  —  Torii'y  &  l!ray.  Fl.  .Y.  Am.  i.  (i4'.).— •  Tor- 
rry,  Fl.  S.  Y.  i.  •.'HH._C.  A.  Mi'yiT.    Mh„.  Ar.nl.  S.-i. 


Si.  r.'/rrs/.oiny.  m'i'.  Ci, 'Jii:',.  —  WaljiiTs,  /.'17-.  v.  '.);{'_'.— 
Cliaimi.in,  77.  1(17.  —  (.'mlis.  Jiiji.  Geolmj.  Suro.  X  Cur. 
18(10,  iii.  (il.—  Kiicli,  /)nif/r.  i.  (J9(t. —  Kniersoii,  Tri'rs 
.l/'i.<.«.  oil.  -J,  ii.  -Ki;!,  t.  —  Lauclic,  Ih'dls'-I,,'  llni'lr.  eil.  'J. 
514.  —  Saiyeiit,  Fm-e.it  Treia  S.Am.  ]()//»  r,„Kiis  U.  .V. 
i.v.  1)0.  —  Coiiltc'i'  &  Kvaiis.  Hot.  Gdxftt;  xv.  DO.  —  Wat- 
son &  Coulter,  flr'ii/'s  Mail.  eil.  C,  215.  —  MacXIillan,  lltit. 
lit'li.  drill. „,.  ,Siin:  .Vuin.  .|ll(l  (M,t„si,erm.  Minn.  I'nll.). 

Cornus  olterna,  Mar^iliall.  Arl.nst.  Am.  oTt  (1785). 

Cornus  undulata.  l{alini>s<|n<..  AUo,jr<ii>li.  Am.  61  (18;i8). 

Cornus  rotundifolia.  I!alincsi|iii',  .l/s",/,-'/ilt.  Am.  C'J 
(IS.'lSi. 

Cornus  riparia.  Hadnostiiir.  .l/s;,/i;ij,l,.  Am.  (I'J  (18;i8). 

Cornus  rippria.  var.  rugosa.  Hafinesiiue,  Ahnr/rupli.  Am. 
i\j  (l.s;;8). 

Cornus  punctate  l{aliiicsi|iii'.  . I /,s-..;/r-(///, .  /(/«.  CJ  (l.H.'iS). 


A  Hat-topped  bu.sliy  tree,  ntii'ly  twciitv-tivc  to  tliirtv  foot  in  iH.'i^lit.  witli  a  short  trunk  six  or 
eio;lit  iiieht'8  in  dianit'tcr,  and  !oii>j  .slcndfr  altornate  diviT<>ciit  horizontal  hraiiihfs  from  wliieh  risu 
niinicroiis  short  iiprijj;ht  liower-licariiio'  lirar.ciiU'ts  ;  or  ol'tcii  a  sliriih  sciiilino-  iiji  several  stems  from  the 
jjronnd.  Tilt!  liark  of  tlie  trunk  is  an  eiolitli  of  an  inch  thick,  <lark  reddish  lirowii  and  smooth,  or 
divided  by  shadow  lonjj;itiidinal  ti.ssnres  into  narrow  rid-^es  irre>>iiiariy  hroken  transversely.  The 
winter-huds  are  acute,  lij^ht  ehestniit-l>ro\vn,  and  covered  with  four  or  live  imbricated  ovate  acute 
iii.stroiis  scales  which  are  rounded  on  the  back  and  tliickciicd  and  short-pointed  at  the  apex  ;  tlio.se  of 
tlie  inner  ranks  art?  accrescent,  half  an  incii  lonj;'  at  maturity,  scariom,  and  more  or  less  persistent  on 
the  fjrowinjj  shoots,  which,  in  fallinjr,  they  mark  with  rino-like  scars.  '1  he  liraiichlets  are  slender,  pale 
oranf(e-}ifreeii  to  reddish  brown  when  they  first  appear,  mostly  lioht  iireeii  or  sometimes  hrown  tinged 
with  ffreen  diiriii}^  their  first  winter,  later  turninjif  darker  green,  and  are  marked  with  pale  lunate  leaf- 
sears  and  .small  scattered  pale  dots.  The  leaves  are  alternate  or  rarely  opposite,  invobitc  in  vernation, 
oval  or  ovate,  gradually  contracted  at  the  apex  into  ionjj  slender  points,  wcdoe-shaped  or  occasionally 
sfmiewhat  rounded  at  the  ba.se,  and  obscurely  crenulate-toothed  on  tlii'  .sligiitly  thickened  and  retlcxed 
mar<jiii»  ;  when  they  unfold  they  are  coated  on  the  lower  surface  with  dense  silvery  white  tonientum, 
and  are  faintly  tinged  with  red  and  pilose  above  ;  at  maturity  they  are  niembranaceoiis.  bright  yellow- 
green,  and  glabrous  or  sparsely  pubescent  on  the  upper,  and  pale  or  sometimes  nearly  white  and  covered 
with  appres.sed  hairs  on  ilie  lower  surface,  three  to  five  inches  long  and  two  and  a  half  to  three  and  a 
half  inches  wide,  with  broad  orange-colored  midribs  slightly  impressed  above,  about  si.'C  pairs  'd'  primary 
veins  parallel  with  their  sides,  and  slender  pubescent  grooved  petioles  >v)'icli  have  enlarged  clasping 
liases  and  a/e  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  inches  long.  In  the  autumn  ilie  leaves  turn  yellow  or 
yellow  and  .scarlet.  The  flowers,  which  are  produ'^ed  mo.stly  on  lateral  braiichlcts,  in  teraiual  flat 
puberuloiis  many-flowered  cymes  an  inch  and  a  half  tn  r.vo  inches  and  a  half  wide,  are  borne  on  slender 
jointed  pedicels  from  an  eighth  of  an  inch  to  a  (piarter  of  an  inch  long,  and  appear  t'rom  the  beginning 
ot  May  in  the  middle  states  to  the  end  of  June  at  the  extreme  north  and  on  the  high  Alleghany 


72 


SILVA   OF  NOliTJl  AMEltlCA. 


COHNACKit;. 


'i 


Mountains  ;  tliev  are  cream-color,  with  an  oblong  cup-slmijed  obscurely  toothed  calyx  coated  with  hoary 
toiiieutuni,  narrow  oblong  corolla-lobes  which  are  rounded  at  the  apex,  an  eighth  of  an  inch  long  and 
reflexed  after  anthesis,  long  slender  tilaments  with  nodding  anthers,  and  a  columnar  style  with  a 
iironiinent  stigma.  The  fruit  is  borne  in  loose  spreading  reu-stennned  clusters  and  ripens  in  (Jetober ; 
it  is  subglobose,  dark  blue-black,  a  third  of  an  inch  across,  and  tipped  with  the  remnant  of  the  style, 
which  rises  from  the  bottom  of  a  small  depression  ;  the  nutlet,  whicii  is  eovereil  with  a  thin  coat  of  dry 
Iiitter  llesh.  is  obovoid,  pointed  at  the  base,  longitudinally  many-grooved,  tiiick-walled,  and  one  or  two- 
seeded.  The  seed  is  lunate,  compressed,  and  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long,  with  a  thin  mend)rana('eous  pale 
coat  and  copious  albumen. 

CornuK  (il/triiif'u!ia  is  distributed  from  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia  westwanl  along  the 
valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  Kiver  to  the  northern  shores  of  Lake  Superior'  and  Minnesota,  and 
southward  through  the  northom  states,  and  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  northern  (ieorgia  and 
Alabama.  It  is  a  common  inhibitant  of  rich  woodlands,  growing  usually  along  the  margins  of  the 
forest  and  by  the  borders  of  stre;,ms  and  swamps  in  moist  wj'll-drained  soil. 

The  wood  of  CoriiUK  (dtcrmt'oUd  is  heavy,  hard,  and  close-grainetl,  with  numerous  thin  medullary 
rays,  and  is  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  light-colored  sajiwood  composed  of  twenty  to  (hirly 
layers  of  annua!  growth.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  O.dOIMJ,  a  cubic  foot 
weigliing  ILTIJ  pounds. 

Ctifnus  ii/li  Dii/olin,  which  was  overlooked  by  the  early  botanists  in  North  America,  was  eultivatcil 
in  Kngland  by  .lames  Gordon"  in  17<iO.'  The  peculiar  habit  of  this  species  with  its  wide-sjircading 
branches  and  tiat-topped  head,  its  handsome  foliage,  ami  abundant  (lowers  ami  fruit  make  it  a  desirable 
ornament  for  parks  and  gardens,  although  in  cultivation  it  is  often  injured  by  fungal  diseases. 


'  Macoiin,  (\il.  Cim.  I'l,  i.  IShi,  5;W. 
s  Sim.'  i.  ;«). 


"  Alton,  llorl.  Km:  i.  I.VJ.  —  Louiluii,  Arh.  f.nt.  ii.  101(1,  f  TtK). 


EXPLANATION   UK    IHK    1'l.ATK. 


/' 


PLATK   C'C'XVI.       CdllM'*    M.TKltSIKlPI.IA. 

1.  A  Huworiiii;  liraiu-li.  natural  8i/t>. 

2.  Diagram  of  :>  fluwer. 

.').    ViTlicttl  si'Ctioii  (if  a  IIdwit,  oiilar;»P(l. 

4.  A  tluwer  with  tliu  [icIalH  and  htaiiniis  niiKivud.  cut  eroMwiiiC'.  enlarged. 

5.  An  ovule,  tuucli  nia^'iilKcd. 

C.  A  fruiting  liraiicli,  natural  xizc. 

7.  Cross  Hoction  of  a  fruit,  eiilar;^('d. 

S,  Vortical  scctiiiii  of  u  fruit,  ('iilariied. 

0.   A  nutlfl,  iMlargid. 
HI.  An  embryo,  niurli  magniliid. 
11.   Knd  of  a  winter  hrancliKt,  natural  si/e 


>i  1 


ntLa- 


1     ] 


1 


I 


I 


Silva  of  Nnrlti   America 


•iT^k^'^.?^?/^:" 


i    '  .'  .1.1 


CORNUS     Al/FKRNIFOLIA 


f,.',     PtU'l.i 


I'     1       i| 


I  h 


COUNACl 


F 

stame 
diupo 

NySBB, 

75.  - 

timii 

Tupola 

T 

(ilteriii 
t'rowdi 
stiuniti 
on  loi 
Calyx 

UIIL'(|II 

lolled 
the  d 
Oviir) 
st'ssiU 
I)ract1 
the  li 
short 
Ovar 
the  ii 
of  th 
apex 

l'OllS| 

the  (' 
alhui 
the  1 

BOUtI 

layu! 
Hlirui 


1  ; 

( 

Mi 


II. 


M     i 


I 


fOUNACKyK. 


SUVA    OF  aXOUTII  AMElilCA. 


NYSSA. 

Floweus  polyf^iimo-dureious  ;  calyx  o-tootlifd  ;  pttaK  ."),  imluicatecl  in  lotivutioii ; 
stamens  5  to  12  ;  ovary  I  or  rarely  ^-celled ;  ovules  solitary,  >u>i)eiuled.  Fruit  a  tie>hy 
drupe.     Leaves  alternate,  petiolate,  destitute  ol"  stipules,  deciduous. 


I    ' 


Nysaa,  Limitt'ui,  6V».  .'i08  (1737).  —  A.  L.  do  .Iinfileu,  (leii.  Ceratostachya.  Illiiiiii',  ll'ij'li:  /V.  y,d.  Iiul.  041  (IS'J.j) 

7.").  —  Knillk'her,  (ieii.  ;i'J8.  —  Mfisncr,  Oen.  3','8.  —  Hen-  .MuiMu'r.  (i'li.  1  In.  —  KiiillicluM',  '»'<■«.  1 1S3. 

tlmm  &  Huoker,  t!en.  I.  9.")2.  —  Haillcm.  Hint.  J'l.  vi.  L'81.  Agathisanthes.  lllMme,  /!:;•/,:  /7.  \,,/.  J,i.l.  04."i  (182J).— 

Tupolo,  Adiiiison.  Finn.  I'l.  ii.  8(1  (170.".).  MeiMier.  (im.  111).  —  Kiidlichor.  hn,.  IKS.i. 


Trees,  with  terete  braiu-lilets  anil  sealy  huds,  the  scales  of  tlic  inner  ranks  accrescent.  Leaves 
alternate,  coniliiiilieate  in  vernation,  petiolate,  entire  or  sometimes  remotely  annulate  or  toothed,  niostlv 
crowded  at  tlie  ends  ol'  the  branches,  deciduous  or  jiersistent.  Flowers  minute,  {jrcenish  white.  The 
staminate  on  slender  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  minute  caducous  bracts  in  siinjile  or  comiiound  clusters 
on  lonj^  axillary  peduncles  bibracteolate  near  the  middle  or  at  the  apex  or  sonu'times  ebracteolate. 
Calyx  disciform  or  cup-shaped,  tho  limb  five  or  many-toothed.  Petals  live  or  indctinite,  eipial  or 
unequal,  ovate  or  linear-oblonj;,  thick,  inserted  on  the  marjjin  of  the  con.spiciuius  pulvinate  entire  or 
lobed  disk,  erect.  Stamens  five  or  indefinite,  exserted  ;  Hlanients  filiform,  inserted  on  the  margin  of 
the  disk ;  anthers  oblonj;,  intror.se,  attached  at  the  base,  two-celled,  tiic  cell?,  opening  longitudinally. 
(Jvary  rudimentary  or  wanting.  I'istillate  flowers  on  axillary  peduncles,  in  two  or  few-flowered  (dusters, 
sessile  or  nearly  so  in  the  axil  of  a  conspicuous  bract  and  furni^lied  with  one  or  two  smaller  lateral 
bractlets,  or  solitary  and  surrounded  by  two  to  foiu-  bractlets.  Calyx-tnbe  urceolate  or  campanulate, 
the  limb  Hve-toothed.  Petals  small,  thick,  and  spreading.  Stamens  live  to  ten  or  wanting  ;  lihiments 
short ;  anthers  fertile  or  sterile.  Disk  less  developed  than  in  the  sterile  tlower,  depressed  in  the  centre. 
Ovary  inferior,  one  or  two-celled;  style  terete,  elongated,  simple  or  rarely  forked,  recurved,  sidcate  on 
the  inner  faoe,  stigmatic  toward  the  apex ;  ovules  solitary,  suspended  from  the  interior  angle  of  the  apex 
of  the  cell,  unatropous  ;  raphe  ventral  ;  mieropyle  superior.  Fruit  drupaceous,  oblong,  areohite  at  tiie 
apex;  sarcocarp  thin,  oily,  acidulous;  putanu'U  thick-w.ilied,  bony,  terete  or  eonipressed.  sliglitly  or 
conspicuously  longitudinally  ridged  or  winged,  one  or  rarely  two-et'lled,  usually  one->eeded.  Seed  idling 
the  cavity  of  the  stone;  testa  niend)ranaceous.  Embryo  straight,  in  the  centre  of  the  copious  ile.shy 
albumen  and  ne.irly  as  long  ;  cotyledons  foliaeeous,  much  longer  than  the  terete  radicle  turned  toward 
the  liilum. 

Ny.ssii  is  now  confined  to  the  ea.stern  United  States,  where  three  species  are  distingiushed.  and  to 
southern  Asia,  where  tho  genus  is  repre.senteil  by  a  single  .species'  distributed  from  the  eastern  Hima- 
layas to  the  island  of  .lava.  In  the  tertiary  epoch  Nyssa  perha|is  inhabited  the  .\rctic  Circle  and  then 
spread  over  Europe  '  and  Alaska,''  and  traces  of  it  occur  in  the  Laramie  group  of  western  America.' 

Tho  American  species  produce  tough  wood  with  intricately  contorted  and  twisted  grain,  and  the 


*  Sytm  tirhorrti. 

CemtiifUirhitaiirhorea,  Itluint',  Hijilr.  Fl.  .\V</.  IitilAHl  (IS'Jj).  — 
Miiiucl,  /•■/.  .V«/.  Ind.  i.  «;)!!. 

.IffiUftiitiitthe^  ./ttvfmit-ti,  lllttine,  /.  r.  (>!.")  (IS'Jo).  —  Miijut-I,/.  c. 

.V_i/.«ri  ,*c.*..-i7(//«»m,  Hmitiiam  .S:  HiHikcr, '.Wj.  i.  ILVJ  (ISiJT). — 
IliHiker  f.  FL  Hrit,  Itul.  ii.  717. — (tuiiible,  Man.  itulian  'rtinlitrs, 

an. 

Ilex  dafihnfphylloideSf  Kiirz,  Jour.  Agitttic  .s'oc.  1870,  pt.  ii.  7-. 


Itn/ifiut/ihyUi'psU  ciijiiUiUi,  Kurz,  /.  <-.   lS7.*t.  pt.  ii.   -01  ;  Furist 

Fl.  Ilril.  r.iirm.  I.  I'lO. 

■'  Hocr,  FL  Foss.  .In-t.  ii.  177,  t.  13,  1.  f.'  ;  I.  ,"iU,  f.  ,j-7. — 
/ittfl,  Iliiiulh.  PiiUrntitoloii.  ii.  till. 

^  Li'stjiuTeu.x,  A'f'/i.  r.  S.  (rfbiij.  .s'urr.  viii.  L'Gl  {Cmttrili.  /■"(i,..s. 
/•■/.  W.skm  TirrilnrUs). 

«  L.  I'.  Ward,  (if/i  .Xwt.  Hep.  C.  ^'  Geoioy.  S<iri:  ISS-I-S.".  .-,■;!, 
t.  47,  f.  7  {Sifii.  FL  l.antmie  tiruup). 


\  !; 


I 


*  ■ii 


ji 


'    t 


^ili| 


,,.. 


71 


.S/AJ'/J    OF  SOUTH  AMhJtICA. 


('i)HNA(.'Kii:. 


rniit  i)t  iiiif  of  tliciii  it  Mftni'tiimm  iimnI  u»  ii  i;(*tiM!rv«-.     The  guiiUR  m  not  known  to  potwoKi  otliur  iiHfl'ul 

|ll'll|ICI'ticM, 

In  Anii'ricK  \vmmii  in  littli<  injiiri-il  or  ilitli^ini'd  liy  iriHci-ts,'  and  is  not  HcriouHly  atVei'ti'd  by  fnti^itl 

diMMll'K.' 

NyHMU,  tlir  nanii-  ol'  a  nyMijili,  won  licNtowt'd  liy  MnniciiH  upon  the  HpocivH  of  tliu  (reniis  whii'li  grow 
in  watiT. 


I  Wf'l»-wnini"   iM'<'iii*inim)t\    (liallgun*  tin*  ilifTcri'nt   tt\irfiv*,  iiinl 
(III'  i'>ili'r|iilliii'<  lit  liriri/r  I liunliiM,  I' mniir,  »l«i  (i'"il  ntimnK  Hi'' 

Ic(l*l-»,      Tllf    IlirVd-    til  .illtl»/u!il    tllf»iiP/'ilhl{ll,  I'lfUlfltm  i/'r't<-     I'fill. 

A'Wt  IHfKI,  II),  mill  itf  Sijiiiinlii  Hii»»irtUfi,  Clffiifiia,  liiitit  Ih'mi 
idni'rtfd  til  mini-  hiiIiiii  tlit'  |iitri'iii'li)iiiii  uf  llii'  |i'iiv<-4  In  Nnrtji 
I'firiihiMi  II  SiMJi'-iniMTl,  ('fiinnii»/iit  .V i/*»irf  ('iititNtm-k  (lU/i.  '^  >'■ 
/Ir/il,  Apii\  IMMO,  :'>lll),  liiM  lifi'ii  (imiiil  im  N}»ii 


'  Mnrc  tlinii  fifty  niiciii'H  iif  fiiii);i  liavi'  lii'iii  rciMirilril  iw  liviiiK 
n|Hiit  tlu*  N|ii<i-i('s  iif  tliU  ^rliiis  iti  till'  I'liili'il  Stittci,  |iriiU'i|Killy  lilt 
A*v«J»'i  nitlritiuii.  Mo>t  III'  iIh'Sii  urt?  hiuuII  liliu-k  s|nTii's  iininrlinit-H 
fiiiiiiil  ilUo  (III  (illicr  iitaliU,  iind  liolir  pi'inliirr  iiKukril  ili^rasc.  iil- 
tliiMii'li  llii'  Iravcii  iif  yi"iii)!  »lii"iH  «ii'  >iiiiH'tiiiir»  niniHiml  ilii<li|{- 
II nil  liy  '.'/iiirw/Kim  I'urtUii,  licrkvloy  and  I)c»niiiii*re. 


SVXOI'SIK  OK  TIIK   NOUTII   AMKUIIAN   Sl'KCIKS. 


i'> 


Hloii<ia  of  till'  fruit  wllli  tiiiiri'  iir  Idh  ilUlinrt  lnw  linmit  rniiiideil  ridgra. 

I.<<iiv>'>  liiii'ariililiiii^' III  iital   If  iiliiiuili' 

Stoiii'K  iif  till-  fruit  \w(li  |ii'if(iiiiii-(tl.  wiiit{i'il,  nr  fu-iitr  riil^c^. 

I«4'IIVI"4  olllollf^-OVllI   III'  llJNIVIiti'.   ItMllallv   IflltlMr  lit  lIlO  ll|H'X     .       •       ,       . 
I.l'll\l'>  IIVHJ  III'  uldullg,  OCUtt'  Ul    U4'lllllillUt4'  


1.    X.   SVI.VATIIA. 
'J.   N.  Oi.i:.  iiK. 

;i.    X.    AWlATIi  A. 


CORUXCKM. 


SIIA'A    OF  XUliTlt  AML'JilCA. 


75 


I 


NY88A   SYLVATIOA. 
Tupelo.    Pepperldge. 

FiU'iT  sma.j    thi<  stoni*  moro  or  less  rlistiiictly  rid^od.     Loii\t's  linear-obloiig  to 
o\iil  or  ohovatt'. 


I    I 


Nyasa  sylvatica,  Manliall.  Arlnmf.  Am.  07  (178.'). — C'lis- 
ti|;lioiii.  yimj.  iieyli  .SVnfi  I'liiti,  ii.  .'iOI.  —  .Miclmux  f. 
ll.Ht.  Aril.  Am.  ii.  '.'(Jn,  t.  'Jl.  —  I'oint,  lum.  Hvl.  Siipiil. 
iv.  lie.  —  W.  p.  C.  Hiirton,  ComjienJ.  Fl.  P/ill.  ii.  1<,»;J.  — 
Sur^jent,  Fnrtnl  Tnin  A'.  Am.  \Ot/i  (>»«».«  U.  S.  ix.  'J'.'.  — 
WnUon  \  CiiulliT,  liriiij'n  Man.  cil.  (5,  'Jl'i. 

Nyssft  multiflora.  Wun(;i'iilii'ini,  S'lnlam.  Ilnh.  Id,  t.  1(5, 
{.  .'t'J  (1787).  —  Walttr,  /•'/.  Ciir.  '.'.".;i.  —  Klli.ilt.  Sk.  ii. 
C«4.  —  Sparli,  //.*/.  JVy.  x.  JCJ.  —  Torroy,  Fl.  S.  Y. 
ii.  101,  t.  '.»,'..  — Scliniilein,  hmi.  t.  KW,  f.  1,  'J.—  Dur- 
liiil^on,   ^V.   Cmtr.  nl.  ,'!,   '_'.">l.  —  t'haimiuii,  ^V.   ItW. — 

Ciirtifi.  /iV;i.  (Ii'iilo'j.  ,^iirr.  .V.  Cor.  l.SUll,  iii.  i'l'J Kucli, 

Ihiiilr.  ii.  I,")l.  —  Kiiicrnon,  Tries  MiHa.  vtl.  -,  ii.  .'i,");j.  t.  — 
Ki(lK».iy,  I'nir.  i:  S.  .\:,t.  Mat.  188'.',  C«.  —  Luuche. 
Jleuhilie  Ihmlr.  eil.  'i,  t>\\i. 


Nyasa  Carolininna,  I'uirct,  Lim.  IHri.  \\.:,u;  (17'.»7) ;  ///. 

Iii.  ML',  t.  .V,l.  I.  1. 
Nyssa  Canndonata.  I'oirct.  Lmn.  iJi-t.  iv.  Ti»'  (17',t7). 
Nyasa  integrifolia,  Aiton,  Hurt.  A'l'/c.  iii.  440  (17N'J).— 

I'lTSlMJll,    SiJII.    ii.    I'll    I. 

Nyaaa  villoaa.  .Mirhuux.  Fl.   Il;i:-Aiii.  ii.  '.'."i.S   (IHD.'l) 

WilldiiiDW,  .S/„,'.  iv.  lllL'.  —  Dtslonlaiiii's,  Iflst.  ,1,/,.  i. 
37.  —  Alton,  Jlirl.  A'.  »■.  ,.,1.  '.'.  v.  47'.t.  —  lti^'«l..w.  /••/. 
Ituntiiii.  U18.  —  I'ur^li.  /■'/.  .\iii.  ,Si/,t.  i.  177.  —  Xulliill, 
Gni.  ii.  '.'.'Iti.  —  RdiiiiiT  A;  SiliulU'*,  Si/at.  v.  fi".*.  — 
.Siir.'iij...!.  6^/.<^  i.  S.'l'J,  —  Diciiich.  .Vvh.  i.  878.  —  I.()u- 
iloii.  .!/■/,.  /;,•,>.  iii,  l:;i7.  f.  Il',i7.  ll'.iH. 
Nyaaa  multiflora.  viir.aylvatica.Watson, /»(/«> j-,441' (1878), 
Nyaaa  aquati::a.  ('huUit  iV  Kvans,  /lot.  tioxrtti;  xv.  Kl 
(not  I.iiiiuiMiH  nor  Jlamliall)  (18i)«)).  —  CoultiT,  C'jiitrili. 
U.S.  Xit.  Jl.rh.  ii.  l,-.l  (.)/„„.  j-l.  (C.  7Vj-u.<). 


A  troo,  witli  crow(Ii'<l  slender  H|)rea(liii<j  .md  pendulous  touj;li  lle.xililc  luanclifs,  .sliort  stout  spurdiko 
lateral  brancldet.s,  and  ionj;  thick  hard  roots,  oi'fasionaiiy  one  IiuimIkmI  IV't't  in  lieijfht,  witii  a  trunk  wiiich 
is  usually  short,  often  cnlarj^ed  and  swollen  at  the  base, and  orca>ionally  live  feet  in  diameter;  generally 
in  the  nortluTU  and  extrenu'  southern  sUites  niueli  smaller  and  rarely  nuu'e  than  tifty  or  sixty  feet  in 
heijjht.  The  he.id  is  sometimes  short  and  eylindriual,  with  a  Hat  top  ;  sonu'times  it  is  low  and  hroarl, 
or,  when  the  individual  has  been  erowded  liy  other  trees  in  the  forest,  it  is  narrow,  pyranudal.or  eonieal, 
and  sometimes  it  is  inversely  eunieal  and  hroad  and  tiat  at  the  top.  The  iiark  of  the  trunk  vaiies  from 
three  quarters  of  an  iueli  to  an  ineh  aiul  a  half  iu  tliiekness,  and  is  litjlit  luown.  often  tin<;;e<l  with 
red,  and  deeply  fissured,  the  surface  of  the  rid<^es  iieinj;  eoveied  with  small  iiii'nidarly  shaped  scales. 
The  branehlets  are  at  first  light  green  to  orange-eolor,  nearly  glabrous,  nr  often  covered  with  dense 
palo  or  rufous  pidiesccnee  ;  during  their  first  winter  they  are  light  rcd-biown  marked  with  minute 
scattered  pale  leiiticidar  dots  and  with  the  small  lunate  leaf-scars  which  display  the  ends  of  three 
conspicuous  groujis  of  llbro-vascular  bmullcs,  and  later  become  darker.  The  winter-buds  are  obtuse  and 
a  (piatter  of  an  ineh  long,  and  are  covered  with  ovate  acute  apiculate  dark  red  {luberulous  ind)ricated 
■scales ;  those  of  the  ii.r'er  ranks  are  accrescent,  bright-colored  at  maturity,  and  mark  the  base  of  the 
branehlets  with  obscure  ring-like  scars.  The  leaves,  wliicli  are  crowded  on  the  ends  of  the  lateral 
branehlets,  or  are  remote  on  vigorous  shoots,  are  deciduous,  linear-obloug,  lanceolate,  oval  or  obmate, 
acute  or  acuminate,  sometimes  eontraeteil  into  short  broad  points  at  the  apex,  wedge-shaped  or  occasion- 
ally rounded  at  the  base,  entire,  with  slightly  thickened  margins,  or  are  rarely  coarsely  dentate ;  when 
they  unfold  they  are  coated  with  rufous  tomentum,  especially  on  the  lower  surface,  or  are  pubescent  or 
sometinu's  nearly  glabrous  ;  at  maturity  they  are  thick  and  iirm,  dark  green  ami  very  lustrous  above, 
pale  and  often  hairy  below.  ])rincipally  along  the  broad  midribs,  which  are  impressed  above,  and  on  the 
primary  voius ;  they  are  two  to  live  inches  long,  half  an  inch  to  three  inches  broad,  with  slender  or  stout 


<  (J 


\   '  I 


1      .      I 


11::  I     1 


/ 


1 


II 


f  'V 


76 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


cornacea;. 


terete  or  wiiig-mar<jino(l  ciliato  petioles  which  vary  from  a  (juarter  of  an  incli  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in 
lcii<;th,  anil  arc  ot'ton  brijjrht  red.  In  the  autumn  they  turn  bright  scarlet  on  tiie  upper  surface  oidy. 
The  Howcrs,  wliicli  are  yellowish  green,  appear  when  the  leaves  are  about  one  third  grown,  from  April 
in  Florida  to  the  middle  of  June  in  northern  New  England ;  they  are  borne  on  slender  pubescent  or 
tomentose  peduncles  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in  length,  often  on  the  stjiminate  plant  furnished 
near  flie  middle  witii  two  minute  deciduous  bractlets,  or  cbracteolate,  the  males  in  many-Howered  dense 
or  lax  compound  heads,  the  females  in  two  to  several-tlowered  clusters  and  sessile  in  the  axil  of  a 
conspicuous  often  foliaceous  bract  and  furnished  with  two  smaller  acute  hairy  bractlets.  The  calyx  is 
oliliing  and  slightly  nrceolate  with  a  minutely  five-toothed  limb  ;  the  petids  are  thick,  ovate-oblong, 
acute,  rounded  at  the  apex,  erect  or  slightly  spreading,  and  early  deciduous ;  the  sbimens  are  exscrted 
in  the  sterile  Hower,  and  in  the  fertile  llower  are  shorter  than  the  petals  or  are  sometimes  wanting ;  the 
stigma,  of  which  there  is  no  trace  in  the  sterile  tlower,  is  stout,  exserted,  and  rellexed  above  the  middle. 
One  to  three  fruits  ilcvelop  from  a  tlowcr-ctnster  and  ripen  in  October ;  they  are  ovoid,  from  a  third  to 
two  thirds  of  an  iiu  h  long,  and  dark  blue,  witii  thin  and  aciil  tlesh  ;  the  stone  is  light  brown,  ovoid, 
pointed  at  the  two  ends,  terete  or  more  or  less  flattened,  and  ten  or  twelve-ribbed,  with  narrow  distinct 
p:ile  ribs  rounded  0:1  the  back,  and  thick  hard  walls.  The  seed  is  oblong,  and  is  covered  by  a  thin  pale 
membranaceous  coat. 

Xijitsu  ni/lca/ini  is  distributed  from  the  valley  of  the  Kennebec  River  in  Maine  to  southern 
Ontario,'  central  Michigan,  and  southeastern  Missouri,"  and  southward  to  the  shores  of  the  Kissimniee 
River  and  Tam]>ii  Bay  in  Florida,  and  to  the  valley  of  the  Hra/.os  River  in  Texas.  In  a  large  part  of 
the  region  \\l'''.ii  it  inhabits  the  Tupelo  generally  freipients  the  borders  of  swamps,  growing  in  wet 
imperfectly  drained  soil  in  company  witii  the  Elm,  the  Swamp  White  Oak,  the  Scarlet  Maple,  the 
nornbeam,  and  other  water-loving  trees;  but  in  all  the  Alleghany  region,  where  in  North  and  South 
Carolina  ami  Tennessee  it  attains  its  largest  size,  it  is  found  on  high  wooded  slopes  associated  with  the 
White  Oak.  thi'  Tuli|>-tree,  the  (Jncund)er-tree,  tiie  Buckeye,  the  Ash,  the  Sugar  Maple,  the  Hickories, 
the  Black  Walnut,  and  the  Wild  Cherry. 

The  wood  of  yi/nsit  ai/lriilicn  is  heavy,  soft,  strong,  very  tough,  hard  to  sj)lit,  diflicult  to  work, 
inclined  to  cheek  nidess  carefully  seasoned,  and  not  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil  ;  it  is  light  yellow 
or  nearly  white,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood  composed  of  eighty  to  a  hundred  layers  of  annual 
growth,  and  (ontains  many  thin  nu'dullarv  rays  and  numerous  regularly  distributed  small  open  ducts. 
The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  O.fJIJiJU,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  '.V,K'>\i  pounds.  It  is 
employed  for  the  hubs  of  wheels,  rollers  in  glass  factories,  ox-yokes,  shoes  use<l  to  support  horses  oil 
the  rice-fields  of  the  simthern  states,  wharf-piles  on  the  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  sometimes  for 
the  soles  of  slioes.^ 

In  the  south  Atlantic  states,  where  the  Tupelo  often  occupies  small  ponds  in  the  Pine  barrens,  a 
well-marked  variety  occurs.'  This  is  a  tree  thirty  to  forty  feet  in  height,  with  a  trunk  gradually 
tapering  upward  from  a  swollen  and  nuich  enlarged  base,  many  erect   thick  roots  rising  above  the 


'   li.'.l,  liip.  a<-fl.:g.  Sun:   Can.   187(M!0,  B,V.  —  Burgess,  Bol. 
Giizettf,  vii.  0.".  —  McHcmii,  Cm.  Can.  I'l.  i.  III'.'. 
''  HriMiilliiiid,  hill,  fiazfllf.  lii.  .Vl. 

*  I'nn-li'T,  Uesources  nj  Southern  FieUln  ami  I'orr.its,  347. 

*  .Vr/<.<«  sylratira,  var.  hijlnra. 

.Vy.wrt  a'jualira.  Liniufiis,  Spec.  10."8  (in  |iiirt)  (1753).  —  Wnii- 
genhcim,  litachreili.  S'imlam.  lIc/l:.  SC  (in  purl). —  .St.  Hiliiiri', 
Fam,  Nat.  ii.  1.^2.  —  I'ersoon,  .S"yn.  ii.  fill.  —  Mielmiix  f.  Hint. 
Arh.  Am.  ii.  10.",  t.  2*J.  —  R()Otner  &  Sclniltos.  Sy.Kt.  v.  7(>  (in 
part).  —  W.  P.  (.'.  Dnrton.  Cnmjteml.  FL  /'hit.  ii.  U>2.  —  Sprrn^cl, 
.Sf/.«f,  i,  «3'J.  —  .\uiliilion,  llinh,  t.  i;),'l.  —  Klliiilt.  .S7-.  ii.  fiSl.— 
Dietrich.  Si/n.  i.  H7H,  —  Spnili,  IfUt.  tVi/.  x.  4<«l.  —  Cbapmau, 
Fl.  KiS.  —  Ciirti.t.  lU/).  Ginhiij.  Sun:  .V.  Car.  1800,  iii.  02 


.\ii»a  Inilnra.  Walter,  Fl.  Tor. 253  (1788).  —  Poiret,  lam.  Dut. 

iv.  .*»<»S.  —  Miehaux,  Ft.  Ilor.-.\m.  ii.  2.'0.  —  Wiililenow,  S/hi:  iv. 

mil  (in  part)  ;  Hnum.  IIHil  ;  ISirl.  ISauni:.  ed.  2.  'i'M.  —  Desfon- 

laines.   Uitl.  Arh.  i.  37.  —  CJjirtner  f.  Frm-t.  iii.  202,  t.  2lli.— 

.\iton,  llnrl.  Km.  cd.  2,  v.  179.  —  Pnrsh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i.  177.  — 

N'ultall,    dm.  ii.  230.  —  I'oiret,    I.nm.    IMcl.  Siippl,  iv.  ll."i. — 

Ilnvne,  Drnilr.  Ft.  221t.  —  I^inilnn,  Arh.  Itrit.  iii.  1317,  f.  11115, 

IKNl.  — Coulter  &  Kvaus,  Bol.  Uazrtle.  xv.  !t2. 

Tliis  aquatic  tree  often  apiieara  distinct  eni)U(;li  from  the  northern 

Tupelo,  Imt  tlie  extreme  forum  arc  eounocted  \<y  other*  tiitenuedi- 

ate  iH'tween  the  two  in  the  Hha|ie  aiul  size  uf  their  leaves  aud  in  tlio 

shape  aiul  ridges  of  their  Ntoues. 


f*, 


H 


QRNACE/K. 


COUNACEiE. 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


77 


surface  of  the  water,'  smiiUer  and  usually  narrow  acute  or  obtuse  leaves,  and  flattened  stones  with 
more  strongly  developed  ridges  than  usually  occur  on  plants  growing  farther  north. 

A  figure  of  doubtful  identity  wliich  has  been  thought  to  represent  Xysxa  sylcatica  was  published 
l)y  Plukenet  in  his  J'/ii/tof/rojihia ''  in  IGOl ;  but  the  earliest  authentic  portrait  and  account  of  this 
tree  are  found  m  Catesby's  Natural  Ilistori/  of  Carolina?  publisliud  in  \T-i\.  The  Tupelo,  according 
to  Alton,*  was  cultivated  by  the  Duke  of  Argyll'  near  Loudon  in  IToO. 

In  habit  tiie  Tupelo"  is  one  of  the  most  distinct,  variable,  and  picturestjue  trees  of  eastern  Nortii 
America  ;  the  autumn  coloring  of  its  lustrous  foliage  equals  in  brilliiincy  that  of  tiie  Scarlet  Maple,  the 
Sweet  Gum,  and  the  Flowering  Dogwood,  while  its  immunity  from  the  attacks  of  disfiguring  insects 
and  serious  fungal  diseases  heightens  its  value  for  the  decoration  of  parks. 

In  cultivation  the  Tupelo  flourishes  in  wet,  undrained  soil  and  on  well-drained  uplands.  It  is 
easily  raised  from  seed,  but  its  long  hard  roots,  mostly  destitute  of  small  fibres,  make  it  a  difHcult  tree 
to  transplant  after  it  has  been  long  established  iu  one  place. 


'  WiUon,  Proc.  rhil.  Arwl.  1889.  X 

'  Cynoriflnm  Ameriranum, /utio  crassiusculo  mo//i  .V  ^mIC^  t.  17.. 
f.  0;  Mm.  IM.  I'J*. 

•  Arlior  m  aq^tn  niisfrns./aUis  ItitiA  acuminalU  .V  mm  dentali»,fructu 
Ehngui  minora,  i.  11,  t.  41. 

Xtfunn  JhUiA  intfijrrrimix,  I.iiiniPUA,  Hart.  Cl\lT.  -102. 

?iy!t$a  i>*'lHttnili,i  tiiHltijlori.i.  Cliiytnii,  Fi  Tfryin.  IL'I. 


Ni/fin  fiiliin  Intii  ar'imiiifilif  inm  Jtntalii,  fruclu  KUvayni  minore, 
RuiiiaiiH,  A'(I^  Hist.  I'luriila,  -9. 

*  llnrl.  K,  "•.  iii.  UC. 

'•'  Si'c  i.  IftS. 

"  .V//s,'{(/  siilntlicf}  is  iil.so  kiinwi)  as  Sour  Gum  and  Blaok  Clum. 
In  Nt'W  Eugland,  Tupcln.  its  Iniliau  nanic.  is  most  fro(iiientIy  pivcu 
to  ibis  tree  ;  in  the  iniiiiilc  states  it  is  generally  ealled  Pepperidge. 
00(1  in  the  soiitli  Sour  (iuni. 


1^ 


from  the  northern 
others  internu'dt- 
r  leaven  luul  in  the 


I     •< 


\  (I 


i  I 


EXPLANATION   OK  TIIK   PLAIKs. 


Tlatk  CCXVII.     Nyssa  -vi.vatic  a. 

1.  A  fliiwciiiij,'  braiu'li  of  the  sterile  tree,  iiuliiral  si«'. 

2.  A  Howerin;;  liranoli  of  the  fertile  tree,  imtural  8i/.e. 

3.  A  ataiiiiiiate  tlower.  enlurned. 

4.  Vertieal  section  of  a  stamiiiate  tlower,  ciilarijed. 

5.  A  liistillate  Hower,  enlarijeJ. 

C.  Vertical  section  of  a  pistillate  tlower,  enlarged. 

7.  A  fruiting  liranelilet,  natural  si/.e. 

8.  Vertieal  section  of  a  fruit,  enlarged. 

9.  A  fruit  cut  rrosswise,  enlarged. 

10.  A  stone,  enl.arged. 

11.  An  emliryci.  muili  inaffiiilieil. 

12.  A  winter  branchlet,  natural  size. 


1*I..\TK  CC'XVUl.     Nvs,sA  svi.vATiCA,  rnr.  iiiri.oKA. 

1.  A  llowerinij  hraneli  of  the  sterile  tree,  natural  si/.e. 

2.  A  Ihnvering  branch  of  the  fertile  tre<>,  natural  siie. 
;i.  Vertical  section  of  a  sterile  tlower.  enlarijed. 

4.  Vertical  section  of  a  fertile  tlower,  enlari^ed. 
,">.  A  fruitiu);  branch,  natural  size, 
fi.  A  fruit  cut  crosswise,  cidarjj'eil. 
7.   A  stone,  enlarged. 


%•  -r" 


U^ 


■^Y 


•..'»* 


li-:^ 


:i 


■ 

J 

1: 

M 

4li  ii,- 

ill 

Mkk 

*  .KhrffH  iiW  ■ 


NYSSA  SYLVATICA 


./      'i.,/tHi.i    -Tif-'^r 


n 


;. 


.  -  -^  -■.  -  ^.  1  -j  •« .  .-a^-  i  s^-. ..  ~.,. .  ■!.'^..  .-J-.^-;  yafc^  g-  r 


■ 


/ 


{  '  F  FnUt>-:    ,l4i 


NYSSA  SYLVATICA    :  ■■  BIFLOHA 


A  Niiuvfii.r   liur.i 


,'■>:/'  .H  .'<>rti<iir  /'.in. 


'hn,;,, 


'^\ 


•'      I 


ili     I 


iT 


mm 


''-,    : 


COnNACEil! 


SrLVA    OF  XORTU  AMKIUCA. 


79 


NYSSA    OQEOHE. 

Ogeechee   Lime.    Sour  Tupelo. 

Funr   larpo.   tlio  stone   fonspicuously   winded.      Li'iivos  oblong-oval    or  olmvate, 
usually  acute  at  the  ajjex. 


■  ! 


Nyssa  Offeche.  .Mai'ilmll.  Arlmsl.  Am.  97  (KS.">) — Cii.i-  Nyssa  cocoinea,  W.  Hartram,  Trni-flnA'  (1701) 
tijflioiii.  \"niii.  iH;/li  Stiiti  Inili.  ii.  .'!(»,").  —  Siiifji'nt,  ilur-  Nywaa  tomuntosa,  I'.iirit,  l^mii.  Itli't.'w.  MH  (17 
ilrn  'I, III  /•'()n■,■i^  ii.  l.i.'i — Coiiltur  &  Kvaiis,  /lot.  (Invtli-,      Nysaa  canciicans,  Mii  luiii^.  /'/.  Ilur.-Aiii.  il.  2.">,t  ( 


XV.  ll.l. 
Nysaa  capitata,  Wnllir,  /•'/.  Cur.'iy.i  (17SH).  —  I'dirpt, 
Lniii.  l>irl.  iv.  ."il)«.  —  Miclmiix  f.  Il'ml.  Arh.  ,\in.  ii.  '_'."i7, 
t.  ;;o.  —  i'c.iret,  Luiii.  I'irl.  Suppl.  v.  7  tl>.  —  Klliclt. 
Sk.  ii.  ChS,".  —  ,S|iafli.  ///.'.•'.  IVy.  x.  4(>-(.  —  C'liapiiian,  /'/. 
ItJ.S.  —  Kdrli,  Ihii.lr.  ii.  (."it!. —  Laiii'lic,  Pi-iilsrlir  Itiiiih. 
<mI.  'i.  ."il.'i.  —  Sar);i'iit,  t'ure.it  Tnea  S.  Am.  ItWi  t'cw.s 
U.  .S'.  ix.  '.tl. 


I'irMHPii,  .^i/ii,  ii.OII.  —  Di^fiiiitaini's,  Ills/.  .\rli. 
WilMiiimv.  .S),,"'.  iv.  111.!.  —  I'liisli.  /V.  Am. 
177.  —  INiir.t.  I.Hm.  Jih't.  .Suppl.  iv.  llll. - 
Urn.  ii.  'S,K.  —  lidciiiui'  iV  Scluiltus,  Sunt,  v, 
.Sprenutl,  ,S>/.  i.  SWi.  —  Dietiicli,  Syii.  i.  879.  - 
Arh.  /!,•;/.  lii.  l:!l,S.  f.  ll'.lll. 
Nyaaa  montuna.  ( iiurtiicT  f.  /■'met.  iii.  L'Ol,  t.  L'lO  (1S()5) 


LSli;!).— 
i.  ;i7.  — 

iSr/it.    i. 

Nutt.-ill, 
■.7li.  — 
Loudon, 


A  Imsliy  tree,  forty  to  fifty  ffot  in  lieijifht,  witii  a  siiort  tnink  (p('<Msi()ii;illy  two  feet  in  diiinu'tcr  and 
Hprfiidinir  lirani'iii'.'t  wiiiidi  form  a  narrow  ronntl-toppud  liuad ;  or  oftun  a  shrub  sending  up  from  tlif 
primnd  a  I'lustiT  of  small  slender  diverijin^  .stems.  The  liark  of  i\'v  trunk  is  an  ei;^hth  of  an  inch  thiek, 
irrej^ularly  tissurecl,  with  a  dark  iiripwn  surfaee  liroken  into  thick  appres>ed  persistent  plate-like  .scales. 
The  iirunc'ldets.  when  they  lirst  ajipear,  are  coated  with  rufous  tomentum.  and  durin^;  their  first  siunmer 
are  ii<^ht  reddish  lirovn,  or  ;^reen  tin^jed  with  red,  and  pu!)eridous;  diirini;'  tiieir  first  winter  they  turn 
(;ray  or  reddish  iirown,  and  are  marked  by  the  lari^(^  lunate  or  nearly  trian^nil.ir  leaf-scars  in  which 
appear  the  ends  of  three  groups  of  fibro-vascular  bundles.  The  winter-buds  are  obtu.se,  ;in  eii;ht!i  of 
an  inch  loni;,  and  covered  with  ovate  apiculate  inibricatc(|  scales  rmuided  mi  the  back  and  clothed  with 
thick  hoarv  tomentum;  those  of  the  inner  ranks  leiii^tlLtii  on  the  t;rowiMij  siionts,  and  at  m.ituritv  are 
o\aIe-t)l)loii<j;  or  obovate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  bri;;lit  red.  and  from  one  iiall'  to  three  ipiarters  of  an 
iiuh  lonj^.  The  leaves  are  oblonj^,  oval  or  obovate.  acute,  rounded,  (u-  rareiv  olituse  anil  apiculate  at  the 
apex,  jjradually  or  abruptly  wed^t-shaped  or  sometinus  rcuuiihMl  at  the  i)asc.  entire,  deciduous  ;  when 
they  unfold  they  are  covered  on  the  lower  surface  with  thick  pale  tomentum,  and  on  the  upper  with 
short  scattered  appre.s.sed  pale  hairs ;  and  at  maturity  they  are  thick  and  lirm,  dark  jjreen,  rather 
lustrous  and  sliirhtly  ])ilose  above,  pale  below,  four  to  six  inches  loiid-,  and  two  to  two  and  a  half  inches 
hroad,  with  stout  midribs  and  niiu'  or  ten  pairs  of  primary  veins  covered  on  the  lower  side  with  rufous 
])ubescence  or  often  nearly  jjlabrous,  obscure  reticul.itcd  veiidets,  and  stout  i^roosed  jietioles  from  half 
an  inch  to  an  inch  in  lenifth.  The  flowers  are  <;;reenish  yellow,  and  appear  in  March  and  April  ;  the 
sterile  are  [produced  in  capitate  clusters  on  slender  hairy  peduiu'les.  which  are  half  an  inch  in  leiinth 
and  furnished  near  the  middle  with  two  minute  lu'actlets,  and  are  developed  from  the  axils  of  the  iniu'r 
scales  of  the  terminal  liuds  ;  the  fertile  are  solitary  on  short  stout  woolly  peduncles  from  the  axils  of 
bud-seales,  and  are  furnished  at  tiie  ape.\  with  two  acute  iiairy  bractlets.  The  .sterile  Howers  are  minute 
and  are  covered  with  lonjj  pale  hairs  on  the  outer  surface  of  the  short  obscurely  five-toothed  calyx,  aiul 
on  the  petals,  which  are  oblon;-  "iid  rouiuled  at  the  apex  ;  the  tilauu'uts  are  inserted  umler  the  marein 
of  the  thick  pale  pulvinate  disk,  and  are  huifjer  than  the  petals  ;  the  anthers  are  oval  and  conspicuously 
tiiberculate-roufjhened.  The  fertile  llowers  are  a  sixteenth  of  an  inch  loni;',  with  a  deep  cuji-shaijed 
calyx  coated,  like  the  minute  rounded  spreadin},'  petals,  with  hoary  tomentum  ;  the  stamens  which  are 


rr.i 


islf 


no 


tiJUA    OF  NOItTH  AA[HRI(A. 


rOKNACKX 


iiirtiiili'il,  conNint  of  filiort  filiiiiicntN  iirul  nmiiiII  mimtly  fcrtilf  iiiithorH;  tlio  Htyle  is  Htout,  pxHi<rt(>il,  mid 
rt'lli'Mi'il  fnini  iicitr  tlii'  liaw.  Tin-  fruit,  which  ri|)<'iiH  in  .Inly  iiiid  Aii^iiHt,  Homvtiini's  hiiii^s  on  tlio 
liriiiirhi'M  until  iiftcr  (hi-  falling  of  ihi-  IravcNi '  it  iH  liri^lit  or  dull  hmI,  oliioiifr  or  4>liovati>,  ^lahroUH,  nil 
iiH'li  to  nil  iiH'li  and  a  half  lon^;,  ti|i|icd  with  thi<  thickiMiiMi  and  iiointcd  ruinnants  uf  the  stylo  which 
ri'inain  attji<'lii'<l  to  tin-  Ktuni-,  and  in  liornt-  on  u  Nlondur  Btcm  clotht'd  with  toinoiituin,  unlar^iul  at  tlio 
a|ii'x.  and  oiii'  half  or  two  thirdH  of  an  inch  in  length;  thi>  lh>Hh  is  thick,  juicy,  and  v<Ty  acid  ;  tliti 
Moiic  in  oliloii);,  (.'oiii|ii'i-MM-d,  with  thick  hard  walU  |iroduc(>d  into  ton  or  twelve  hroad  thin  |ia|)fry  whito 
wiii>;H,  and  \*  an  inch  or  iiiori'  in  Iciij^th  and  one  or  rarely  two-sccdcd.  The  set'd,  which  in  coiii|irosNcd 
and  narrowed  at  Itotii  eiidH,  hatt  a  thin  |ia|H-ry  pale  coat  and  thick  allmmeii. 

iVi/MMii  Oijivliv,  which  lit  II  rare  and  hwal  tree,  fjrows  in  deep  often  inundated  river-swainps  from 
the  liordcrH  of  South  Carolinii  in  tiie  nei^hhorhood  of  the  coast,  through  the  Op'cchce  valley  in 
<M'or>;ia  to  (,'liiy  County  in  noithern  Florida,  and  in  Washington  Comity  in  western  Florida,  where  it 
weiiiH  to  attain  its  lar){est  *\u'.' 

The  wixmI  of  NnHxii  (hjiihi  in  lijfht,  »oft,  tough,  although  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  and  dillicult 
to  Mjilit.  It  contains  many  thin  niednllary  rays  and  nuinerous  regularly  dislrilmted  open  ducts,  and  is 
ulote,  with  thin  hardly  dintingiiishahle  >>;ipwood  composed  of  ahout  ten  layers  of  annual  growth,  'i'he 
Hpecilic  gravity  of  the  alisohilely  dry  wood  is  O.Killi,  a  LMiliic  foot  weighing  '1^.1't  pounds. 

A  jiieserve  with  an  agreeahle  suliacid  (lavor,  known  as  Ogeechee  limes,  is  sometimes  made  from 
the  fruit  td'  this  tree  in  (ii-oigia  and  South  Carolina. 

The  earliest  iiiintion  of  the  Ogeechee  Lime  occurs  in  Bernard  Uomans'  account  of  Florida, 
puhlislicd  in  177.'»;'  it  is  said  liy  Aitoii'  to  have  heeii  introduced  into  Kngland  in  li^lHi  hy  .John 
Iaoii,''  liut  |ii'olialily  it  ilocs  not  now  exist  in  cultivation  outside  the  region  it  naturally  iiihahits,  where 
it  is  occasionally  found  in  gardeiiH, 


'  'I  WW  liiri{f.  lull  Iri'i'H  uf  llii-  .S')n«»  ■  imtiiipii.  >i.  (  I^iim  In-. 
((riiwiiiK  Ml  Ihn  Iwiiliri  iit  llw  rimr.  'I'lii-jr  kmw  hi  iIh-  wnliT.  iii'iir 
III'-  •liiirc.  Tlu'ri'  \»  iKi  IriM  lliiil  i'tliiliit4  a  iimri'  •{■'•irul>l<'  ii|<|H'>ir- 
Hiii'i'  llimi  thia,  in  llii'  iiiiliiiiwi,  wlnii  llui  rriiil  i»  ri|i<',  iiml  tin'  Iri'U 
(litcali'd  i.f  ..  li'HVi'i ;  fur  tliiri  lliry  |ii«k  m<  nil  lu  «.  nrUl.  with 
tliiir  fruit,  wlinli  u  of  ilmt  ml'iiir  ulxi  It  i>  uf  tin-  »\i,i\»-,  Imt 
liiri^ir  tliiiii  till'  iiliVF,  uuuUiiiluK  ui  UKri'vitlili'  im  nl  jiiii'  "  (\V  iliir- 
triiiii.  'I'niiiln.  17.) 

•  ,\i/<tii  lli/tihr  liim  Ih-i'Ii  >uiil  III  ifniw  aliui  in  MiiillMrn  ArltaiiMu 
(NiilUII,  7V<iii»  Am.  I'liil.  .V«.  \  1(17  ;  /V'li'.'..  71  lH'<i|iipri'in. 
Otirti  'J</  llri'.  (Jrdliii/  Siirr.  Arliihtiii,  IWH),  wlinri'  M'vrml  Irw'S 
iiMt  ciiMiiili'ml  |H!<'nliiir  In  llii-  miiilli  Allnnlii'  •Intra  nri'  iinw  known 
to  iN'i'iir,  lull  I  liavf  hvii  no  «|H'i'inM'n>*  j^Mtlii-ri'il  Wi'at  of  Mcriilft. 
(Hpi'  CiinlKT  &  Kmiia.  /(.</   'iiurili .  «*   ICI  ) 

•  A''((.  Ilul.  /'V.fl-i,/,!.  u:;. 

'  ll'^rl.  Krw.  .il,  '.',  V.   ISO.-    I..1111I1.11,  Arl,   llnl   111    l.'tiM,  f   IllW. 

•  l.itlli'  la  knii^vn  of  tlu*  i-iirl)  liiaiorv  uf  'fuliii  Uynu,  who  i^  iili-n- 
lilii'il  mtli  AnifTii'iiii  pliiiita  ttirou^li  Iiin  iiitr'Mlin  tion  of  u  niiniliiT 
of  iiiijiortiiiit  a|H'rii'N  inUi  I'jigliali  jfiirilifim.     Ill*  la  aitiil  to  Imrp  lieen 


0  natural  «on  uf  William  I.yoii  uf  <lillii|;iF  in  I'orfuriliiri'.  Scntlnnd, 
who  wiia  uftprwartU  a  nicri'lmnt  in  l^uiilon.  I.\oii  |irolmlil\  I'lime 
to  Anii'rii'ii  tuwaril  ihf  I'ud  of  thi>  la»t  riiiliiry.  in  in  l.S(C_'  lin  uiu 
pliU'i'd  III  ('harp-  of  tin*  fiiinoiit  t;iirdi'iiH  at  \\'iMHlIiiwn.  iii-ar  I'liila- 
ili>l|)liiii.  till'  proiHTty  of  AVilliani  lluiiiilt'in.  lie  ntaiiitd  thin  po"!- 
lion  unld  ISU'i,  liiid  ill  till'  fnlloMlll^  yriir  ri'tiirni'd  to  Iji^daiid  mtli 
a  lari^i'  rollt-otion  of  liviii);  {'laiit-.  and  '.itiIh,  wliii-h  witi'  kuIiI  at 
iiiii'tiiui  iii'iir  l.uniion.  lie  iirohalily  xxui  rt'tiirnrd  to  Anirrica.  and. 
Iia\iiii;  di'voti'd  Hi'vi'nd  yi'iin  to  r^plorin^  thf  Carolina-H.  tii'or>;ui, 
and  Florida,  ri'Inrni'd  in  1S1'_>  to  Kn^dand  with  anothiT  I'ollrrtioii 
of  plants.  Ill-  ujfniii  ri'tiirni'd  to  Aini'rii-a,  wlieri'  In*  difd  U'fore 
ISlH  i(  ,\.ahovilh\  North  Carolina,  wln-rc  ho  was  hnrit'd. 

A  nunilNT  of  n|M*L'ieH  of  .Viidronit'da  wi'ri'  united  hy  Thiuna.a 
Nuttal!  into  thi'  ^'fiiiM  I.i/ituin,  whii'li  I'oinnit'inoratcit  "the  nanir  of 
till-  late  .\Ir.  ilolili  I.yoii,  an  ilidi'fatif;alih'  t-olli-i-tor  of  North  .\iiirri* 
I'an  plaiitu  who  frtl  vii'tiiii  to  a  dan^rroiti  rpidi'lnir  ainiilit  ttiosf 
aava^o  and  rouiantic  inountaina  wbit-h  Imdnuofteu  U'l'ii  tho  thi'aln* 
uf  hi.i  laliunf*'  (GVri.  i.  'Jtki). 


,1 


rousACi:;B. 
iHorti'd,  anil 

ll)rH    on    till) 

rIaliniiiM,  an 
stylo  wliicli 
ij;i(il  at  tlie 
•y  acid ;  th« 
iiipcry  wliitti 
c'oni[ii't's»i'd 

wanips  fiom 
!■(■  valley  in 
(la,  wlii'ii"  it 

ami  (lilllcult 
liii'ts,  and  i» 
rowtli.     Till' 

*  made  I'ruiii 

of  Florida, 
((H)  l)v  <lolin 
liahits,  wheiu 


itrslnrp.  Si'ntlftiid, 
lit  jiruliahly  I'liiiio 

ll»  ill    IHIfJ  111'  WIM 

lliinii,  iii'iir  I'liiln- 
Tlainrd  this  i""i- 
I  to  KiiK'iiiKl  »'<!' 
iicli  wctt"  siilil  at 
I  t(i  Anicrii'U.  iiiiil. 
iiniliiiiLH.  lii'iir;;ia, 
iiniilliiT  I'olliTtiim 
ri'  hf  ilifil  IwfiirB 
liiirii'il. 

uiii'd  by  TliiMiuu 
iti'n  "  the  iianii-  i>f 
r  of  North  Aiiiiri- 
•niio  amiilsl  tliosf 
u  U'l'ii  thp  tlu'nlre 


H 


iM 


EXI'LAXAIION   OF  TIIK   PLATE. 


10. 

II. 

I'J. 
l;!. 
II. 
1.-.. 
li-,. 
17. 


I'l.vtk  C'CXIX.     Nys.<.v  OiiKiiiE. 
A  floHciins;  branch  of  thu  sUiilo  tree,  iiiituriil  she. 
A  flowcriiif;  branch  of  the  fertile  tree,  nntuvul  size. 
Diagram  of  a  staniinntf  tloncr. 
Diagram  <'(  a  firlili'  Howit. 
A  staminate  llowir.  cnlargi'il. 
Vcrtioal  ."section  of  a  stamin.ate  Huwer,  enlarged. 
.Vn  anther,  front  view,  enlarged. 
An  anther,  rear  view,  enlarged. 
A  pistillate  llower.  enlargeil. 
Vertieal  section  of  a  jMstillate  llowor,  enlarged. 
An  ovule,  mneh  magnitied. 
.\  frniting  braneh,  natural  .siic. 
Wrtieal  section  of  a  fruit,  natural  size. 
<.'ro>s  section  of  a  fruit,  luitural  size. 
.\  "lone,  natural  size. 
An  iinbryo,  natural  size. 
A  winter  branchlet.  natural  size. 


w 


:'  a 


HM 


ii: 


il 


I 


r 


H* 


1 


i  ! 


*. 


' 


NYSSA    OGKCHE< 


m 


1  1 :  51 


M 


!     .! 


n 


I 


!  f     " 


i 


!  ! 


i 


C'l'KSAcEiK, 


aiLVA    OF  NOllTJI  AMEinCA. 


83 


NYSSA   AQUATIOA. 
Cotton   Qum.     Tupelo  Gum. 
FuuiT  large,  the  stone  acutely  ridged.     Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  acute  or  acuminate. 


Nyeaa  oquatica,  Slarslmll,  .1  rlmat.  A  in.  '.M>  (1 TH.".).  —  I'dliet. 

/.K/H.  Kilt.  iv.  .WT.  —  Dusfuiilaliies,  llinl.   .Irli.  i.  ;!('>. 
Nyssa  nquatioa,  Linnn'iis.  .S'/.cr.  1058  (in  |piirt)  (17"hi). 
NysHa  uuillora.  Wan^juiiliiiiii,  Xnriluiii.  Unix.  SIS.  I.  '_'7.  f  ."i7 

( 1 7.S7  ).  —  WalliT,   ri.  ( •in:  'J."..'!.  —  Klliiill,  .SV,-.  ii.  fiSli.  — 

('lia|miaii,  I'/.  II'kS.  —  Ciirlis,  A'c/i.  (hii/m/.  Siirr.  .V.  Cur. 

INO",  iii.  fiL'.  —  Kocli,  priiilr,  ii.  •t.'j.'i.  —  Laiiclie,  Di'iilnclii; 

/Vm/r.  ed. '.',  .")l,'f.  —  Sur(;cnt,  Foreat   Trris  X.  Am.  \W/i 

Ci'iisiLH  ('.  S.  ix.  '.yj.  — CoiiltiT  &  Kvaiis,  Jtnt.  Giizetli:  xv. 

'.•'.'.  —  \Vat,"iiii  &  t'lJulliT,  (inii/n  .Mini.  vi\.  <'i,  21."). 
Nyssa  denticulata,   Ailon,   l/mt.  Aiic.  iii.  Ilfi  ( 17S'.l). — 

IVrsDoii,    Si/ii,   ii.  (>1.">.  —  Willilciiow.   S/hi:   iv.    1111. — 


tixTliuT  f.  Frurl.  iii.  'Jli;!,  t.  'JIC. 


•I'uisli.  /■/.  .1,. 


'/" 


t. 


i.  17K.  —  I'liinl.  l.iim.  />i.i.  Siippl.  iv.  1  l.'i.  —  Xiiltall, 
flni.  ii.  '.'.!(>.  — Ilayiii',  liim/i:  /■'/.  '.".".».  — |{(Pi'incr  vV 
8rliult<'s,  Si/st.  V.  577.  —  S|)rc'iigil,  iSi/st.  i.  WJ. —  Uiu- 
tricli.  Si/ii.  i.  .S7'.*. 


NysHii  palu.stris,  Salislmry.  /'n«/i:  175  (17(10). 

Nyssa  ant;ulo8a,  I'oiivi,  /,'/«.  Jjii-t.  iv.  507  (171)7);  ///. 

iii.  -I  I-',  t.  .S51.  f.  L'.  —  Kofinur  i«i  Scliultcs,  Si/st.  v.  57.S. 
Nyssa     tomontosa.     .Micliaiix,     77.    /lor'.- Am.     ii.    '.'.59 

(1,S().')). —  ruvsijun.  .S'//H.   ii.  015.  —  Willdfiiow.  .S'/"'<'.  iv. 

lll;i.  —  I'lii^Ii.   /•'/.  Am.  ,Si'/.t.i.  177.  — Nuttall,  dm.  ii. 

2;i(j.  —  Hdi'Iii.i-  &  .Scliulle«,  Si/«t.  V.  577.  —  Kllioll.  Sk: 

ii.    ('.S5,    -  S|iiTii(;i'l.  >','/■-''■  '•  ^■^--  —  Aiululion.    /.'//■'/,•.■.  t. 

1.1.  —  Dii'iricli.  Si/ii.  i.  ,S7'.I. 
Nyssa  anBUlisans.  .Michaiix.  /■'/.  llm-.-Am.  ii.  2.5'.»  (IHO.'i).  — 

Di.'lriflc.  Siiii.  i.  .s;;*.  —  S|iac'li.  //I'.v,'.  IV;/.  x.  ■|t;5. 
Nyssa  Krandidentat.n.  Micliaux  f.  ///■'.  Arh.  Am.  ii.  '.'52, 

I.   r.l   (1.S12).  —  Loii.loii.   Ai-I:    r.i-il.   iii.    i:il'.».  f.   120(1, 

1201. 
Nyssa   oandioans.    var.    prrandidentata.   D.  J.   lirownc, 

Tiris  ui'  Aimrii-'i.  -fJO  (l.Slll). 


I   : 


it-. 


A  tree,  cii^lity  to  one  huiuli'fd  I'l'et  in  li('ii;lit,  witli  a  tnmk  tlircc  or  tour  feet  in  diameter  iibove 
tlie  ;freally  enlaijjed  tailoring'  lia.sc,  coinpiiiativily  small  spreiidinj;'  liianelies  wliicli  ionn  ii  narrow  oliionj^ 
oi  |i\ramidal  head,  stout  pitliv  IiraiU'idels,  and  thick  coiliy  roots.  The  liark  ot  tlie  trunk  is  a  ijuarter 
of  an  ineli  thick,  and  is  dark  luown,  longitudinally  furrowed  and  rouf;liened  on  the  surface  with  .small 
scales.  The  hranehes,  when  they  Kr.st  appear,  are  dark  red  and  coated  with  tine  pale  tomentum  ;  they 
soon  heeome  j^lahrous  or  nearly  so,  and  in  their  tirst  winter  are  li;;ht  lU'  hrinht  red-hrown  and  marked 
liv  small  scattered  pale  lenticels  and  hy  conspicuous  elevateil  nearly  orhicular  leaf-.sears  which  .show  '.  ,• 
cuds  of  three  lari^e  lilir()-va.scidar  handles.  The  termuial  liuds  are  nearly  n'lohose.  and  are  covered  \\\\'v. 
liroad  ovate  liji;ht  ehestniit-hrowu  scale.s  keeled  on  the  hack  and  roundecl  an<l  a[iiculatu  at  the  apex;  i' 
scales  of  the  inner  ranks  leufrlheu  oti  the  >;rowinn'  siioots.  and  at  maturity  are  ovate-ohloni;',  or  ohi  ■  n- 
olilonjj  rounde<l  at  the  ape\.an  inch  or  more  in  leni;'th,  and  l)iii;lit  \elio\v.  Tlie  axillary  huils  are  minule. 
olituse,  anil  nearly  indiedded  in  the  hark.  'Jiie  leaves  are  ovate-oliloiii;-,  acute  or  acuminate  and  ofii  :i 
lon<j-[)ointed  at  the  apex,  wedn'c-shaped,  rounded  or  suiicordale  at  the  hase,  entire  or  remotely  and  irrejju- 
larly  an;.;idalc-toothcd,  the  teeth  heinj;'  often  lipped  with  lonn'  slender  luuiros,  and  deeiduims  ;  wV  i 
thcv  unfolil  they  are  lii;ht  red,  coated  helow  and  on  the  petioles  with  thick  pale  tomentum,  and  pulics- 
cent  ahovi',  espeei.iilv  on  tlu;  midrihs,  and  at  maturitv  are  thicic  and  lirm,  dark  i;i'cen  auil  lustrous  on  the 
upjier  surface,  pale  and  more  or  less  downy-puliescent  on  the  lower,  five  to  seven  inches  lohi;-  and  two 
to  lour  inches  wide,  with  hroad  thick  midrihs,  ahout  ten  oi  twelve  pairs  of  primary  veins  forked  near 
the  uuirj^in  and  (Diineeted  hy  eoiispietloiis  cross  veins,  and  stout  i;!oo.  cd  hairy  petioles  enlar<;ed  at  ihe 
base  and  an  inch  and  a  lialf  to  two  inches  and  a  half  in  length.  Tiu'  flowers,  which  appear  in  .^Iareh 
and  April,  are  yellow-ijreen  and  are  l)oriie  on  lonj;'  slender  hairy  iieduneles  produced  in  the  axils  of 
the  ini:er  scales  of  the  terminal  hud,  the  sterile  in  (h'lise  capit.itc  clusters,  their  peduncles  furnished  near 
the  n\!ddle  m  occasimially  at  the  apex  with  lonj;-  linear  ciliate  liractlets,  and  the  fertile  sohtaiy  ami 
surroumled  hy  two  to  four  iitrap-sliaped  .searious  ciliate  hractlet.s  often  half  an  inch  in  lenjrth  and  more 


i  5 


,*ii:t 


(  i 


84 


57/. ni    OF  KUUTH  AMFJIilCA. 


CORNACE^E. 


,M 


or  less  united  below  into  an  involiicral  cup.  Tlie  calyx  of  the  sterile  flower  is  cup-shaped,  ohseurely 
five-tocthed,  and  a  third  of  the  lenjjth  of  the  oldonjj  erect  petals  which  are  rounded  at  the  apex  an'I 
UHKh  shorter  than  the  stumens.  In  the  fertile  tlover  the  calyx  is  ohlonpf  and  much  lon>;er  than  ♦lie 
ovate  mimite  spreadinj;  petals  ;  the  stamens  are  included,  with  small  mostly  fertile  anthers  ;  the  upper 
half  of  the  stout  tapering  style  is  reflexed  above  the  middle  and  revolute  into  a  close  coil.  The  fruit, 
which  ripens  in  the  early  autumn,  is  oblong  or  slightly  obovate,  crowned  with  the  pointed  remnants  of 
the  style,  dark  purple,  marked  with  conspicuous  scattered  pale  dots,  an  inch  long,  and  borne  on  slender 
drooping  stalks  three  or  four  inches  in  length  ;  the  tlesh  is  thin  and  acid,  and  is  covered  by  a  thick 
tdugh  skin  ;  the  stone  is  ovate,  pointed  at  the  base,  flattened,  light  brown  or  nearly  white,  thick-walled 
.'ind  about  ten-ridged,  the  ridges  being  acute  and  wing-like  with  thickened  separable  margins  and 
sometimes  luiited  by  short  intermediate  ridges.  The  seed  is  compressed  and  pointed  at  both  ends,  with 
a  pale  thin  coat  and  thin  albunu'n. 

^V//s>Y^  it'/witlcK  is  distributed  through  the  coast  region  of  the  Atlantic  states  from  southern 
Virginia  to  northern  Florida,  through  the  Gidf  states  to  the  valley  t)f  the  Nueces  I{iver  iu  Texas, 
and  through  Arkansas  and  southern  and  southeastern  Missouri  to  western  Kentucky  and  Tennessee 
anil  to  the  valley  of  the  lower  Wabash  Kiver  in  Illinois.  It  is  an  inhabitant  of  deep  swam])s  inundated 
during  a  part  of  every  ye.'ir,  growing  in  great  nmnbeis  with  the  Cy|)ress,  the  Liijuiibunber,  the  Swamp 
White  Oak.  the  Water  Ash,  the  Scarlet  Maple,  the  Water  Locust,  and  the  Cottonwood.  In  sonu-  parts 
i(i  the  country,  especially  in  the  valley  of  the  lower  Mississijipi  Hiver,  the  Tupelo  (lum  is  one  of  tin; 
largest  and  most  aluuidant  of  the  semiac|Uatie  trtes.  It  attains  its  greatest  size  in  the  Cypress  swamps 
of  westiMii  Louisiana  and  eastern  Texas. 

Tin'  wood  of  Xi/s.iii  (I'liiii/irii  is  light,  soft,  not  strong,  elosi'-grained,  .'nid  dillicnlt  to  split  ;  it 
contains  numeriuis  thin  nu.'(Ii:llary  ray^.  and  is  liglit  brown  or  often  nearly  white,  with  thick  sapwood 
souietiiiies  ('om|)osed  of  more  than  a  hinidred  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  speiilic  gravity  of  tlu! 
absolutely  dry  wood  is  ().r)19L  a  cubic  foot  weighing  U'i.ItT  pounds.  It  is  used  in  the  manufacture 
of  wiioden-ware.  broom-handies.  and  wooden  shoes,  and  now  largely  for  fruit  and  vegetable  boxes;' 
the  wood  of  the  roots  is  sometimes  used  instead  of  .'ork  for  the  (loats  of  nets. 

The  first  accoiuit  of  yi/ssa  iifjiuilicd  apjMMrs  in  t'atesby's  A  ■'rcl  H'mldrii  n;  '''iirn/iiin.-  It  was. 
perhai)s,  introduced  by  Catesby  iut(»  English  gardens,  as  aci^ording  to  Aiton'  it  was  cultivated  near 
London  by  Peter  Collinson  *  in  173.1.  At  the  present  time  it  is  |)robably  not  to  be  found  outside  of 
its  native  swamps. 


'  (.inril^-n  an'I  I-'nr-il.  ii.  l'J2. 

2  Arhnr  in  nipin  tiascnut, /'Aiit  latut  (irummii/w  x  tifrUatiii,  fru''tu 
Klfngui  majiire,  i.  00,  t.  GO. 


\i/i<ii  f,t>lit'iruli.<  utit/ti'fif,  I'liiMon,  /v.   (Vr/ni.  I'Jl. 
•  llnrl.  K-ir.  iii,  H7. 
«  See  i.  8. 


EXPLANATFON  OF  THE  PLATE. 


l't.A''K  C'C'XX.    Nv^-^A  aijiatha. 

1.  A  fiiiBci-iiijr  branch  uf  llie  sU-rili'  Ircc.  iiatnnil  4/.e, 

2.  A  f'ow"r>. ;  lininoii  of  llic  firtilu  tree,  iialiirat  siio. 

3.  j%.  -tnminu'  ■  ilowrr,  fular^^cd. 

4.  A  'I'lrtillati'  il.iwpr.  eiilaru'i'il. 

ri.  A  friiilinK  'imncli,  iiatuial  Ni/e. 

0.  Vertical  xp'tion  nf  a  fruit,  natural  she. 

7.  C'ros   Rectiiin  of  n  fruit,  natural  «il6. 

8.  A    i.'ni',  cnlnrgcil. 

9.  A  wi.itcr  '.ranchlt'l,  natural  siw. 


'"^^ 


h  i' 


l)()X('s  ; 


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■I  '■ 

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NYSSA  AQUATIC  A 


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h 

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ii 

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CAI'IUKO 

Fl 

corolla 

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siiNjKin 

oi)j)o?«it 

Sambuci 

ii.  I.-.M 

■)(•.;•.  - 

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Trf 

and  til)!' 

llMllt'tX 

Ifiillct ; 

(MillU'OII 

tlM'lllillMl 

Idlii'il  or 

li^lit  nih 

tilaincnt 

tile    ci'llh 

viHicil.  t 

from  till 

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sariocur 

incnilira 

ovoid  : 

Sai 

parts  of 

two    WOl 

red-fruit 

'  ''PnVi 

■'  I.iiiiiie 

1    '^"H;   Sy 
cti.  15,  -17. 

Stiinfif 

l)t'))«'IiU1 

Siirnl'i 

Man.  13 

CAl'KIKOUACK-e. 


HJLl'A   OF  yoUTU   AMERICA. 


8S 


SAM  BUG  US. 

Flowkus  ri'j^iilar,  pi-rfcet  or  rarely  polygamous ;  lalyx  3  to  5-lol)od  or  toothed; 
I'orolla  gainopetaloiis,  3  to  'j-parted,  the  divi>ion>  iml)rieatid  or  rarely  valvate  in 
a'sti\ation;  staimns  ') ;  ovary  inferior  or  partly  superior.  iJ  to  o-ciHed  ;  ovules  solitary, 
suspended.  Fruit  a  berry-like  drupe  \i  to  5-stone(l,  the  ston»->  1 -seeded.  Leaves 
opposite,  une(iually  i)innate,  destitute  of  stipules,  deeiduous. 

SnmbuoUB.  LiiinH'u-<, 'iVh.  hi;  ( 17;tV). —AJniiaoii, /■■'//«.  /v.      Phyteumn.   I.iiuriini.  /■'/.  i',„/,hi.  i.   I.'.S  (I7il0)   (ii,,t   I,iii- 
ii.  ITiS. — A.  L.  do  .lii-tHioti,  tifii.  L'lJ. —  iMullii'her.  </'<■//.  iiicusi 

"ii')'.!.  —  .MoisiiiM'.  (it'll.  I.V>. —  Hi'titlmni  ^V  Ilnokci',  '»'<«.  ii.      TriptftDlus.  Uiicllev.  Mii'lul'  T/irn'  Kjjml.  Kii.tl  Aiisli-nlin, 
3.  —  lliiilli>ii.  Hint.  I'l.  vii.  .")0l.  ii.  i  I  (1S:!'.I).  —  Kndli.  h.  i-.  (lin.  Siippl.  ii.  TA.  —  JIiiMier, 

(Ifii.  pi.  ii.  ;illn. 


I  I 


W 


Trees  or  shnilis,  with  stout  liranclies  I'diitainin^  thick  wliite  or  (l;irl;  vellnw-liiovva  pitli,  scaly  huds, 
aiicl  til)roiis  routs  ;  or  rarely  pereniiiMl  lierhs.  Leaves  opiiosite,  uiie(|ii:ill\  |iiiin,ile.  involute  in  veriiation  ; 
leatiets  serriitc^  or  laeiniate,  the  Iiase  of  the  petioles  iiakeil,  f^landalar  or  l'ui'ni>he(l  with  a  stijiuk-like 
le.iHet ;  stipels  siiiiill,  tisiiallv  setaceous,  ol'teii  w;iiitiui^.  Hracts  ami  liiMi'tlcts  l.iiiceolate.  acute,  scarious. 
eailucoils,  the  liractlcts  souu'tiuu's  waiiliui^.  Flowers  small,  articuiali'  with  siciiihr  |ieiiicels,  in  liroail 
terminal  corviiihose  cvnus.  Calvx-tuhe  ailnate  to  the  ovarv.  ovoid  or  tin  liinatv.  the  iimli  three  to  li\c- 
lohed  or  toothed,  (.'onilla  rotate  or  slii^htly  cam|ianulate,  enuaily  three  to  live-pirled.  white,  vellow,  or 
li^ht  rose.  Stamens  inserteil  on  the  tuhe  of  the  coroli.i,  as  many  as  it>.  lolies  and  alternate  with  thcin  ; 
Hlaments  lihform  or  suhulate  ;  aiitiiers  oMone;,  attached  on  tic  ii.ick.  e\tror>e.  xi'isatile,  two-celled, 
the  cells  o|ieninf^  lonjjitiulinally.  Ovary  inferior  or  partly  sii|ieri(ir.  three  to  li\f-celled  ;  style  ahlire- 
vialcd.  thick  and  conical,  three  to  live-lohed  and  stij^malic  at  the  apex;  ovules  solitary,  suspended 
from  the  apex  id'  the  cell,  resiiiiinatc  ;  raphe  dorsal;  niicropylc  superior.  Drupe  haceate.  suh<>iol)ose, 
red.  hlack,  or  rarely  yellow,  three  to  tivc-stoned,  cro\vnc(l  wiih  llie  iiiiinants  of  the  per~i>tent  stii^iiias  ; 
Hart  ocar|i  juicv  ;  sloms  cartilaeinoiis,  piinctate-run'iilose.  one-seeded.  Seed  ohione-.  ((impressed;  testa 
meinhranaceous,  adherent  to  the  copious  Hesliy  alhiimen.  Eiuhryo  minute,  near  the  hilum  ;  cotyledons 
ovoiil  ;  radicle  terete,  erect. 

Samhuciis,  with  aliout  twelve  species,  is  now  widely  and  jjeiierally  distrihuted  throujjh  the  temperate 
parts  of  North  America,  Kiirope,  and  .V.sia  ;  it  inhahits  lii<ili  uiouutain  ran<;cs  within  the  tropics  of  the 
two  worlds,  ami  .\ustralia,  Tasmania,  and  New  Zealand.  Of  the  four  North  American  species,'  the 
red-fruited  SiDnhai-Hn   rm;  niiisn,-  ii  tall  shriih  found  in  all   the  northern   and  mountainous  reijions  of 

'  limy,  Si/n.  I'l.  .V.  Am.  i.  \<t.  ii.  8.  .s'lim/'Ni-n,.-  puhesciii.<,  IVrsooii,  Siin.  i.  .3'JS  (ISO.").  —  I'lirsli.  I'l. 

'  I.iiiniPii.'i,  Sjifc.  '210  (17.V1).  —  (iray,  Breii-er  fc  Wnttim  li'ii.  Cnl.  .\iii.  Sf/il.  i.  tiW. 

i.  'JTH  ;  ■'<iju.  t1.  .V.  ,im.  I.  c.  —  AVntsuii  &  I'oultiT,  f/mi/V  .Mim.  .S'limArioiw  pubeim,  vat.  arbor' i>' :■<,  Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  .V.  .iiii. 

.d.  i;,  Ji".  li.  la  (1S41). 

.S'um^.i,i'i.,<iiiV/rii,  ThmdHTg, /'/../(i/i.  l'J(i(ncit  l.iiiiiii'ii.'t)(lTS.|).  .Siiml.untu    Williamnii,  U-.imv,  .bin.    .iVi.    .Viif.   .stfr.  .">,  v.  -17 

Uflicaux,  Fl.  .s'Ariri'/A.  ;i;i.  (1800).  —  Kraiu'iift,  /'!.  D<iii<l.  i.  118. 

Sittnl'ntfut  inihfu.^,  Mioliaiix,  l-'l.  r>(ir,-:im.  i.  ISl  (ISIK'l).  — Gray, 
.Vdu,  173.  —  KuuTsuii,  Trtt-i  .'^ItLts. 'Mjl.  —  Chapman, /•'/.  171. 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  873-4503 


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SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


CAPHIFOLIACE.K 


the  continent,  is  common  also  in  nortliern  Europe,'  in  northern  Asia,''  central  China,'  Corea,  and  Japan.* 
In  Ein'oi)e  two  other  species  occur ;  one  of  them,  the  herbaceous  Snmbucnn  Ebuhtg,^  reaches  Mac'eini, 
northern  Africa,  Asia  Elinor,  and  Cashmere,  and  perhaps  reappears  in  southwestern  China ; "  and  tlie 
second,  the  arborescent  Simhwux  iiiijrii,"  extends  also  to  the  Orient.*  In  tlii'  elevated  mountain  valleys 
of  Sikkini  and  Nepaul  one  endemic  species  is  found."  iSrnnbiicus  Javanica  '"  ranges  from  Assam  to  the 
Malav  peninsula,  southern  and  central  China,  Java  and  Formosa,  and  perhaps  to  Japan.  Two  endemic 
species  occur  in  Australasia  ; "  and  two  arborescent  species  are  described  in  the  Floras  of  the  Canary 
Islands'- i;ud  Madeira."  One  species  iidiabits  the  mountains  of  central  and  western  South  America 
from  Guatemala  to  Peru,"  and  a  species,  possibly  endemic,  those  of  southern  Mexico." 

Sambueus  possesses  cathartic  and  emetic  properties  in  the  bark  ;  the  Howers  are  excitant  and 
sudorific,  and  the  juice  of  the  fruit  is  alterative  and  laxative.  The  fruit  was  used  by  the  Komaiis 
to  paint  the  statues  of  Jupiter  red ;  the  bark  has  been  employed  in  dyi'ing."'  The  dried  flowers  of 
Sniiliin-HS  ii'iijrit  are  used  in  Europe  in  the  preparation  of  an  aromatic  distilled  water  and  in  flavoring 
lard,  and  by  distilling  the  flowers  small  (juantities  of  a  light  yellow  fatty  essential  oil  with  a  bitter 
burning  but  afterwards  cooUng  flavor  are  obtained;  "  the  leaves  are  employed  to  give  a  green  tint  to 
oil  and  fat,'"  and  wine  made  from  the  juice  of  the  ripe  fruit  is  sometimes  used  in  the  United  States  and 
Europe  as  a  beverage  or  to  adulterate  grape-juice.'"  The  fruits  of  some  of  the  species,  especially  of 
Siiiihticus  nigra,  and  of  Sambueus  ijlauvn  of  western  America,  are  cooked  and  eaten. 

The  wood  of  SambncuH  nigra  is  hard  and  compact,  and  is  used  by  comb-makers  and  in  mathe- 
matical instruments.  The  large  pithy  shoots  furnish  children  with  jio])-guns,  pii)es,  flutes,  and  whistles. 
In  Ein<)i>e  Samhiicus  nigra  often  serves  as  a  hedge  plant  and  is  a  ccnumon  iidiabitant  of  cottage 
gardens.  All  the  species  produce  handsome  and  abundant  flowers  and  fruit,  and  are  valuable  orna- 
mental plants.  Forms  with  variously  cut  leaflets  and  with  yellow  or  variegated  foliage  or  abnormally 
colored  fruit  are  favorites  with  horticulturists. 

Ill  North  Ani'nica  Sambueus  is  not  injured  by  insects  and  does  not  suffer  seriously  from  fungal 


}■' 


'  Jacquiii,  /."ii.  /■;.  A'.ir.  i.  t.  ,"!l.  —  rallas,  ^V.  I!os.<.  ii.  'J!).— 
yoiiirau  Ihihitinil,  i.  'Jl'.'.  t.  ■">!».  —  liiiiuipcl,  Willdt-aow  &  Ilnyiie, 
.•IW./7./.  Vful.'irhf  //.,/--.  i.  Jo,  t.  X..  —  Uc  faiidollu,  /V.«/r.  iv.  'SSX  — 
I^-MU'iiour,  Ft.  liins.  ii.  iiS3.  —  Xyinuii,  C\m.tim't.  Ft.  Enrop.  ',\1\. 

^  Ii*'(IflH)ur,  Ft.  Att.  i.  -1-0.  —  Tiiri'zaninow,  Ft.  /itiu'(itfu.^i-lliihu' 
rc-d,  i.  ."ilS.  —  Mfixilntnviez,  J'rim.  Ft.  Amur.  l.'i.j. — •  FruiU'lu-t,  Ft. 
Uiivul.  i.  1  IS. 

•'  K.u-Ih's  &  HciiikI(\v,  Ji'ur.  Liun.  S<n\  xiiii.  .'ilS. 

*  .Mi(|ui'l,  .Ifjn.  M>u*.  I.uijd.  lint.  ii.  "Jti."!.  —  Fniiichot  &  SiivatitT. 
Ki.um.  PI.  Jii/i.  i.  1!W.  —  Miyalx.',  M,m.  linst.  .Sr-c.  Snl.  Hist.  iv. 
I'M  (Ft.  Kurite  /«/<ii„/,<). 

'•'  MiiiiJi'iis,  Sjtrr.  lit'il)  /'7.">;i).  —  fV.  Iltin.  vii.  t.  11. V>.  —  lie  Ciui- 
il.illi'. /.  .-.  :W:!.  —  II()i.,>i«T,  '•'/.  Uriiiit.  iii. '.'.  —  Xymiiii,  /.  <:  3i;l. — 
ll.mlifr  f.  Ft.  /Int.  It„l.  „..•-'. 
'"'  Fiji'Im's  &  lleiiiHtcy.  /.  r.  —  FraiioliPt,  /.  *■.  ii.  ItH. 
-  l.iniwt'us,  /.  r.  (17."iH).  —  /■'/.   li'tn.   iv.  t.  TtXTt.  ~  -  Souinvi  Dn- 
hamil,  i.  L'l."),  t.  .".S.  —  !).■  Caniliillc.  /.  •■. 

Siimtiunts  vutijitri.t.  l.anuiri'k,  Ft.  Fninc.  iii.  '(<•'.*  (177S). 
f  .SiimlnirtLi  aivitrtilijf,  Chamissu  &  .Sviilueliteiulal.   Ltutura,  iii. 
110  (Isi'S). 

*  Itoi.ssiiT.  /.  r. 

*  Siimlmiw  wtmm.  ]).•  Caiidcllc,  /.  i:  (IRIiO).  —  Iliiukcr  f.  & 
Tlu)i)is(»ii.  Jnur.  I.iiiti.  Sifr.  ii.  ISO  —  Iliii>ker  f.  /.  '•.  M. 

"  lilmiip.  Ilijilr.  Fl.  X,'l.  Iml.fiTH  (1  «•.',-•).  — Dp  CmikIdIIi'.  /. .-.  — 

Ilasskarl,  Cm.  Ilnrl.  ling.  117  ;  llfr,tmlMrrf  n,rii,  IHI.j,  '.'i:i.  —  Mi- 

(luc'l,  Ft.  Iwl.  lint.  ii.  I'Jl.  —  Hooker  i.l.  r.  —  Foiluw  &  I|pni*li-  ,  /.  r. 

iiamliiic'tn  f'/tinnisi.i.  I.iiKllpv,  Trans.  Hurt.  Sor.   hmit.  \i.  'J'J7 


(l.S:;ii).  —  !)<■  Candolli'i ;.  c.  —  Uami;  Ann.  Sri.  .\iit.  r^i'r.  'i,  \.\il'; 

Jmir.  Rot.  vii.  •Jil.) ;  xii.  'JGO.  —  .MajiiiioM iiz,  liuit.  Mo.w.  187!),  lit. 
Snmhnni.1  T/ttinhrrffiniin,  Mitjui-l,  .ln'i.  Miis.  Lmjil.  lint,  ii,  \llMt 

( ISOiii.  —  Fniiirlifi  &  .SavatiiT,  I.  c.  —  Fnim  lii'l,  /.  i'.  i    1 17. 

^1  Sninl'ititts  jiiitthiH-nr/mt  F.  Mui-llpr,  llimkrr  Juiir.  lint,  .y  Krw 
iinril.  .Mi.'r.  \iii.  1  !.■>  ( IK^<)  ;  'frmui.  I'lid.  Inst.  Virt.  i.  I'J  ;  I'i.  \'irl. 
t.  "Jl).  -  llfiitlialii.  Ft.  Aiutrnt.  iii.  'J'M. 

Tri/nl.t'is    .ht.itrnlnsirus,  l-iiullfv.   Mitrhlt   Tlirir  Fjjifl.  Fnst 

An.'^lrnii,  .  ii    I  I  (IS.'i'.l). 
.s'w/H/"i(*'i.v  tinuiticfinitiliaun,  Uv  ('an<tullp.  /.  c.  ( lH;i0).  —  Ilooki-r 

f.  /■■'.  Ttismnn.  i.  1114.  —  llfiitliain.  /.  c. 

^^  .Snmf>itctt.i  Pnlmifti.'tU,  Link,  liurh  Fhys.  litsrkr.  Cnnnr.  /;<..  l^A 
(182.")).  —  Wdib  &  Bcrtlifliil,  I'hijingr.  Cnnnr.  sec.  ii.  17li,  I.  TS. 

••  .Snmlmnis  Mn'Icirrn.w.  I.owo.  Mm,.  Ft.  Mml.  'M\  (ISliS). 

>*  Sninl'ums   Frntvinna,    nuiii1>oldt,  Itoiiplaiul   &    Ktiatii,  .\,n>. 
riru.  rt  S/.rr.  iii.  .iL".)  (1S18).  —  Kunlii,  Si/n.  l'l.  .F^juin.  iii.  7.'>,  — 
!)<•  CiukIoIIc,  /. .-.  ii'J.t.  —  Doiiiull  Sinilli.  /'/.  (innlnnnt.  Xc.  •.'IIII. 
Snmli'inis  <irnre„lri,<,  HocincT  iV:  S,'huU"».  S'ist.  vi.  (ill  (1H'.JII). 

'^  SniniiHrus  fti/tinnntn,  .Schli'i-Iiti-iiil.il  »V  I'iiaiiii.vin,  /.  t*.  v.  171 
(IS;KI).  —  Ili'ln.sl.'V,  /iW.  Hint.  Am.  Criil.  ii.  1. 

'''  l.iMiilon,  Aril.  Ilrit.  ii.  1021). 


"  Si 


pons. 


Ktinjt tnjurtlin  nf  thr  IntlnstrinI  .Srts,  .Maniif'nctiirrs,  nnil 
Itntc  ( ^mtmrrriat  VrtHlwIs,  ii.  1 1'Jll. 

'*  FliiekijjiT  &  Ilaiibiiry,  Pltnnnamifrnpliin,  -08. — /'.  .S'.  Ihs/>rits. 
id.  Ill,  l.'ili). 

•^  London,  /.  r. 

*    .Snuil'urnji  Cnnailrnsis  is  often  attnvkcd  in  cnrlv  Huintncr  In-  tlie 


riUFOLIACE.K 

,,  and  Jiii)aii.* 
L'hes  Mudeirii, 
la  ;  °  and  the 
imtaiu  valleys 
Assam  to  the 
Two  endemic 
if  the  Cauiivy 
outh  America 

excitant  and 
t  the  llomaus 
ied  ttowors  of 
d  in  thivoiing 

with  a  bitter 
I  green  tint  to 
ed  States  anil 
!,  esjiecially  of 

and  in  mathe- 
i,  and  whistles, 
mt  of  cottage 
vahiable  orna- 
or  abnormally 

ly  from  fungal 


CAl'HUOLIACE^. 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


87 


Sambucus,  the  classical  name  of  the  Elder-tree,  is  believed  to  have  been  derived  from  aa^iixr,,  a 
musical  instrument,  probably  in  allusion  to  the  use  of  the  pithy  stums. 

Kiist,  .EeiiUum  Sumlmci,  Scliwciiiitz.     In  its  apiie.irniice  tliia  is  one  become  bent  ami  curved.     Several  otbcr  fungi  occ\ir  ou  different 

(if  the  must  atrikin);  of  tlio   Cluster  Cups  found  in  tlie  e.istern  species  of  Siuubueus  in  tho  L'nind  Stiites.  altliougli  none  of  tlieni 

rnited  Slates,  and  forms  marked  yellow  distortions  on  tlie  leaves,  are  very  conspicuous  or  cause  serious  iliscases. 
petioles,  and  j-onng  sboots,  wliicli  when  the  fungus  is  luxuriant 


SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  NORTH   AMERICAN   ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Flowers  in  compound  depressed  5  or  8-rayed  cymes,  the  four  external  rays  once  to  three  times  une(|UaUy  ."i-rayed.  the  central 
ray  smaller,  finally  reduced  to  ."i-flowered  cyraelets  or  to  single  flowers.  Fruit  blue-black ;  nutlets  punetate-rugulose ;  jiitli 
white. 

Leaves  and  young  shoots  more  or  less  pubescent  or  cincro-canescent. 

Fruit  destitute  of  bloom 1.  Samium  fs  Canai.kxsis.  var.  Mexha.na. 

Le.aves  and  young  shoots  glalirons. 

Fruit  wliitened  with  u  glaucous  bloom '-'•  >A.MliLCLs  (iLAlf  A. 


;ii 


u 


w 


■i.  \nl.  ^^'r.  .">,  \'. -17; 
•jiiil.  Mn.if.  187U,  HI. 
.«.  Luif'l.  lidt.  ii.  -thi 
hel,  /.  ,:  i.  I  17. 
-  Jmr.  Iioi.  y  hi'ir 
Virl.i.  I'J  ;  /'(.  r.w. 

r.  (1,S:UI).  — I  looker 

nrhr.  CitH'tr.  /nv.  l.")! 
sec.  ii.  17ii.  t.  7S, 
,1./.  ItlSl  (IHliS). 
,nd   S:    Kiiutli.  .V.w. 
I'l.  .I'.iiniii.  iii.  ".'i.  — 
KiiliinuL  No.  -IIU. 
sy</.  vi,  (ill  (IH'JI). 
laini.vso,  /.  e.   v.    171 

■If,  ManuJ'adiircs,  (mil 
'J|t8. — r.  .N'.  IHs/ifn-i. 

earlv  summer  bv  llio 


Vf 


'■       .!  g 

I    I 


I 


I 


!  "      / 


'I    I 


88 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


cai'uifoliacea; 


SAMBUOUS   CANADENSIS,  var.  MEXIOANA. 

Elder. 
Leaves  and  young  shoots  more  or  less  pubescent.     Fruit  destitute  of  bloom. 


I.'.f 


I'  f 


SambucuB  Canadensis,  var.  Mexicana. 

Sambucus  Mexicana,  De  CandoUe,  Prodr.  iv.  32U 
(IMIiOi.— Don.  Gi-n.  Si/st.  iii.  437.  —  Loudon,  Ark 
/>'r(7.  ii.  1030. —  Gray.  Sinlfhsonidii  Contrih.y.  00  (I'l. 
Wr'iijht.  ii.)  (in  part)  :  lireirer  it-  Watnon  Bol.  Cul.  i. 
278:  Sijn.  Fl.  N.  Am.  i.  pt.  ii.  '.».  — Torrej,  Parijic 
H.  H.  Hep.  iv.  95;  Iht.  Mex.  liuiinti.  Siirr.  71. — 
Rothrock,  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi.  135 Ilenislcy,  ISM.  Biol. 


Am.  Cent.  ii.  1. — Sargent,  Forest  Trees  N.  Am.  10/A 

Census  V.  S.  ix.  93.  —  Coulter,  Contrib.  V.  S.  Xat.  Herb. 

ii.  155  (Man.  / V.  IC.  Texas). 
Sambucus  glauca,  Henthnin,  PI.  Uartwej.  31,'{  (not  Nut- 
tall;  (1848).  —  tJray,  lirewer  S:  Watson  hot.  Cat.  i.  •_'78  (in 

part). 
Sambucus  velutina.  Uurand  &  Hilganl,  Jour.  Phil.  Aetnl. 

II.  ser.  iii.  39  (1854) ;  Pucijic  R.  R.  Rep.  v.  pt.  iii.  8. 


A  tree,  twenty-five  to  thirty  fesit  in  lieij^lit,  with  a  short  trunk  often  abruptly  enlarged  at  the  base 
and  souietime.s  a  foot  in  diameter,  and  stout  spreading  branches  wliieh  form  a  compact  round-topped 
head.  The  bark  of  the  trunk  is  a  quarter  of  an  inch  thick,  with  a  light  brown  surface  tinged  with  red 
and  broken  into  long  narrow  horizontal  ridge-like  scales.  The  branchlets,  when  they  first  appear,  are 
light  green,  and  like  the  young  leaves  are  more  or  less  covered  with  pale  pubescence,  or  are  glabrate  or 
sometimes  coated  with  canescent  tomentum ;  at  the  end  of  the  first  year  they  become  pale,  or  liglit 
brown  tinged  with  red  and  roughened  with  elevated  lenticels.  The  leaves  are  usually  composed  of  five 
leaflets,  and  are  borne  on  stout  pubescent  or  glabrate  ])etioles  an  inch  or  au  inch  and  a  half  long  and 
usually  naked  at  the  base ;  the  leaflets  are  ovate-lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  apex  into  long  sleiuler 
points,  sharply  serrate  with  incurved  glandular-tipped  teeth  except  at  the  ba.se,  which  is  entire  and 
wedge-shaped  or  more  or  less  une(iually  rounded  on  the  two  sides ;  at  maturity  they  are  dark  yellow- 
green,  pubescent  especially  on  the  broad  midribs  and  primary  veins,  or  nearly  glabrous,  thick  and  firm, 
an  inch  and  a  half  to  six  inches  long,  half  an  inch  to  two  and  a  iialf  inches  wide,  increasing  in  size 
from  the  base  to  the  apex  of  the  leaf,  and  borne  on  slender  petiohdes  which  on  the  terminal  leaflet 
are  sometimes  three  quarters  of  an  inch  in  length  and  on  the  lateral  leaflets  are  much  shorter ;  the 
stipels  on  vigorous  shoots  are  sometunes  a  third  of  an  inch  long,  ovate,  acute  and  serrate,  or  on  fertile 
branches,  from  which  they  are  usually  wanting,  they  are  subulate  or  oblong  and  nuich  smaller.  The 
flowers,  which  are  an  eighth  of  an  inch  acro.ss,  are  produced  in  flat  pubescent  long-branched  cymes  six 
or  eight  inches  across,  and  in  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande  apj)ear  from  March  to  July  ;  the  calyx 
is  ovoid  and  five-lobed  ;  the  corolla  is  rotate,  five-parted,  and  creamy  white,  with  ovate-oblong  divisions 
rounded  at  the  apex ;  the  style  is  ovate,  thick,  and  fleshy.  The  fruit  is  u  quarter  of  an  inch  in 
diameter,  nearly  black,  rather  juicy  and  destitute  of  bluom. 

(S'«;yi6«PiM  CiiiKi(l<iixi.'<,  var.  Mi.rivdnit,  is  distributed  from  the  valley  of  the  Nueces  River  in 
western  Texas  through  southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizouu  to  southern  California ;  it  ranges  southward 
through  Mexico  to  Central  America,  and  appears  on  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  in  Plumas  County, 
California.'  It  freijuents  bottom-lands  and  the  margins  of  streams,  and  is  usually  found  growing  in 
moist  gravelly  loam.     From  SamlntcuH  Canudvnsis,-  a  common  shrub  distributed  from  New  ISrunswick 


'  The  McsiiHU  Elilei  was  found  hero  by  Mm.  U.  M.  Austin, 
whose  speciuii-us  are  preserved  in  the  Gray  Herbarium  at  Cuin- 
bridgc. 

^  .Samhuais  Canailensis,  Llnn:i'us,  .Spec.  liOO  (17.-)3).  —  MiUer, 
Diri.  fd.  8,  No.  C  — Ilu  Hoi,  IliiM.  ISaum-  ii.  41 1.  —  .Moen< li, 
/Illume  llVki.  ll!8.  —  Wun^eiiheiui,  Xortlmii.  llol:.  l\'>.  —  Willde- 


iiow,  lierl.  liaumz.  Xio  ;  Spec.  i.  pt.  ii.  14m  ;  Enum.  IJ'JH.  —  Schmidt, 
Oestr.  liaumz.  iii.  'J.'l,  t.  W'l.  —  Nnueeau  DuhamrU  i.  'J48.  —  Michuui, 
77.  Ilor.-.im,  i.  181.—  i'oirct,  Lam.  Did.  \ii.  oil).  —  I'ursh.  J'l.  .Im. 
.S,pt.  i.  oo;!.  —  itoomcr  &  Shultos,  .Siisl.  vi.  (V»().  —  Klliutl,  SI:  i. 
:itW.  —  Sprengel.  .S>(.  i.  !t3o.  —  De  Candolle,  /V«/r.  iv.  ;12'-'. — 
Hooker,  Fl.  Ilur.-.lm.  i.  U7'J.  —  Don,  (Jeu.  .S',.(,  iii.  137.  —  Louilun, 


Ll'UIFOLIACE^ 


loom. 

es  iV.  Avi.  \Oth 
i:  S.  yat.  Uerh. 

J.  3i;{  (not  Nut- 
,1.  Oil.  i.  278  (in 

^oiir.  Phil.  Aoid. 
i.  V.  i>t.  iii'  S. 

ed  at  the  base 

round-topped 
iiged  with  red 
•st  appear,  are 
ire  glabrate  or 

pale,  or  light 
nposed  of  five 

half  long  and 
)  long  slender 

is  entire  and 
3  dark  yellow- 
iiiek  and  firm, 
reasing  in  size 
erniinal  leaflet 
li  shorter  ;  the 
i>,  or  on  fertile 

smaller.  The 
died  cymes  six 
uly  ;  the  calyx 
Itlong  divisions 

of  an  inch  in 

Lieces  River  in 
iges  southward 
Munias  C(junty, 
nd  growing  in 
•^ew  IJrunswick 

um.  ;):;8.  —  Schmidt, 
^  i.  ;;  18.  —  Miohaux, 
St.  —  I'ursll.  I'l.  Am. 
HO.  —  i;iliutt,  Sk.  i. 
,  I'rmlr.  iv.  32'-'.— 
iii.  137.  —  Louilon, 


CAPRIFOLIACEiE. 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


89 


to  the  Saskatchewan  and  the  mountains  of  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Arizona,  and  southward  to  Florida  and 
Texas,  it  differs  in  its  arborescent  habit  and  in  the  pubescent  covering  of  the  young  shoots  and  leaves, 
although  some  of  its  glabrate  forms  are  barely  distinguishable  from  the  northern  plant. 

The  wood  of  Samhucus  Canadensis,  var.  Mcxicanu,  is  light,  soft,  and  coarse-grained ;  it  contains 
numerous  thin  conspicuous  medullary  rays,  and  is  hght  brown  with  thin  lighter  colored  sapwood 
composed  of  two  or  three  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood 
is  0.4014,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  28.7.'>  pounds. 

The  Mexican  Elder  was  first  found  in  the  United  States  by  Mr.  Charles  Wright '  in  the  valley  of 
the  lower  Rio  Grande  in  June,  1852.  Its  dense  leafy  head  and  large  handsome  flower-clusters  make 
it  a  desirable  ornamental  tree,  and  in  northern  Mexico  '■  and  lower  California ''  it  is  often  found  in  the 
neighborhood  of  houses,  where  it  is  planted  for  shade  and  for  the  fruit,  which  is  eaten  by  Mexicans  and 
Indians. 


Arh.  liril.  ii.  lOIJO,  f.  770.  —  Dietrich,  Syn.  ii.  1009.  —  Torrey  & 
Gray,  I'l.  N.  Am.  ii.  13.  —  Emerson,  Trees  .Uass.  3CU.  —  Cliapman, 
/•7.  171.  —  Koch,  Denilr.  ii.  71.  — Gray,  Si/n.  Fl.  A'.  .Im.  i.  pt.  ii. 
9.  —  Watson  &  Co\ilter.  Gray'a  .Man.  pd.  (J,  '.ill. 

Sambucu.1  niijra,  Marshall    .Irhusl.  .Im.  'H  (1785)  (not   I.iu- 
niFus). 

.'<nmlmcus  humilu,  Rallncsque,  Ann.  Nat.  13  (1820)  j  .ilsograph. 
/li«.  48. 


Samhucua  repen.^,  Raflnesque,  AUograph.  Am.  47  (1838). 

Sambucuti  liiphttiitta.  Hatinesquu,  Aliograph.  Am.  47  (1838). 

Samhiicits  glnuea,  (Jniy.  Smithsonian  Contrih.  v.  66  (PI.  Wright. 
ii.)  (1853)  (not  Xuttiill). 
>  See  i.  94. 

-  C.  (t.  Pringlc.  (Uiriifn  awl  Forest,  i.  lOG. 
'  Braudc"ec.  Proi:  Cal.  .li-ail.  scr.  2,  iii.  224. 


J, 


'* 


w 


f:    .1 


■  \ 


J 


I 


'i 


1 


il 


L 


EXPLANATION  OK  TIIK   PLAFK. 


I'LATi-  C'CXXI.     SAMiin  1-s  Canai>knsis,  viir.  Mi:xic  .VNA. 
1.  A  tliiwc  rill;,'  l>ranc!i.  ii:ilural  si/.c. 
'.'.   l)i;ii;iaiii  nf  ii  tluwcr. 

3.  A  llciwcr.  the  coiiiUii  ilisplayod.  mlar^i'd. 

4.  Vertical  soctii.ii  i.t  a  llinvcr.  tliL-  (•.iriilla  and  stanicus  removed, 
.j,  A  (•l^l^tl■l■  of  fniit.  natural  ji?.e. 

6.  A  fniit,  divided  tiaiisvcrsely,  iidargcd. 

7.  A  »tono,  ciiliirgi'd. 

5.  WTtical  section  of  a  stone,  ciilarijed. 
■J.  All  embryo,  much  mayiiilied. 


(-      . 


~>; 


^^j 


■-s 


'>*-.-. 


/ 


u 


J 


lA^ 


ll 


5i'iva  of  North   America 


'./■■. /■,i./,t/(  .vlV 


SAMBUCUS  CANADENSIS       •  MEXICANA    .  .r-r. 


A  .'iii  t  r.-tui    iiirt-.i  : 


Imp.  ,H  Tartt'ttr  /'..vv.'-. 


k 


(s» 


M 


' 


I, 


I' 


k 


1 


U' 


CAI'RIFULLiVCEA. 


aiLVA   OF  NOliTJI  AMEIiWA. 


SAMBUCUS   GLAUCA. 


Elder. 


01 


Leaves  and  young  nlmols  glal)n)us.     l-'niit  covered  with  a  f^laueous  bloom. 


tjambucus  glaucn,  Xuttall,  J'onvi/  A-  (ifiij  t'l.  .V.  Am. 
ii.  1.)  (ISIl).  — WulptTH,  /.V/i.  il.  ■».'..■(.— Torrey.  A-V 
It'ji.  1.");  Iliil.  Mix.  Iluiiiiil.  Sun'.  71. —  Wuhon,  h'in'/s 
III/'.  V.  liU.  —  Oiiiy,  Jlrnivr  it  Wiitn'in  lint.  I'li/,  i.  'JTM 
(ill  |mrt)i  Syii.  /•'/.  .V.  .{m.  i.  ]it.  ii.  it.  —  Hull,  lint.  'In- 


?Sambucua    cerulen,    Uiiliiiesnuu,    A/n'i^/m/ili.    Am.    48 

(iH;iX). 

Sambucua  Mexicana,  Ni'wln'rry,  IWijIr  It.  It.  Iti/i.  vl. 

(It.  iii.  T'l  (l,S.",7i  (Mill  l)i'  famlolli). 
Sambucus  Cnlitornica.  Kurli,  Drmlr.  \\.  7'J  (IM7'.'i. 


zflt'\  ii.  MS Uiilliroi'k.  If'/in'/fr'a  h'l/i.  vi.  l.'Ci,  .Ki.'!.  —     ?  Sambucus  callicarpa.  Giuuiis,  /■'/.  J'Vtiiirii.  M\i  (1,S',»J). 

Siirm'iit,  Furent  Treen  .V.  .!/«.  lOZ/i  (','«.<».<  /'.  S.  i\.  '.Kl.  — 
Uri'one,  /■'/.  Fraiirlii,  ;H'_'. 

A  tn'c,  thirty  to  fifty  feet  in  ht'if^ht,  witli  a  tall  .stiainlit  trunk  snnietiincs  i-nliiiMred  at  tin-  hase  and 
twelve  to  oi^^litci'ii  ineliL'.s  in  ilianu'tcr,  and  stout  s|iit.'ailiiij,r  iiranchcs  which  tmin  a  L'ijiii[ia('t  rimiiil-to]iiiiMl 
head ;  <ti'  olten  a  hroad  sliruh  sendinp^  uj)  from  the  jjiound  a  uunilier  of  ^iircadinfj  .stems.  Tiie  liark  ot 
the  triuik  is  deeply  and  irrcf^ularly  tissiired,  the  ilaik  hrown  surface  lieief;'  slij;htly  tin;;ed  with  red  and 
liroken  into  small  .siiuare  aj)[)ressed  .scales.  The  hranehes,  when  they  first  aiipear,  are  f;reen  tinjred  with 
red  or  hrown,and  are  covered  with  short  scattered  whiti'  hairs  which  .soon  disappear;  in  their  first  winter 
they  are  stout,  slij;htly  an<r|c<l,  covered  with  lustrous  red-hrown  hark,  and  nearly  encircled  hy  the  larfjo 
trianijuiar  leaf-.sears  marked  hv  five  conspicuous  fihro-vaseular  liundle-scars.  'I'erminal  huds  are  rarely 
formed,  owinj^  to  the  preniatu.e  death  of  the  tips  of  the  shoots,  'vhich  continue  to  jrrow  late  in  the 
autunui.  The  axillary  huds  are  ^renerally  in  pairs,  superposed,  or  in  clu.sters  of  four  or  tive,  onlv  the 
upper  hud  m-  sometimes  the  lower  usually  developinLf ;  they  are  covered  with  two  or  three  pairs  of 
opposite  hroatlly  ovate  chustnut-hrown  scales  persistent  on  the  hase  of  tlie  jirowinjj  shuot  until  it  is 
nearly  a  foot  loufj; ;  those  of  tiie  inner  rank  are  accrescent  and  at  maturity  are  acute,  entire,  {jreen.  and 
an  inch  in  lenf;-th,  or  .sometimes  develop  into  pinnate  leaves  two  or  three  inches  lonjj.  The  leaves  are 
composed  of  from  five  to  nine  leallets,  and  are  home  on  stout  ;^rooved  [letiohs  much  enlarijed  and 
naked  or  sometimes  furnished  at  the  Iiase  with  leaf-like  a|ipcMdajfes  ;  the  leallets  are  ovate  or  narrowly 
ohlon^,  contracted  ut  the  apex  into  long  narrow  points,  uneipially  wedge-shaped  or  rounded  at  the  hase, 
and  coarsely  serrate  with  spreading  or  slightly  incurved  eallims-lip|ied  teeth;  tlie  lower  ones  are  often 
three-parted  or  pinnate,  and  the  terminal  one  is  sometimes  fLniiisheil  with  one  or  two  lateral  stalked 
leallets ;  when  they  iiufuld  they  are  yellow-green  on  the  ujiper,  and  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  and,  like 
the  leaf-stalks,  are  covered  with  scattered  pale  liaiis  ;  at  maturity  they  are  glahrous.  thin,  rather  firm  in 
texturi'.  hright  green  ahove  and  j)ale  helow,  two  to  six  inches  long,  and  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a 
half  wide,  with  narrow  pale  iiiidrilis,  inconspicuous  veins,  and  slender  petiolules  which  are  a  ipiarter  of 
an  inch  to  half  an  inch  in  length  on  the  lateral  leallets  and  sometimes  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  inches 
in  length  on  the  terminal  leallet.  The  stijiels,  which  are  often  suppresM'd,  vary  from  a  sixteenth  of  an 
inch  to  half  an  inch  in  length,  and  are  olilong-lanccolate,  roundiil  <ir  acute  at  the  apex,  entire  and 
caducous.  The  tlowers,  which  appear  in  A]iril  in  soutiiern  California,  and  in  .lime  and  duly  in  Wash- 
ington and  liritish  Columliia,  are  produced  in  Hat  long-hranched  glahrous  cymes  four  to  six  inches  in 
width,  with  linear  acute  green  caducous  hracts  and  iiractlets,  the  lower  hranehes  heing  often  produced 
from  the  axils  of  upper  leaves.  The  tiower-iiuds  ..  •>;  glohose  and  covered  with  a  gliueous  bloom,  and 
sometimes  turn  red  before  opening.  The  llower.s,  which  are  an  eighth  of  an  inch  across,  have  an  ovoid 
red-brown  calyx  with  acute  scarious  lobes,  a  rotate  yellowish  white  corolla  with  oblong  divisions  rounded 
at  the  apex  and  as  long  as  the  stamens,  and  a  thick  lleshy  conical  style.     The  fruit  is  subglobose,  a 


I       1 


i 


w 


II  1 


i  : 


<N 


lU 


4 


if 


I 


Ml. 


/!' 


02 


SILVA    or  Xnirni  AMlCltlCA. 


rAI'IlIKOI.IACE-'E. 


!!      > 


(|u;irt('i'  of  an  iiii'li  in  iliaint'tor,  ti|i|ii>il  with  tlio  rumiiiints  of  tint  Hti<<;niiii4,  bluc-black,  wliitcnLMl  with 
a  tliicii  nu'iih-  l)h i.  and  ratlicr  Hwvct  and  jnii  v. 

,S(iiiihiiiiii<  ijliiiivii  is  distril)nti'il  I'l'iiia  the  valley  iif  tho  lower  Frascr  I'ivri'  and  Vuiicouver'H  InlaiHl ' 
to  tlu'  Noutlicrn  Ikh'iKts  of  California,  and  castwaril  to  the  IMni*  Mountains  of  ()ri'<;on  iiiul  tiiu  Wasatfh 
Mountains  of  I'tah.  It  is  an  inlialiitant  of  valleys,  wlicic  it  iisnally  jjrows  in  ratln.T  dry  j-ravclly  soil. 
Very  aliundant  in  the  eoast  rejjion.  and  roiii|iai-atively  rare  in  the  interior,  it  attains  its  };reate-,t  si/e  in 
siie  vallevs  of  western  Orufjon,  while  fartlii'r  north,  and  east  of  the  Cascade  and  Sierra  Nevada  Moun- 
tains, it  rarely  assuuicH  the  haliit  of  a  tree. 

The  wood  of  Siiiiihiirus  ijhiitii  is  litjilt,  soft,  weak,  and  eoarse-fjrained.  It  oontiinH  nunterouH 
rather  con^iiicnous  medullary  rays,  and  is  yellow  tin};ed  with  lirown,  with  thin  lij^hter  eolored  sajjwood. 
Tile  specilie  {gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  ().r>(KS7,  a  cuhie  foot  weijfliinjj;  HI, 70  |ioundH. 

Siiiiiliiniin  ijliiiicit  was  lirst  notieed  in  ea^tern  ()re;fon  by  nienihers  of  the  party  which  crossed  tho 
continent  early  in  the  century  under  the  leadership  of  lA'wis  and  C'lark.'  It  is  oecasionally  planted  '  in 
the  I'aeilie  states  for  ornament,  and  for  the  Hiike  of  its  fruit,  which  is  reputed  to  ho  of  better  (juulity 
than  that  of  tlu'  other  species  and  is  largely  used  in  pies  and  preserves.' 

*  Miiciuin,  (*ii/.  Civt.  I'l.  jit.  iv.  aai.  Iii4  Siiinfittnti  m-ulut,  tin-  naiiu'  wliicli.  if  tin'  ittciitity  itf  lii«  |>l;mt 

•  "  'I'tii-  AlttiT.  wliii-li  in  »I>o  i'uiiiiiiDii  to  tnir  cmmtry,  wiia  fuiiiiil      cuiilil  In*  tiiitiHfiictitrily  (ti'tiTiinnt'tl,  wouUl  ri'pliu'c  tin*  lutt-r  Smuhuntji 
in  f;rt'at  nlniiuliiiu'O  in  tlio  tniinllunils,  mi  tlii*  hIiIi'  of  tlio  Itrnk}'      ijlnum  of  N'litlall. 

Mountains.     It  differ!*  in  tlir  color  nf  itti  Itcrry  ;  tliift  tx>in^  of  a  "  A  i«]tr<-iiiion  planti'd  in  .tai'lcHonvilli',  Ori'pin,  in  IH.'iO  or  IHttt), 

|>;ili'  *\i\  lilnr,  wliilu  tjiat  of  tlu*  I'nittMl  .Stati'H  is  <if  a  tircp  |tnr|>le."  in  tli-Ht-riU'd  in  (iiinttit  ttwl  Fnrmt  (iii.  ."rfM),  In  IH'.N)  itit  trnnk, 
{llistnrii  ,»/'  tin  H/fititttinn  uuilrr  Ihf  fnminnnit  nj  Ctiptiwn  f.iirin  A*      wliii-h  wiw  nnnli  Nwollt'n  at  tho  Ihls,'.  Iiud  a  firfiunfrrt'iu'c  ot  vU'wii 

1111-111-4  at  till'  f;rnund,  aiitl  thn-r  fi'i-t  lii^'lii-r  up  ^irti-d 


C'llrli'  ta  thf  Sinirt-f.'i  nf'  thr  Mil 


,  tht'ricr  iirradi  thf  lifH-lii  \tn\ 


f.>.-t 


ut  ilt'ii'u  iln'  liirtr  f't'lftmf'i^t  to  thf  I'tirlfir  Ortftn^  ii.  1(10.) 


1  fi-i-t  tv 


ini'lii 


till'  liratH'iM'S  Hon-.-id  thirl  v-ttii t'n-t,  nm 


This  d.- 


Hi'riiitio?!  i)roI)aMv  n-fi-rn  to  thi*  n 


Khii-r.     I'porilhi'      th.- loi:d  li.-iKht  of  tli 


If  tn-i'  wan 


forlv  f.-i't. 


iigth  of  it  KaliiR-M|Uir  |>iibli>ht-d  iu  l^'M  (Alsiiiirniih.  Am.  IS)  *  Wii-li.Hon.  ('alijuniut  I'ruili  niiil  lluu  lo  Hi 


Th 


mI.  '.'.  (!.' 


KXI'LANATION   OK  TIIK   I'l.ATK. 


I'l-Mi:  C'CXXII.     .S.vmih  i  is  ciLAC^A. 


1.  A  How 


erint; 


lirani'li.  natural  i-i/o. 


".   Vi-rtical  si'ctioii  of  a  llowi-r.  tnlarfji'd. 


A  St 


amen,  cnlar: 


-d. 


t.  An  ovnio,  innrli  ina^'nitied, 

•~>.  A  rlu.sti'r  (if  frnit.  natural  she, 

(i.  Cniss  Huotion  of  a  fruit,  i-nlar^jeil. 

7.  Vertical  section  of  a  fruit,  i-nlarged. 

H.  A  luulcl,  i-nlar(;cd. 

',•.  Vertical  section  of  a  initlet.  cnlart^cd. 

10.  An  einhryo,  nnicli  niaKuilieil. 

11.  A  U'intur  branohlet,  natural  ^i70. 


•niKOLIACKX. 

Iiiti'iiud  with 

ver's  IhIuikI  ' 
tliL'  WaHiiti'Ii 
MTiVfUy  siiil. 
■ati'st  size  in 
DViulii  iMmiii- 

ns  nunicroiis 
rt'd  saj)\vi)(iil. 

■  Ills. 

1  crossed  tlm 
y  iiliiiitt'd^  ill 
n'tti'i'  (juulity 


ility  of  liitt  |)liint 
In-  lul'T  Sitiiihini.1 

,  ill  lH.">Oi)r  lW'i(l, 
I  IK'.N)  itn  trunk, 
ft'ri'no(»  of  i'lpvi'ii 
lii|,'!nT  up  fjirti'fl 
v-tlu-rt'  I'pct,  ini'l 

Thtm,  oil,  L'.  (»."». 


11 


%y 


I  I 


r 


r 


ri.f'l 


M 


i 


(!' 


}' 


'(■J 


f 


SAMBUCUS    GLA'^CA 


A  lut'i^i^iJ-  .tif,:r' 


it      * 


•I 


i  i 


(I 


r 


f 


j 

■ 

1 

7 

] 

i 

i  if 


C'AI'UIKOLIACE^. 


SJLl'A    OF  NOllTU  AJJUlilCA. 


93 


/-. 


VIBURNUM. 

Flowers  perfect  or  neutral;  calyx  e(ii  ally  o-tootlicd,  i)ersistent ;  corolla  i>aino- 
pctalous,  iVlobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  icstivation ;  Ntaiueii>  ."> ;  ovary  inferior, 
1 -celled;  ovules  solitary,  suspended.  Fru't  a  dry  or  llesliy  l-seeded  drupe.  Leaves 
«.iiuple,  usually  opposite,  stipulate  or  desti'.ute  of  stijjules. 

Viburnum.  A.  I-.  <lu  .lussieii,  (Icii.  'JKi  (ITH'.I).  —  Rli'isnei,  Opulus,  I/uiiiiiii«,  Geii.  80  (17.">"). 

'i.  ».   l.Vi.  —  Kiidliclier,  den.  MM.  —  Ui'sUmI,    I'tilfii.tkuli.  Lentat'o,  l{;iiiiifS(iiu\  .•(««.  '/.'//.  Sri.  /■"/(//.•.■.  vi.  87  (ISliO). 

.Mid'l.ffii  Xot.  I'iii:  Kjobenh.  18(iO,  I!'.)",  (exel.  Thins).—  Thyraosma,  Uiilimsi|iu'.  S;/,;,  Tillin:  130  (l.S;i8). 

litiilh:iiii  Au  Hooker.  Gc«.  ii.  3. —  liaillon.   Ili.il.   /'/.  vii.  Oreinotinus.   Urslc.l.     )/■'•■ /..7,"/..    .I/.-A/.   fni    Sat.    I'ui: 

."lO'J.  —  V.wgVv  ifc  I'niiill,  rjl'iii::i'iifitm.  iv.  \A.  iv.  lO:'..  I\j„l,.'iih.  ISCid,  'JJil.  t.  (1.  I'.  ll-L'."i. 

Tinus,   I,iiiniiMi«, 'Vi'/i.  8.")  (1737) Adaiison,  F'liii.   I'/,  ii.  Microtinus.  Orstcil.  I'iilt-iishili.  Mnl'l.  fru  Sut.  F'n:  A'/V 

1,-,,S.  —  Orsteil,  Videnslmb.  .M,;l,l.fra  Xat.  Foi:  Kjuhvnli.  /..«//.  ISCid.  '.".13.  i.  (1.  f.  7-10. 

l.SCiii.  303.  SolenotinuB,    (")i>iuil.    :'!■/.  ushil,.    Mnl,/.  fia    .\,il.    I'.u: 
Viburnum.  LiimiBUs.  Gen.  Wt  (1737).  —  Adiuiaoii.  Fitni.  I'l.  Kjnhmli.  18(1(1.  '_",ll.  t.  i',.  f.  1-1. 

ii.  l.-i.s. 

Sill. ill  tivi's  or  slinilis,  with  t<nij"li  llexilik'  hiaiii'lili't.-i,  iiiikt'il  or  scaly  Innl.s,  ami  filirous  roots. 
I.cavi's  opiiosite  or  very  rarely  verticillatc.  jiL'tiolati'.  iiivohitc  in  vcriiatinii.  intiio,  serrate  or  dentate, 
(leeidiioiis  or  persistent  ;  sti[iiiles  olisolete  or  iiiiniite,  or  eons|(iciioiis  ami  rarely  aiuiile.  Hraets  ami 
hractlets  niinute,  laneeol.ite,  aeiite,  eadiieoiis.  Flowers  artieiiiate  witii  the  short  hraeteolate  or  hihrac- 
teol.ite  ]iediee!s,  white  or  rose  color,  in  terminal  or  axillary  uiiihel-like  ilat  or  jiaiiicled  cymes,  the  cymes 
.soim  times  radiate  with  larj^e  neutral  ray-flowers.  Calyx-tiilic  tiirliiii.ite  or  suh-cylindrieal,  tiie  liiiil) 
short,  e(|iial!y  flve-lolied,  [leisi.-iteiit.  Corolla  tiiliiilar.  tillhiliate  or  rotate.  ei|lially  iive-lohed,  the  lohes 
sjircidiiij;'  and  rellexed  alti'r  anthe.sis.  Stamens  five,  in.serted  on  tlie  lia.se  of  tiie  corolla  alternate  with  its 
lolies,  in  one  or  rarely  two  series;  filaments  lilil'orm  or  siiliiilate.  exserteil.  short  or  eloiiifated  ;  anthers 
(dilonj;;,  attached  on  the  hack  lielow  the  middle,  introrse,  vers;itile.  two-celled,  the  <'ells  openiiii;'  lo!i!;i- 
tmliiially.  Ovary  interior,  one  or  at  first  incompletely  two  to  three-celled  ;  style  capitate,  conical,  short, 
divided  at  the  apex  into  three  sti}j;m,itic  lohes;  ovules  solitary,  siis|ieiided  from  the  apex  of  tlii'  interior 
aiiffle  of  the  cell,  resiipinate  ;  raphe  dors.il ;  micropyle  siijierior.  Fruit  ovoid  or  j>lo'.,ose,  terete  or 
comjiressed,  one  or  incompletely  two  to  three-celled,  crowned  with  the  persistent  limh  of  the  calyx  and 
with  the  reinnaiils  of  the  .style,  dry  or  flesliv,  the  tlesli  swei't.  acidulous,  or  oils  ;  stone  coriaceous, 
chartaceoiis  or  corneous,  ovate  or  orbicular,  flattened  or  <;'loliose,  siuootii  or  marked  with  longitudinal 
grooves  or  ridf^es.  Seed  ohloiig,  compressed,  concave  on  the  ventral  face  or  slii;htlv  wiueed  or  incurved 
on  the  marjfin  ;  testa  memhranaceous,  adherent  to  the  copious  tlesiiy  or  ruminate  alhumen.  Kmliryo 
minute,  near  the  hiluni ;  i  otvledons  ovate  ;  radicle  terete,  erect.' 


■  W 


i 


I 


'    1 


'  Viliunmm  m;iy  Ik;  liiviilnl  iiiti>  the  foUowiiij;  ai'i'tiuiifi  :  — 
Kxtfiior  HuwerM  of  tlio  t'orymb  tiLMitrul. 

Ol'L'Lirt.    C')uu'»  nuliiito  or  iniiftinn  ;  li-iivL\sileL'iiIuim8,  their 
pt'tiuk'ii   itfteii    In^hmilulur   at    tho  iipox,  stipiihitt'  ;    ImiU 
iinki'il  tir  acaly  ;  fniit  ml  nr  lihu'k,  l-i-i'Ih-il. 
Klowi'i*s  III!  in'rft'it  ;  liiids  scaly. 

IfKNTAttO.  |-'h)won«  lit  tfriiiiiial  utiil>i't-liki-  i-yinrs  ;  i't>rti)hi 
I'utatc,  funin'Ufnriii  nr  tulmhir  ;  <Ini|n'  Im-cIK-iI  ;  tMnlo(.'ar|) 
Ihttti'tinl  ;  allMiinfii  th-nliy.  hoino^iieuus. 
TlNlr*.  Klowi'is  ill  iiiiilH.'t-UkL'  (.'yuiOii ;  corolla  rnUiti-  ;  dnipti 
ilry,  l-ocUcil ;  iMiducarp  subtcreto  ;  albuiiuii  niininate  ; 
U-avi's  coriai'i'ons. 


MicitoTixrH.  I'hiwiTs  ill  iKuiifuhiti'  cymes  ;  corolla  mm- 
paiiiilate-rntati'  or  sulviT-sliajioil ;  dnipe  iiiiiioifeftly 
■--t't'llt'il ;  ciuliH'arp  I'oniiu'e.-^M'ii,  its  iiiargiua  ini'urved; 
allmtiii'ii  tlosliy,  houio^i'iu'oiis. 

(luiiNoTlNis.  KUnviTS  ill  uiultfl  like  cynu's  ;  corolla  eani- 
|iaiiulat(.'-rotato  j  dmiH'  iniiu'rtVttly  3 -celled  ;  allmmeii 
Hcsliy,  bonio^i'iicotis. 

Soi.K\t»TIsrs.  riowcrs  in  paniculate  cynics  ;  corolla  tulm- 
lar,  elongated. with  a  ■^pn-adnit;  linili  ;  drnpc  iinpcrtcclly 
IW'cllctl  ;   cndiK'arp   tialteiicd  ;   albmiicii  tlcshy,  boinogc- 

IICOU.S. 


'( 


I 


m 


'  t 


9-t 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


CAl'RIFOLIACE-E. 


Vibiinuim,  with  about  eighty  species,  is  now  widely  and  generally  distributed  through  the  teni- 
jierate  regions  of  tiie  northern  heniispliere  ;  it  inhabits  the  mountain  ranges  of  central  and  western 
South  America  and  the  West  Indies,'  and  occurs  on  several  islands  of  tile  East  Indian  Archipelago -' 
and  in  Madagascar.''  In  America  where,  north  of  Mexico,  fourteen  species  are  t'ound,^  only  one  is 
endemic  in  tiie  region  west  of  the  Kocky  Mcuintains."  Of  the  North  American  species,  two  are  small 
trees,  .ludging  by  the  number  of  described  species,  the  centre  of  distribution  of  the  genus  is  in 
■southern  Mexico  and  Central  America."  It  is  well  represented  in  China,'  Jajjan,''  and  India,  '■"  where 
a  number  of  shrubby  species  occur;  there  are  fewer  species  in  the  Orient,'"  and  in  P'urope"  oidy 
tiirec  .ire  recognized,  including  Vibitriiitiii  Ojniliig,''-  which  grows  in  profusion  in  the  boreal  r'.'gions 
of  the  three  northern  continents.  In  the  cretaceous  ejioch  Vibuniuiu  inhabited  the  Arctic  regions  and 
afterward  spread  through  Europe  and  North  America,'^  abounding  in  the  central  and  w(!stern  parts  of 
this  continent,'*  where  it  is  less  coiiimou  and  less  multiplied  in  species  at  present  than  in  other  northern 
regions. 

Viburnum  has  few  useful  properties.  The  leaves  and  fruit  of  some  of  the  species  are  astringent.''' 
and  those  of  the  European  Vlhiirmtin  /,(//(/««« '"  are  used  in  ilyeing  and  for  making  ink.'"  Tiic  l)ark 
of  the  North  American  arborescent  Vibiiniiiin  priiiii/u/iiini  is  used  in  medicine  ;  and  the  bark  and 
leaves  of  several  of  the  American  species  are  said  to  have  been  employed  by  the  Indians  and  in  early 
domestic  practice  in  the  treatment  of  various  diseases.'^  The  wcxxl  of  lilturiiiim  Opiilii.t  procluces 
charcoal  valued  in  the  manufacture  of  gunpowder;''  and  in  America  the  bark  is  simu-tinies  einployeil 
as  a  tonic  and  antispasmodic,-'"  and  the  fruit  is  occasionally  eaten."'  Many  of  the  species  produce 
beautiful  Howers  and  fruit,  and  are  prized  iu  gardens  where  the  Laurustinns,  Vihtirniun  'J'iiins,--  has 
been  cultivated  since  the  time  of  the  ancients. 

In  North  America  Viburnum  is  not  seriously  injured  liy  insects-'  or  fungal  diseases."' 


»  Grisclmcli,  Fl.  Ilril.  11'.  h„l.  :)l."i. 
'  MiiiHi'l,  FL  lull.  lUit.  li.  IM". 

*  Ik-ntlmin  &  Hnnkfr,  iiru.  ii.  ;i. 

■*  (Iray,  Syn.  hi.  \.  Am.  i.  jit.  ii.  0. 

'  Vihmimn  iUipli,;im,  lIonkiT,  /■'/.  /.'..r.-.l.n.  i.  'JSO  (18.1;)).— 
T<>rri'y  &  <ir:iy,  /''/.  -Y.  Am.  ii.  l.').  —  <»ray,  linutr  .V  Watsnu  Unt. 
fal.  i.  -J'S;  .S'v'i.  I".  .V.  Am.  I.  ..  10. 

«  OrstiMl,  Vi'lfiishil,.  ilidil.  Jrii  Sat.  For.  h'johnli.  I  Sill), 'JSO. — 
llom.sliv,  /;../.  Iliiil.  Am.  Cmt.  ii.  'J. 

•  .Miixim.iwiiv,  Hull.  . I. ■.!./.  *v;.  .s'/. /'.';,  ,.«;,„iiri/..  iivi.  171  ( .U. /. 
/;,-,/.  x.t',l.||, 

■  Kraiu'lict  *<:  .SavatiiT,  Kuum.  /'.'.  ./(;/i.  i.  IIHI. 

'•■  liriinilis,    /•'..;•.../  Fl.  lint.  Iwl.  'Sn.  —  Honker  f.  Fl.  lint.  Ind. 

i.i.  :t. 

'■>  I!i>i.s.siiT,  Fl.  Ilriihl.  iii.  3. 
*^  Xyiiiiiii,  ('nit^jHcl.  Fl.  Furi>/i.  ;i-0. 

"  I.iiina'u.s,  .S'/«.-.  iil'iS  (17.";n  —  H.  Pan.  iv.  t.  COl.  —  Soliiniilt, 
fh.^-lr.  lUrtm:.  iii.  17,  t.  \T.\,  171.  —  Xn'trfftu  Ihthitmfl  ii.  l;t"J,  t 
:i;i.  —  (JiiilniH'l,  W'illdinow  &  llayiio,  Ahhihl.  DmUili.  IM:  i.  I'.', 
t.  :i'J.  —  l)e  fiimlullf,  I'rwir.  iv.  ;WS.—  .MEuiiiiowicz,  '.  t:  4'.f-'  (/.  i-. 
(i7ii).  — 'iray,  Si/n.  Fl.  .V.  Am.  I.  i\  —  \'„i\m  &  lli:mf,U\,  I.  i. 
;1."j1.  —  Wiitsun  vS;:  Coultn-,  itrni/^  Mnu.  (.cl.  (!,  L'17. 

ViltHruiim  Amiriianum,  .MillcT.  Dut.  I'll.  K,  Nn.  S  (17('i8). 
Vilinnmm  trilnlmm,  Marsliall,  .irlm.it.  Am.  ItiU  (178.1). 
Mhiirnwn  0/>ulii^  .Imiri'-iiitum^  .Vituii,  J/nt'l.  Kia'.  i.  ;i7;i  (17.S'.M. 
]'il'unnim   (fiiulus    Furi'j'ninum^  MiclluiiA,   /■'/.   li<>i\-.\ 

(l8o;i). 

Vilmnium  O/inlus  I'imiua,  .Micliuux,  /.  r.  (ISO;)).  —  Uulinesquu 
AlMiijTfii'h.  .\m.  ."7. 

Viliiirnmn  II;  .Iuk  riMc,  Mii'hanx,  /.  r.  ( IKOD). 
i'ihttritum  0.rtfciii-cuif  I'lirtili,  /''/.  Am.  Sejil.  i.  lio;)  (IHl  1). 
\'iliifnnim  nlnlr.  riip.sli,  /.  r.  (1S1 1). 


l.sil 


VOmnkum  Opuins  /'imina,  var.  .luhrorUatum,  liatiiit-M|tit..  .'.  i-.  ."*rt 

(18;jS). 

'"  Saportn,  (hi;/i'ie  Vitlumtnlitt/i'jiti'  lU.s  .lr'n-i.i,  'Jll.  ^  Ziitt-l, 
lliinilli.  riilmmlnl,,,,.  ii.  7S!».  f.  IOl',  103. 

**  I.|..si|U('r|.ux.  Ili'fi.  I',  S.  fifitliifj.  Siirr.  \iii,  \l'Mi  {(\ii,lrili.  y'.<.<*. 
/•■/.  \y.  'I'irr.  |i|.  iii.).  -I,.  V.  Waril,  lirt  Ann.  Il.ji.  r.  S.  (iinlaii. 
Surf.  l.SSI-.S,'),  rM  (.S'v'i.  /■'/.  Lnnimo   Gmuj,) 

"  liaillon,  //,<r  /','.  vii.  as-.'. 

'"  l.innaus,  /.  /■.  ( 17."i;().— Sihiniill.  /.  .■.  17,  t.  17.').  —  .V."ir..|.i 
/>nA<im<7,  ii.  i;)0,  t.  lo;).  —  (iililiiiH-l,  Williliraiw  \-  llaMi..  /  ..  11. 
t.  ai.  — DeCamlDllu, /.  C-.  ;i'J(i. 

\'tf>nrntim  limuHUtuHm^  l.aiiiarrk,  /■'/.  Fritti\.  iii.  'M\',\  (1778). 

'■   Liiuiliiii,  Arh.  Itnl.  l(i;Ki,  f.  78.">. 

'-   lialiiu>M|ii..,  .!/.-./.  /■'/.  ii.  'jri. 

'»   liaill.ill,  /.  c.  :iss. 

■  ,l..:.n.s.ai,  Mai.  .Unl.  lim.  .V.  Am.  li'.l.  —  T.  .S'.  /),.,/„„,<.  i.,l. 
l(i,  l.-,Si!. 

-'    Kirliaiilsun,  Arclir  Snirrhiittj  Fi/ml.  ii.  L"JU. 

-■  LiriiiaUN/.  I-.  '-'C'i7  (I7.">a).  — S..|,iniill,  /.  .-.  ."lO,  1.  l.S()._  .V."i- 
fiiiu  Ihthiimrl,  ii.  V^it,  t.  ;)7.  —  Uo  Cullilotlc,  /,  <■.  ',\'H.  —  I.iiutloli,  /.  i . 
liMW,  f.  778. 

'■"*  'I'Ih-  fnliap.  of  Vihimnim  0/*»/iw,  t'specially  of  iin' j-terili.  Cunn, 
tin-  .**rinwliall  of  f^anlelih,  iH  often  seriously  itijiil-ed  liy  ,!/*/((..  Vil'uiii.^ 
.S(.o|>uli,  wliiell  eauseH  the  leave.s  to  enil  n|)  ulal  twi.st.  I.arva-  of 
Hit/iliitntriii  I'uiiio,  Urury,  (K-eahioiially  dihli^iiri'  tlie  foliaj;e  of  dif- 
f|.|-ent  .speeies  ill  the  I'liited  .States;  and  Ciiiinfili'irit  iituwiidlii, 
t'teliieii.s,  HoinetillieH  mines  witliili  the  pui'etndiynta  of  the  h'axi'H 
(Friii:  Fill.  .V,.,.,  riiil.  i.  7!i). 

■-'  In  North  Ainerii-n  two  furij^i  of  tile  Kust  family  are  known  on 
species  of  \'iliurimm,  ('olimjtorium  Vifiurni.  .Vrthiir,  on  Vil'tiriiniii 
I.iHtiiij"  in  the  western  htale»,  and   J'iicviiiiii  Liitlii.  Khitzseh.  on 


istriiifft'iit. " 
The  l.aik 
.'  liiirk  and 
111(1  ill  early 
/>'  jiiddiu't's 
s  t'lniiloycd 
ii's  [irodiu'i- 
7'(iii>!<."  has 


CAPRIFOLIACEJE. 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


05 


Viburnum,  the  classical  name  of  Viburnum  Luntmm,  was  adopted  by  Tournefort'   as  the  name  of 
the  genus,  from  which  he  distinguished  Opulus  and  Tiuus. 


Viburnum  puucijiorum,  Torrey  &  Griiy,  in  NewfoHiullimcl  .ind  t'aii- 
ttila.  A  iiiililew,  Micwiijihttra  Alni,  Wiiittr,  in  cuiumon  in  dillcTLiit 
parts  of  the  country  ou  the  luuves  of  Viburnum  Lenlugo  and  Vibur- 


num /iruni/olium,  and  on  those  of  some  of  the  shrubby  species  ;  and 
Mdnsiiriti  Viimi,  Saccardo,  has  been  noticed  on  several  species. 
1  Imt.  007,  t.  370-378. 


SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN   ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Flowers  !n  sessile  compound  many-flowere.l  cymes  of  tlirec  to  five  cymose  rays  sulitonded  by  the  \ippcr  leaves  ;  calyx  tubular. 
Fruit  black  or  bluish  black,  sweet  and  fleshy  ;  stones  cartilaginous,  oval  or  orbicular,  flattened,  without  ridges  ;  albumen 
Heshy.     Leaves  without  .stipules.     AVintcr-bnds  scaly,  their  scales  accrescent  and  fidiaceous. 
Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  their  petioles  generally  nndul.itc-margined  or  winsed.     Winter-buds 

1.    V.    LK.STAIiO. 


long-jminted 

I.eaves  ovate,  oval  or  siiborhicular.  their  |ietioles  usually  naked.     Winter-buds  short-pointed 
or  obtuse,  coated  with  rufous  pubescence 


1'Rl'XIKOI.lfM. 


II 

A] 


W 


1 


II 


!      ■ 

\ 

,   !'l 

\  ; 

if 


h 


i 


i 


f 


t'l; 


96 


;SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMEIUCA. 


CAPUIFOUACEiK 


If 


|l  ! 


!        I 


VIBURNUM    LENTAGO. 

Sheepberry.     Nannyberry. 

Lr..vvi.s    ovate,   iicuininate,  tlicir  pttioics    usually    uiululatc-marffint'd    or    wiiimd. 
AViiiti'i'-huils  loiig-iiointcd. 


Viburnum  Lentago.  Liiinauis.  Sjiec.  L'liS  (17"p;i) Miir- 

>li;ill.  .l;-/.«.s<.  Am.  U\\.  —  Dii  Hoi,  ll^irhl;.  li'iiniix.  ii. 
4S.">.  —  .Mut'iicli.  Iliiimi-  Wiiss.  ll'l.  t.  S.  —  WaiigiMilu'iin. 
X..,;/„m.  Huh.  1110.  —  Walter,  Fl.  Cir.  1  K!.  —  Willdi- 
liow.  Jirrl.  iltiiiiii^.  4IIL';  S/nf.  i.  jit.  ii.  i  l",M  ;  /■.'//»;«. 
."'.'7.  —  Scliiiiiilt.  I)f!<li:  Hiiiimz.  iii.  LS,  t.  17l!.  —  Sminnu 
Ihihuiiiil.  ii.  rj'.l.  —  Sclikiihr,  lliimlli.  i.  Li.U.  —  Jlioliiiiix, 
Fl.  Jlir.-.lm.  i.  178. —  IVrsoon,  Si/n.  i.  !!'.'". —  I'oiii't, 
him.  hirt.  viii.  (i.-iS.  —  Disfmilaiiies.  //,V.  .Irf.  I.  ,'!U.  — 
Dii  Mont  ilo  Cimrsit,  Hot.  f '»,'/.  i.l. '.'.  iv.  .•ill.  —  Tin sli. 
/•/.  .\m.  S,'i,l.  i.  201.  — l!ij;i.l.»v.  /•'/.  ISoslon.  70.  — Niit- 
tall.  (len.  i.  'JOL'.  —  Ilaym-.  I>'ifh:  F/.  ;i7.  —  I{<)einer  & 
.^.•liiillcs  S:/.<t.  vi.  r.:i7.  ~  Klliott,  .s'A-.  i.  .'fCir).  —  Torrey. 
/■v.  .V.  1".  i.  .'io.V-  Wiits.m.  /VH-Zr.  /fnV.  i.  'Jl.  t.  21. — 
S|ircn^'cl,  .'>i/.if.  i.  '.I.'tl.  —  (Juitiipul.  Olto  A  ll:iyiii>.  .Mihltil. 


Ilnh.  r.'.".,  t.  lO'J.  —  De  randcillc.  rro-h:  iv.  .'!'.'."..  — 
Honkor.  /■'/.  /lor.-.liii,  i.  '.'7'.i.  —  Dmi,  '/oi.  .S^/^•^  iii.  1 10.  — 
Katinrsi]ue,  Ai-^i"jr'ii>h.  Am.  r»i*t.  —  Sj)arli.  H'st.  Vi'j.  viii. 
;ill.—  Dii'tricli,  Siiii.  ii.  loll.  — -roiriy  A;  i  ir.iv.  y '/.  .V. 
-I'H.  ii.  !.">.  —  KiiuMNon.  7'y'.  «  Muss.  ;i(il.  —  Dailinct'iii. 
/■/.  Ve.itr.  eil.  .'!.  IIT..  —  Orst.'d.  17./,  «../.•„/,.  .M,;l,l.  f,;i 
X:it.  For.  KJohenh.  l.StiO.  ;fol. —  C'liaiunan.  /■'/.  171.— 
Kii^elniann,  Trons,  .S','  I^oois  A''o<J.  ii.  'J'J'.*. —  Km'Ii. 
/).»./r.  ii.  fi'.'.  —  Ui.ljrwuv.  yv.,.-.  /'.  .V.  .\.it.  Mm.  1,S,S'.'. 
CS.  —  SarRiMit.  Fore::t  Trri-.i  .V.  Am.  lO/Zi  r,  «.«./.<  /'.  ,s'. 
iv     Ol    r  .....il...      Tt.i,it.>..t..,     It.',../..    ...I     •'     '>n('.  I  :-.... 


/'<■»./,-.  «1.  •_'.  2(H'i.  —  (iray. 
.S'y".  F/.  .V.  .!/».  i.  |it.  ii.  I'J.  —  Wntimi  &  CnultiT.  (inii/'s 
M'lii.  cil.  •'..  L'l'.". 
Viburnum  ijyrifolium?  lti);c>li>n-.  Fl.  Jt^'Stan.  cil.  2,  110 
(1824). 


A  Imsliy  trt'O.  twenty  to  tliirty  IVct  in  liciLjlit,  witii  ;i  short  trunk  t'i;;;ht  or  ten  iiiclit-i  in  iliaiucter. 
sltMidiT  ratiu'r  jh'IhIuIous  ilt-xilile  liranclu's  wliicli  furii:  .-i  coinpiu't  rrmii(l-to|i|HMl  licuil,  thin  (livfrijfnt 
l)riuulili'ts.  and  liad-iiineilinLf  wood.  Tlii'  liark  of  tin-  Ii,:n'i  i.s  rccldisli  Iirown  and  irrc;.;idarly  lirokcn 
into  spiall  tliick  jilatcs  divided  on  tlieir  surface  into  minute  tliin  a|)])resseil  scales.  The  liranclilets.  when 
tliey  first  apiiear.  are  li<r|it  jfreen  and  slij^htly  covered  with  rufous  pnijescenee,  and  in  their  (irst  winter 
are  slender,  li^ht  reel,  scurfy,  and  marked  hy  occasional  dark  t)rany;e-colored  lenticels  aiid  liv  nairow 
Ieaf-S4'ars  in  which  a|)]iear  three  conspicuous  tihro-va.Mular  iiundle-sc.irs ;  in  their  .second  year  thev 
liccoine  dark  reddish  Iirown  anil  are  sometimes  covere(l  with  a  shi;ht  'flaiicous  hhiom.  The  winter-lpud-i, 
whidi  are  lijjht  red  and  ^^encially  covered  with  pale  scurfy  puliescence,  are  ii.-otected  liy  a  pair  of 
opposite  scales ;  those  which  contain  llower-licarinji  lirancldets  arc  three  (|uarters  of  an  inch  in  Icunlli. 
iili(jvato,  much  swollen  helow  the  ini<ldle.  and  then  alnuptlv  contracted  into  loiij^  narrow  tai>erinij  ](oints. 
and  are  sid)tende(l  hy  'wo  minute  lateral  liuds  formed  in  the  .axils  of  the  last  leaves  of  the  jirevious  year 
and  pMierally  abortive  ;  the  terminal  huds  inclositif;  sterile  shoots  are  lanceohite.  acute,  slij^htly  aiij;led, 
anil  :!lioMt  half  an  inch  loii'^r  ;  the  axillary  linds  are  acute,  llattetu'd  hy  pressure  ajjainst  the  stem,  ,ind 
much  smaller  than  the  terininal  huds.  The  hud-scales  in  eidary;inj.''  and  nnfoliliu!';  oeconu'  lanceolate, 
rounded  on  the  hack,  oftei,  sli;rht|y  expandeil  and  leaf-like  at  the  apex,  light  purple,  retlexed  ahove  the 
miilille,  and  an  inch  or  an  inch  and  a  half  in  lenijth,  oi  often  develop  into  leaf-like  hodi-'s  which  only 
dilfer  from  the  leaves  in  their  smaller  size,  shorter  hiades,  and  hroad  hoat-like  ]ietioles  covered  on  the 
outer  surface  with  scurfy  ])nhcscence,  and  whitdi  sonictimes  do  not  fall  initil  the  flowers  open.  The 
Icavi'S  are  ovate  and  usnally  acuminate,  with  short  or  elonffated  |)oiiits,  or  are  sometimes  ronnded  at  the 
a)ii'X,  \vedne-shap"(l,  rounded  or  sniicord.ite  at  the  hase,  ;ind  sharply  serrate  with  incurved  callons-lipped 
teeth;  when  they  unfold  they  are  hronze  i^recn  and  lustrous,  coated  on  hoth  surfaces  of  the  midrihs  and 
on  the  petioles  with  thick  rufous  jiuliesceiu'e,  sli;;htly  pilose  on  the  ii])per  surface,  ami  covered  on  the 
lower  with  short  pale  h.iirs;  at  maturity  they  are  hrin'ht  ejreen  and  lustroiLS  aliove,  yellow-jrreen  and 
marked  with  minute  hlack  dots  helow,  two  and  a  half  to  three  inches  lon^  and  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a 


'UIFOLIACE->; 


cai'uikoliace.^j:. 


.y//.K^l    OF  NOllTII  AMEIUCA. 


!)- 


half  broad,  with  slender  midribs,  primary  v»  ins  loiniefted  by  tonsjiieuous  reticulate  veinlets,  and  l)road 
grooved  more  or  less  interruptedly  winged  or  often  wingless  petioles  which  vary  from  an  inch  to  an 
inch  and  a  half  in  length,  and  on  the  first  pair  of  leaves  are  broader,  boat-shaped,  and  covered  with  thick 
rufous  tonientum.  In  the  autumn  the  leaves  turn  a  deep  vinous  red  or  red  aud  orange-color  before 
falling.  The  flowers  are  slightly  fragrant,  aud  appear  from  the  middle  of  April  to  the  first  of  June  in 
stout-branehed  scurfy  flat  cymes  from  three  to  live  inches  in  diameter.  The  bracts  aud  bractlets  are 
nearly  triangular,  a  sixteenth  of  an  inch  long,  green,  and  caducous.  The  flower-buds  are  globose  and 
light  yellow-green.  The  flowers,  which  are  borne  on  slender  pedicels  bii)racteolate  at  the  apex,  have  a 
slender  ovoid  calyx-tube  with  minute  triangular  acute  lobes,  a  pale  cream-colored  or  nearly  white 
corolla  a  (piarter  of  an  inch  across  wlien  expanded,  with  ovate  lobes  acute  and  slightly  erose  at  the 
apex,  exserted  stamens  with  slender  fllaments  and  bright  yellow  anthers,  and  a  thick  ovate  light  green 
style  crowned  with  a  broad  .stigma.  The  fruit,  which  ripens  iu  !>eptember,  is  borne  on  slender  drooping 
stalks  in  red-stemmed  few-fruited  clusters  ;  it  is  oval,  thick-skinned,  sweet  aud  rather  juicy,  black  or 
dark  blue,  and  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom. 

Vihurnwii  /.I  «A/^o  is  distributed  in  Hritish  America  from  the  valley  of  the  Riviere  du  Louj)  in 
the  province  of  (Quebec  to  the  ."Saskatchewan,'  and  ranges  southward  tiuougli  the  northern  .states  and 
along  the  .\lleghany  Mounfciins  to  northern  Georgia,  and  westward  in  the  United  States  to  southern 
Indiana,  southwestern  Missouri,  aud  ea.stern  Nebraska."  It  is  a  connnon  plant,  usually  growing  on 
rocky  hillsides  in  moist  ground,  along  the  borders  of  the  forest,  or  near  the  banks  of  streams  and  the 
margins  of  swamps  in  wet  peaty  soil,  and  in  northern  New  Kngland  riten  springing  ujt  in  fence-rows 
and  along  the  margins  of  rjadsiiles. 

The  wood  of  V'lhiiriiiiin  Lrntinjo  is  heavy,  hard,  and  close-grained,  and  contains  thin  barely 
distinguishible  medidlary  rays.  It  is  dark  orange-brown  in  color,  with  thin  nearly  white  sapwood. 
The  si)ecitic  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  O.THHH,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  4.")..")!  pounds. 

I'lhiiniion  Li  ntiiijti  appears  to  have  been  discovered  by  Peter  Kalm,'  the  Swedish  naturalist,  who 
traveled  in  America  in  the  middle  of  the  last  century.  According  to  Aiton,^  it  was  cultivated  in 
Kngland  in  17(51  by  the  nurseryman  .Tames  Gordon.'' 

The  Sheepberry  is  one  of  the  largest  of  the  Viburnums.  It  is  admired  for  its  compact  habit,  its 
lustrous  foliage,  which  inset  is  rarely  disfigure,  its  beautiful  and  abundant  flowers,  its  handsome  edible 
fruit,  and  its  brilliant  autumnal  color.  It  readily  adapts  itsolf  tn  cultivation,  ami  is  one  of  the  best  of 
the  small  trees  of  eastern  Auu-rica  for  the  decoration  of  parks  and  ganleiis  in  all  regions  of  extreme 
winter  cold.  It  is  easily  raised  from  seeds  wliii  !i,  like  those  of  the  other  American  species,  do  not 
germinate  until  the  second  year  after  they  are  planteil. 

The  specific  name,  from  hntus,  first  used  by  Cesaliiini.'  iu  allusion  to  its  flexible  branches,  to 
designate  the  Furopeau   V'lhurnuiii  Lnntuna,  was  transferred  to  this  species  by  Linuicus. 


'  Ilniiu't,  CiV.  IV.;.  I.ig,  Cm.  'X\  —  Maoimii.  f'.ir  Civt.  I'l.  i.  I'M. 
'  It('!*sry.  tiuU.  I'^j-fti'r.  Stat.  Xt^bnuka,  iv.  art.  iv.  )l)i. 
•  Sou  ii.  H6. 


*  ll'Tl.  A'.ic.  i.  IM'J.  —  I.ouauii,  Arh.  llril.  ii.  1033.  f.  7iJ0. 

'  .See  i.  1(1. 

'  /*.•  I'huf.y  Uhn  xvi.  70. 


ii' 


!  i 


'  a 


-':!      i 


«. 


KXl'LANAllUN   OF   .'111':   I'LATKS. 

Pl,.\TK   CC'XXIII.      Vim-HSIM    I.KNTAliO. 

1.  A  lliiwi'iiii;,'  tii^mcli.  iwitiiiul  »i/.e. 

'.'.  l)ini;raiii  nf  i  ll'i»c'r. 

H.  A  tlovviT,  fiil:.r),'r<l. 

•I.  A  tluwiT.  till'  !•(•  iilhi  anil  ■.latiuT-^  niiioviMl.  iMiliiri,'i'il. 

">.  A  ociidUa  ilisplaviil.  inlftipMl. 

(1.  Cross  siTtioii  iif  .III  <i\an.  iiilariji'il. 

7.  ViTtiral  spitimi  uf  a  ll.iwir.  tlif  I'onilla  ami  stamein  reniovfd.  ™lar(jc(l. 

H.  An  iiviili'.  mtii-li  inai,'iillii'il, 

'.'.  All  exiiaiuliiig  laiil,  iialural  sizi'. 


run:  (CXXIV.     Viii  kmm    Lkntaiio. 

1.  A  truilini;  l>rain'li.  iialiiral  si/.c. 

L'.  ViTliial  seitidii  of  a  friit.  iiilarKi-il. 

I!.  C'niss  sccliiiii  iif  n  fruit.  I'lilarntil. 

•I.  A  stipiii',  enlarucil. 

.".  Side  vii'W  of  a  stone,  enlarged, 

li.  A  ■*pi'(l,  enlarged. 

7.  \'i-rti('al  swtion  of  a  sicd.  fidarijed. 

8.  An  iinlirvo,  imicli  iiia;;iiilii'd. 

9.  A  winter  liranildi't.  natural  »iie. 


II  (jl 

•  1 


/4 


•    I      ! 


\ 


m 


*  5 


\j 


I 


<ir 


I!  ' 


U 


I 


I 


X 


T 


^^^* 


VIBURNUM    LENTAGO, 


.'/   /?'/.*-  /-'V^      .///-A/    ' 


/-y  .V   7'.HUtir  /;//■;.'■ 


t' 


<      I 


\      i 


II 


^l*! 


m 

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r  T 

f 

■  ,'1 

k 

!'  i 


■^*... 


I     'I 


m 


t    J  '    I 


I  H 


:! 


1.1 

u 


•^ 


Silv.i  o:  M'^r'.K  Aniei  i'  -i 


m 


m 


i    ^ 


VIRUHNHM    LENTA^-.O, 


^v 


y}   :iti>,  rrtur  •{••■•  1. 1 


■•1/'   .'f     .ff.it.r 


II 


I! 


h  I 


CAl'Ii 


slioi 

Vibu 
M 
W 

11 
li 
S( 

i; 


n 

w 

Si 
ot 
() 
/' 
1) 

4. 
V 

& 
I) 


(l 


I  1 


SIX  t 

lets  ; 
•'  '!» 

Ijl'OV 

loss 
or  si 
the 
tins 

Sl'illt 

ai)e> 
iifjiii 

|iul)l 

slui] 
or  s 

llSUi 
Ullt'( 

"IT 
on  t 

mat 

un 

mid 


,1 

1 

'i           1 

CAJ?KIFOUACE.H. 


SILVA    OF  XORTII  AMERICA. 


VIBUBNUM   PRUNIFOLIUM. 
Black  Haw.      Stag  Bush. 


09 


Lkaves  ovate,  oval,   or  suborbicular,  their  petioles  usually  naked.     Winter-bud^^ 
sliort-pointcd  or  obtuse,  coated  Avith  rufous  pubescence. 


Viburnum  prunifolium,  Liuna'iis,  Sjier.  268  (IToS). — 
Miller.  Diet.  td.  S,  No.  2.  —  Maisliall,  Arhust.  Am.  KiO.  — 
Waiigenhi'im,  Xordmii.  Huh.  98.  —  Walter,  Fl.  Cat: 
116.  —  AVillilenow,  lierl.  Jliiiim.^.  4112;  S//ec.  i.  pt.  ii. 
1487  ;  Enum.  1526.  —  Abbot,  Insects  of  Gtoryia,  ii.  53. — 
iSclikulir,  llandb.  i.  2o.'i.  —  Miehaiix,  Fl.  lior.-.iin.  i. 
178.  —  yoiiveati  Diihaniel,  ii.  128. 1. 158.  —  Persoon,  .S'yii. 
i.  ;!26.  —  De.>ifoiit.iiiie9,  lli.it.  Arli.  i.  Ii4  I.  —  I'oiret,  Latn. 
Diet.  viii.  Kii.  —  Du  Mont  de  Courset,  Hot.  Cult.  cd.  2, 
iv,  341.  —  Pursh,   Fl,   Am.    .Sejft,    i.    201. —  Uoeiiier   tt 

Seliultcs,  Syst.  \i.  6',i\ Ilayiio,  Deiuli:  Fl.  o~. —  KUi- 

ott,  Sk-.  i.  36.').  —  S|ireii);ol,  Si/st.  i.  933.  —  (iiiiinpel, 
Otto  &  Hayiii',  AhhiU.  J/u!.-..  12,"),  t.  101.  —  Watson, 
Dei.dr.  liril.  i.  2.i,  t.  23.  —  Audubon,  llinls,  t.  23.— 
I)e  Cindiille,  I'roilr.  iv.  32,"i.  —  Don.  Gen.  Sij.-ii.  iii. 
4411.  —  Uatine.siine,  Aliiujriijih.  Am.  ,"i,"i.  —  .*<pacli.  //i'.</. 
IV;/'  viii.  312. —  Hooker,  /'/.  Jl'tr.-.tm.  i.  27'.).  —  Torrey 
&  tiray,  Fl.  y.  Am.  ii.  14. —  Walpers.  J,'e/,.  ii.  4.M. — 
Darlinyton,  Fl.    Cestr.  od.  .'i,   11."   —  Orsted.   I'lilen.dn/'. 


Jledil.  fra  Xut.  For.  Kjolenh.  18C0,  301.  —  Chapman, 
Fl.  171.  — Engelniann,  Tmns.  St.  Louis  Aetid.  ii.  2(VJ.  — 
Koch,  Dendi:  ii.  02.  —  Kidgway,  J'roe.  ('.  S.  Stit.  .Viis. 
1882,  OS.  —  Lanclie,  Dent.iel,e  Dnidr.  ed.  2,  207.  —  !Sar- 
gent,  /■•..f.,rf  JV.r.s  .V.  .I»i.  10//i  Census  V.  S.  K.  114.— 
Gray,  .S^/i.  Fl.  X.  Am.  i.  pt.  ii.  12.  —  Watson  &  Coulter, 
tirn.f'i  Man.  ed.  6,  210. 

Viburnum  pyrifolium.  I'oiret,  Lim.  Diet.  viii.  6u.') 
^l,SOSj.  — Dusfontaincs,  Uist.  Arb.  i.  345;  Cnt.  Ilort. 
J'nris.  ed.  3,  404.  —  Du  Jlont  do  Courset,  But.  Cult.  ed.  2, 
iv.  ;!41.  — Puv>b, /7.  Am.  Sept.  i.  201.  —  Nuttall,  den. 
i.  202.  —  Hoenier  iS.  .Si'bultes,  Syst.  vi.  031.  —  llayne. 
Dende.  Fl.  37.  —  Watson,  Dendr.  i.  22,  t.  22.  —  De  Can- 
doUe,  Fi-udi:  iv.  325.  —  Loudon.  Art:  Beit,  ii,  1034.  f. 
781.  782.  —  Kaline-ipii",  Al.i"'iritidi.  Am.  55. 

Viburnum nmblodes.l!;ilines(iue..l/,<"_7ray./(.,l//)  55(1838). 

Viburnum  pruuit'olium,  var.  ferruginoum,  Torrey  iV: 
Urav,  Fl.  S.  Am.  ii.  15  (1841). 


A  biisliy  tree,  ofca.sioniilly  twenty  to  tliiity  foet  in  lH'ij;lit,  with  a  slinrt  and  usually  d'ooked  tiimk 
six  to  ejo'lit  int'lies  in  diaiiu'ter,  and  stout  sjn'oadiiif;'  rioid  lininclics  l)t'>it  with  sUmuU'I'  spint-lilce  branfli- 
It'ts  ;  or  at  the  north  often  leducud  to  a  low  iniah-braiiclied  slind).  Tlie  haik  of  the  tnnik  varies  from 
a  (|uarter  to  u  third  of  an  incli  in  thickness  and  is  broken  into  tiiiek  irrepfukuly  shaped  plate-like  red- 
brown  scales.  The  branciilets,  wlien  they  first  appear,  are  l)iioiit  red,  and  are  <;labrous  or  more  or 
less  covered  witli  rnfoiis  pubescence  ;  tiiey  soon  tiiin  "icen,  aod  in  tlieir  first  winter  are  S'ray  faintly 
or  stronjjly  tinged  with  red,  covereil  with  a  sHoht  liloom,  and  niaikcd  iiy  oranirc-colore  I  Icnticels  and  liy 
the  large  liniate  leaf-scars  wliicli  disphiy  tiiree  tibro-vascnlar  biindlc->car>  ;  later  they  become  dark  brown 
tinged  witii  red.  Tiie  winter-buds  are  coated  with  dark  nifoiis  tomentuni,  and  are  covered  with  two 
scides  ;  those  wliich  contain  llower-bearing  branches  are  ovate,  gradually  narrowed  and  obtuse  at  the 
apex,  half  an  in«'h  in  length,  and  nuicli  larger  than  the  axillary  buds  which  are  flattened  by  pre>sure 
against  the  stem  ;  tiie  l)ud-scales,  which  are  accrescent,  are  soon  after  opening  strap-shaped,  purple, 
pubendous,  and  nearly  an  inch  in  length,  and,  often  developing  into  leaf-like  bodies  with  iiroad  boat- 
shai>e<l  petioles,  <lo  not  fall  until  after  the  tlowers  ojien.  The  leaves  are  ovate  or  rarely  obovate,  ov.d 
or  suborbicular.  rounded,  acute  or  short-pointed  at  the  apex,  wedge-shaped  or  rounded  at  the  base,  and 
usually  rather  remotely  or  sonu'timcs  finely  .serrate  with  ridged  incurved  callous-tippi'd  teeth  ;  when  they 
unfold  they  are  tinged  with  red  and  are  lustrous,  gl.ibrous  on  the  lower  surf'i  '.  and  co\ered  on  the 
upper  side  of  the  midribs  and  on  the  bright  red  petioles  with  scattered  reil,;  h  hairs,  or  are  clothed 
on  the  petioles,  midriiis,  and  lower  surface  of  the  luimarv  veins  with  dense  ru.ty  brown  tomeiitiun  ;  at 
matinity  they  are  firm  or  .sometimes  sid)coriaceous.  dark  green  and  glabrous  on  the  \ipper  surface,  and 
on  the  lower  pale  and  glabrous  or  covered  with  tufts  of  rusty  tomeutum  ehielly  along  the  narrow 
midribs  and  in  the  axils  of  the  slender  jirimary  veins  which   are  connected   by  reticidate  veiidets  :  tli(y 


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it 


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100 


SILVA   OF  NOUTII  AMERICA. 


caprifoliacka;. 


W  I 


\  I 


are  one  to  three  inches  lonjj,  lialf  an  inch  to  three  inclies  wide,  and  are  home  on  sliort  grooved  petioles 
whicli  are  one  liulf  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  in  lenrr'h,  often  clothed  througiiout  the  season  with  riifons 
tonientuni,  and  broad  and  boat-shaped  on  the  first  pair  of  leaves,  and  on  vigorous  shoots  often  narrowly 
wing-margined.  In  the  autumn  the  leaves  turn  a  brilliant  scarlet  or  a  dark  vinous  red  before  falling. 
The  flowers,  which  open  from  the  middle  of  March  in  Texas  to  the  middle  of  May  at  the  north,  are 
l)rodiiced  in  glabrous,  glandular,  or  tomentose  cymes  two  to  four  inches  in  diameter,  and  are  borne  on 
slender  pedicels  bibracteolate  at  the  apex.  The  bracts  and  bractlets  are  subulate,  a  sixteenth  of  an 
inch  long  or  less,  usually  red  above  the  middle,  and  caducous.  The  calyx  is  narrowly  ovate,  with  short 
rounded  lobes  often  tippeil  with  pink  ;  the  corolla  is  pure  white  and  a  quarter  of  an  inch  across  when 
ex])aiiiU'd,  with  oval  or  nearly  orbicular  lobes  ;  the  stamens  are  exscrted.  with  slender  filaments  and  pale 
yellow  anthers,  and  the  style  is  thick,  conical,  light  green,  and  terminated  by  a  broad  stigma.  The 
fruit  is  oval  or  slightly  obovate,  half  an  inch  long,  dark  blue,  and  covered  with  a  liandsome  glaucous 
bloiini.  It  ripens  in  October,  and  is  produced  in  few-fruited  dusters  with  re<l  stems  marked  by  elevated 
lenticels.  Hanging  on  the  branches  until  the  beginning  of  winter,  it  does  not  become  sweet  and  edible 
until  after  it  has  been  touched  by  frost. 

I'ihiirnum  prunij'oJrtni  is  distributed  from  Fairfield  County,  Connecticut,  and  the  valley  of  the 
lower  Hudson  River  to  Hernando  County,  Florida,  the  valley  of  the  Guadaloupe  River  in  Texas,'  and 
to  Missouri,  Arkansas,  and  the  Iiulian  Territory.  It  is  exceedingly  conunon  in  the  middle  and  southern 
states,  especially  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast ;  at  the  north  it  is  usually  found  in  rich  coppices  on 
dry  rocky  hillsides,  in  fence-rows  aiul  by  roadsides,  and  in  the  south  in  dry  o\w\\  Oak  woods  and  on  the 
margins  of  upland  Pine  forests. 

The  wood  of  Vihiirnum  jtrimifnJlinn  is  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  brittle,  and  close-grained.  It 
contains  nunierout.  obscure  nu'dullary  rays,  and  is  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  nearly  white 
sapwood  composed  of  twenty  to  thirty  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely 
dry  wood  is  0.fi!5l{2,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  .ll.'.l'i  pouiuls. 

The  astringent  bark  is  nervine,  antispasmodic,  tonic,  and  diuretic  ;  it  has  been  .admitted  into  the 
American  pliariiiacopoia.  and  is  sometinu's  used  in  the  form  of  decoctions  or  fluid  extracts  for  the 
treatment  of  urinary  atl'ections  and  chronic  diarrhea  and  as  a  preventive  of  miscarriage,'  although 
some  medical  writers  believe  that  its  value  has  been  exaggerated.' 

The  earliest  mention  of  I'ihiiriiinn  jirtini/oHimi  appears  in  .lohn  Banister's  Cat.alogue  of  American 
])lants,  published  in  Ray's  IIlMorUi  J'/iint'trHin  in  lOSS  ; '  according  to  Alton,  it  was  cultivated  in 
England  as  early  .as  17.'51.' 

Viburnum  iiritnifuVtum  varies  considerably  in  the  form  of  the  leaves  and  in  the  amount  and 
nature  of  their  pubescent  covering;  at  the  iiiiitb  it  is  usually  glabrous  except  in  the  early  stiiges  of 
growth  ;  in  the  south  the  uniler  surface  of  the  leaves  and  their  petioles  are  often  clothed  with  rusty 
tomentuni  throughout  the  season.  As  an  ornamental  plant  the  Rlack  Haw  is  valuable  for  its  good 
habit,  the  abundance  of  its  clusters  of  white  flowers,  its  handsome  fruit,  and  brilliant  autunu:  foliage. 


'  Coulter.  Cmtrih.  V.  S.  Sal.  Urrh.  ii.  1.V3  {Mm.  I'l.  II'.  7Vr,i.). 

"  Pliarcs,  Alliinla  Mfd.  ~v  Siiri/.  Jour.  n.  scr.  vii.  lOS.  —  AWkiI, 
Hull.  Mfil.  >c  Surij.  .four,  xcix,  ()3-J.  —  Wilsiin,  /.irer/Hiol  Mnl.-Chir. 
Jmir.  V.  W.  —  liril.  M,,l.  ./our.  i.  iW7.  —  Kusliy,  PmII.  I'hiirm.  July. 

i-<;ii,  i.--r.  .S-.  /;,■,;„.„...  ,.,1. 10,  vm. 

'  .l„hii-..n.  .lAiii.  .1/../.  i;<'l.  X.  Am.  Itil,  t.  0. 


*  A'/.amfjiix  Pruni/o!iu.i  fnirtu  uiijro,  oiniatlo  rnmjtrfitso,  The  Hlork 
llaii;  ii.  10'.!7. 

MenpiliLH  Pninifnlia  Virginiann  nim  npinoin  fniclu  nigru'imtr,  Du- 
k"iut,  I  hyl.  Ili,  f. '.' ;  Aim.  Hoi.  I'll'  —  MilliT,  I'in.  Nii.  11. 

Viliurnum  loliii  .iufirt>lun'iii  .terrfilm  ijlalirif,  Cliiytoii,  Fl.  I'l'r^rin.  33. 

'  llort.  K,h:  i.  :i71.  -  -  L.1H1I011,  Art,,  lint.  ii.  UKU,  t,  l',t3. 


:il 


APRIFOLIACE^. 

■ooved  petioles 
)n  with  nifoua 
jften  iiiirrowly 
before  falling, 
the  north,  .ire 
I  are  borne  on 
xteenth  of  an 
ite,  ^^•ith  short 
h  across  when 
iionts  and  ))ale 
stigma.  Tlie 
some  glaucous 
ed  by  elevated 
eet  and  edible 

valley  of  the 
in  Texas,'  and 
i  and  southern 
ch  coppices  on 
ds  and  on  the 

;e-grained.     It 

nearly  white 

the  absolutely 

litted  into  the 
itracts  for  the 
ige,'  although 

e  of  American 
i  cultivated  in 

0  amount  and 
'arly  stages  of 
led  with  rusty 
0  for  its  good 
mm  foliage. 

mpresso,  The  litark 

iftn  ni^rrifiiuti',  IMti- 
>l,-l.  No.  11. 
ytoii, /-v.  ri>jm.,T3. 
U:H,  t.  l'J3. 


/4 


^ 


11 


'^'s 


J  i 


I 


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'<  ^  k<, 


.^j 


It 


. 


EXPLANATION   OF  THE   PLATE. 


10. 
11. 


Pi,.\TK  C'C'XXV.     Vim  UMM  lursiKoi.uM. 
A  iioweriiig  l>i"uii'li,  nulunil  ni/.c. 
A  llowiT.  (iilai'gt'd. 

A  HiiwiT.  tliL'  cmiillii  aiiil  slaiiuim  ri'iiioveil,  fiilar^jed. 
Vortical  siriioii  nf  a  Hohit,  tlii'  ciirdUa  ami  staiueiH  rciuovfil.  enlarged. 
A  i-(inilla.  displayi'd. 
A  fruiting  liranch.  natural  si/o. 
Cross  serliiiii  (if  a  fniil.  I'nlarLti'd. 
Vertical  sectiun  c>f  a  fiuil.  cnlargcil. 
A  Btunc,  enlarged. 
An  eiiibryi),  niucli  niagniticd. 
The  end  of  a  winter  liranchlet,  natural  si/.e. 


,'J 


i 


/ 


-^ 


VI BU  RN  'J  M    PRL'M  IKOl.IUM 


A  /it,  ■■  r:'i,.r    ,''i> 


W 


M 


'u 


I 


li 


<r 


i:.  ^;': 


1^ 


m\ 


'  *.-  » 


!i  I   M 


IILIIIACK/E. 


SIIA'A    OF  NORTH  AMKlilCA. 


lO.T 


i 


^l 


EXOSTEMA. 

Flowkus  perfect ;  ealyx-limb  S-tootlied  ;  corolla  painopetalous,  5-lo])ecl,  (juincun- 
C'inlly  iml)ri(atc'(l  in  lestivation ;  stamens  5;  ovary  :i-eelle(l ;  ovules  niiinerous,  aseendiii^. 
Fruit  a  2-eellecl  many-seeded  crustaeeous  capsule.  Leaves  ojjposite,  simple,  stipulate, 
persistent. 

Exostemn,  Kiilmrd.  Ilumlmhlt  iV-  Hoii/il^iiid  I'l.  .K'/iiiii.  i.  4',tl  (cxcl.  Jlmln.i'i).  —  Kn;,'lcr  iV  Prantl,  Prhni-enfuni.  iv. 

lai  (ISIIH).  — A.  Uiiliiird.  .l/.'m.  Snr.  Iliaf.  Siit.  /'urin,  ]it.  iv.  r<X 

V.  2(I0.  —  Mi'isiipr,  tii'ii.  l.")S.  —  Kiullii'licr.  </Vh.  r>ri5. —  Solenandra,  IldoUcr  f.  Ilimhr  /.mh.  xii.  I.  1150  (IHTlii. — 

lienthani  iV   Ilmkcr,  lii'n.  ii.  I'J.  —  Huilliiii,  ///.</.  /'/.  \\\.  riciiilii.iii  iV  IIuiiUlt.  '/>•/;.  ii.  I.i. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  witli  iisiiiilly  terete  linmclilets,  l)itter  liark,  imd  watery  jiiiee.  Leaves  opposite, 
simple,  sessile  or  petiolate,  persistent ;  stipules  iiiterpetioLir,  entire,  dentieuiate  or  two-parted,  deciduous. 
Flowers  axillary,  solitary  or  in  many  or  few-llowered  terminal  panicles.  lar<>'e  or  small,  fraj^rant,  pedun- 
culate, the  ]ic(luiielcs  hiliractcolate  ahove  tlie  middle.  Calyx-tuhe  ovoid,  clavate,  or  turliinate,  the  linil) 
short,  fivi'-lobed.  its  lolics  nearly  trianjjular,  subulate  or  linear,  j)ersjstent  or  deciiluous.  Corolla  wiiite, 
t'unnel-shapcd,  the  tulie  lonj^  and  narrow,  erect,  ijlabnuis  or  pilose  in  the  throat,  the  lobes  of  the  limb 
linear,  elonjjated,  spreadinjif.  Stamens  live,  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  exserted  ;  filaments 
liliform,  united  at  the  base  into  a  short  or  lonjif  tube  inserted  on  and  adnate  to  the  tube  of  the  corolla  ; 
anthers  oblonji,  linear,  attached  at  the  base,  two-celled,  the  cells  o]ienin^'  lonjjfitudinally.  Disk  epi^y- 
nous,  annular.  Ovary  inferior,  two-celled  ;  style  simple.  elon<^ated.  slender,  exsertcd  ;  stigma  capitate, 
simple  or  minutely  two-lobed  ;  ovules  nunu'rous.  attached  on  the  two  sides  of  a  fleshy  oblong  peltate 
placenta  fixed  to  the  inner  face  of  the  cell,  ascending,  anatropous  ;  rajihe  ventral ;  niicropyle  superior. 
Fruit  capsular,  many-seeded,  cylindrical  or  clavate.  two-celled,  septicidally  two-valved.  the  valves  entire 
or  two-parted  ;  epicarp  membranaceous,  separable  from  the  crustaeeous  en(U)carp.  Seeds  compressed, 
ovate  or  oblong,  rounded  or  ]>ointod  at  the  ajjex,  imbricated  downwards  on  the  placenta  ;  tesfci  membra- 
naceous, cliestnut-brown,  lustrous,  produced  into  a  narrow  wing.  Kmbryo  minute,  in  Heshy  albumen  ; 
cotyleiloiis  flat ;  radicle  terete,  inferior. 

Exostema  is  confined  to  the  tropics  of  America,  where  about  twenty  species,  chietly  found  in  the 
Antilles.'  are  distributed  from  southern  Florida,  where  one  species  occurs,  to  Mexico,  Central  America.- 
and  Brazil.' 

The  bark  of  Exostema  contains  active  t<)ni<'  properties.  That  of  several  species,  especially  of 
h'jdndma  Cariboiini  and  Kvuxhina  jJiirihiiiKhnn*  was  considered  a  usefid  febrifuge '^  before  the 
general  introduction  of  the  more  valuable  Cinchona  barks,  which  now  replace  it  except  in  domestic 
practice  in  the  countries  wiiieh  Exostema  inhabits. 

The  generic  name,  from  rru  and  cnr.tta,  relates  to  the  long  exserted  stamens. 

(irisebucli,  II.  Ilril.  IV.  lu.l.  'ASS  ; 


^  A.  Rit'lmrtl,  Fl.  Cub.  iii. 
Cal.  PL  Cub.  liij. 

»  rtrstcil,  Vitlemkah.  Mettil.  fm  Sal.  For.  Kjithnih.  1S,V.>,  L'li.  - 
Gray,  Fnic.  Am.  Ami.  v.  180.  —  lli'UisU'y,  />'"/.  lUil.  .\m.  dul.W.  VX 

'  rcu'lipii?  Jt:  KmlliclMT,  A'li'.  Cm.  rl  .V;w.  iii.  31,  t.  U':)l.  —  Siiiii- 
limini,  Martin.1  Fl.  FtnLsil.  vi.  pt.  vi.  IDli. 

*  Uot'iiicr  &  Sthultus,  Si/xl.  v.  I'.l  (1810).—  Hiiyiic,  -Ir.-ii.  vii.  t. 
l.-|. —  I)u  Ciiudulle,  I'roilr,  iv.  30U. —  A.  Hicbuni,  /.  r.  (3.  —  Grise- 
l«icli,  /,  c. 


CinclHma  Jhribundii.  Swart,',  Vr.i.ir.   11   (17S,S)  ;  /•'/.  Ind.  On: 
'S'l'i.  —  I..'i]nl>ert,  Ciufhitu:,  •!',  t.  7.  —  I'niri't,  l.wn.  Did.  vi.  It". 

Ci'u-hma  mnttttvia,  Hiulier,  lio:itr  Oh.  .x.v.xiv.  l-i>,  t.  1  (I78lt).  — 
Dcs.iiurtilz,  Fl.  M,'il.  Aiilitl.  i.  .'<7,  t.  13. 

Ciitrlititiit  Lnaanttf  Vitniiui,  ."^ummd  /V.  Suiipl.  -(it  (ISO-). 
*  l)iividsuu,  I'hil.  Trtiiut.  lx.\iv. -l.^li. —  Kutirt'roy,  Ann.  'I,'  Cftim. 
viii.  113.  —  I.iiniui,  Iliirt.  Jam.  i.  3!tl.  —  .\.   Uiilmrd.  ///-■(.   Xiil. 
il/.'u.  iii.  .Vie.  — (Juilumrl, //i.«f.   /'my.  I'd.  7,  iii.  ISO.  —  I{osfiitli:il, 
Syn.  I'l.  i-iiiiihor.  337. 


(^, 


( 


l: 


1 

I 


KUULACEiG. 


SUVA    OF  XOUTJJ  AMKIilCA. 


EX08TEMA   CARIBiEUM. 
Prince   Wood. 


105 


Flowlus  on  simple  axillary  pcclunck^.     Lciucs  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate,  eoria- 
ceous. 


Exustema  Caribeeum,  Uck'ukt  &  Schultcn,  Sijul.  v.  IS 
(l.Hl'.t). —  Iliijiie,  Arr.ii.  vli.  t.  M.  —  S|m'n(,'i'l,  .S//.-r.  i. 
705.  —  1)l'  Canilollc,  I'nxli'.  iv.  ii.")l).  —  Ddm,  '/'ih.  .S'y.<^ 
iii.  IMI.  —  DiiMiiili,  Sun.  i.  7L'L'.  —  Spiuli,  lI'iM.  \','<j.  viii. 
;!iH.  — 'I'c.iny  it  (iray,  I'l.  X  Am.  ii.  yii.  —  A.  Uiiliaiil, 
t'l.  Cull.  iii.  !).  —  C'liaimmii.  /'/.  180.  —  Giisubiicli,  /•'/. 
Uril.  U:  1ml.  :VJi  ;  Oit.  VI.  Ciih.  I'.'.j.  —  Gray.  Sijn. 
t'l.  X.  Am.  i.  ]it.  ii.  21!.  — .S.argcnl,  /'nv.i^  'fives  X.  .tin. 
10th  Ci'ii.1113  C  S.  ix.  y.">.  —  !Iitclioiicl<,  /I'ly/.  Mi.'i.i'inri 
linl.  tlnril.  iv.  It'.'. 

Cinchona  Cnribnsn,  Jaciiuin.  /■.'num.  PI.  Curili.  IG  (ITOO); 


//M^  Stlr/i.  Am.  CI.  t.  IT'.I.  f.  '.I."i ;  OU  Jln^  ii.  27,  t.  17  ! 
J{i.it.  .Sell  I'l.  Slli/i.  Am.  I'Lj.  t.  M.  —  Liniinius,  S/teo.  od. 
2,  'Jl."!.  —  l,;jn.  Am.  Geinie/i.  i.  11,  I.  ,33.  —  Swuiti,  OOs. 
72.  —  Vulil,  Skrli:  Xnt.  .Sel.ih.  i.  21;  HymO.  ii.  37.— 
GaMtiitT.  Fi-nrf.  i.  IC',1,  t.  Xi.  —  Willdfiiiiw,  ,S'/"'-.  i.  pt.  Ii. 

'.C)',i — (jniflin,  .s'//.*/.  ,V"/.  ii.  ,'i(Jl Lamljcrt,  Cine/ionu, 

3,S,  t.  1-J  (cxcl.  »yii.).  —  I'.iiirt,  Liim.  Diet.  vi.  3.">;  ///.  ii. 
2(11.   I.   ICI.  t.  .|.  —An.livHs.    IM.  Heji.  vii.  I.  4S1. — 
I.uiian,  If'i-f.  .Inn.  i.  .'I'.H. 
Cinchona  Janmlcensis,  Wiiylit,  t'/iil.  Trans.  Ixvii.  504, 
t.  10  (1T7K). 


A  gliiliroiis  tiff,  in  Florida  somutiiiifs  twfiity  to  t  vfiitv-llve  Ifft  in  lifii;lit,  with  a  trunk  ten  or 
tAVflvf  inflifx  in  dianiftfr,  slfnder  t-rt'ct  branchfs  wiiicli  form  a  narrow  lifad,  and  terfte  branulik- ts ; 
or  ol'tfn  a  .slirnb  only  .1  f'fw  ffft  liij;'li.  Tlif  liarli  of  the  trunk  is  an  fij^iitii  of  an  inch  tliifk  and  is 
dividfd  by  dffp  tissiirfs  into  si|uarf  smooth  iialu  or  nearly  white  [tialfs.  The  branchlets,  when  they 
lirst  apjicar,  arf  dark  i^rfen,  but  soon  bcfonif  dark  rfd-brown  and  coverfd  with  palu  knticels,  and  in 
their  second  yfar  are  ashy  {fray  and  rather  fonspieuously  marlied  by  the  flevated  leaf-suars.  The  loaves 
are  oblonj,'-ovatf  to  lancfolatf,  fontraftfd  into  slfiider  iioints  ami  a|iiiulate  at  the  a|)ex,  wetlgi-shajied 
and  gradually  narrowed  at  the  base  into  long  slender  orange-eolorfd  [letiolfs,  entire,  thick  and  <oria- 
fioiis,  dark  green  on  the  uijper  surface  and  yellow-green  on  the  lower,  an  inch  and  a  half  to  three 
inehes  long  and  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  ipiarter  broad,  with  prominent  orange-colored  midribs 
slightly  impressed  on  the  upper  side  and  eonspieuons  retif  idatf  veins  ;  they  appear  in  the  autinun  and 
in  early  spring  and  summer,  and  remain  on  the  branches  for  one  or  two  years.  The  stipules  are  a 
sixteenth  of  an  inch  long,  nearly  triangular  ami  apiculatf.  with  futire,  dentate,  or  filiate  margins, 
and  in  falling  mark  the  branchlets  with  ring-like  sears.  The  tlouers,  wliiih  appear  from  March  mitil 
Jiuie,  are  borne  on  onc-tlowered  axillary  peduncles  and  are  exeicdingly  fragrant;  they  are  three  inches 
h)ng,  with  an  ovato  calyx-tube,  jiersistent  nearly  triangular  ealy\-lobi>,  a  glabrous  corolla,  and  filaments 
united  at  the  base  into  a  sluu't  tube.  The  fruit  is  cylindrical,  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long  and  dark 
brown,  beeoming  black  in  drying.  'J'he  sfed  is  oblong  and  an  eighth  of  an  inch  long,  with  a  dark 
brown  papillose  coat  and  a  light  brown  wing. 

K.r(j!<timii  Cdriboiiiii  is  seattereil  over  the  keys  of  southern  Florida  and  is  common  on  Key  West 
and  Upper  Metiicombe  Keys;  it  inhabits  tlu'  West  indies,  southern  .Mexico,  and  the  west  coast  of 
Nicaragua.' 

The  wood  of  Exoali  ina  ('Kr'ihonin  is  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  and  do.se-grained, 
witil  il  satiny  surface  susceptible  of  receiving  a  beantiful  polish ;  it  contains  numerous  obscure 
nieihillary  rays,  .and  is  light  brown  handsomely  streaked  with  dill'i'rent  shadi's  of  yellow  and  lu'own.  the 
bright  yellow  siipwood  i)eing  composed  of  twelve  to  twenty  lavers  of  annual  growth.  The  spccitie 
gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  D.DIJIO,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  .'>8.t)2  pounds. 

E.m.sUmn  Carihaimi  was  lirst  detected  in  Florida  on  Key  West  by  Dr.  J.  L.  Ulodgett. 

'  lli'iualrv,  Uiit.  Iliol.  .lin.  Cent.  ii.  13. 


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KXl'l-ANATION   OK    11  IK    I'LATK. 


I'lVTK   CCXXVI.       K.\it»TKMA    CAIUILKIM. 
A  tliiworiiiH  I'liinili.  iiiitural  fin'. 
MM^rain  of  i\  tliiwii-. 
A  lloHi'f,  till'  I'liiiillii  ri'iniivi'il,  iMiliir(,'c'(l. 
A  rorollii  with  ntuiiu'iiii,  <li.|iliiyiiil,  I'lilargoJ. 
Vfrtit'iil  M'l'tiiiM  iif  ail  iivaiy.  i'iihirj;i'(l. 
An  uiitlii'r,  i'tilai(;i'il. 
All  iiviili',  iniii'li  iiiiiKailiril. 
A  fniiling  luancli,  natural  »i/o. 

Vertical  si'ction  of  a  fruit  rut  imrallcl  with  tlic  ilisurpimeiit,  cnlarj-cl. 
Viitii'al  siTtion  of  a  fiuil  rut  at  ri^ht  angli'H  with  tliu  ili.H»i'|iiini'nt    inlarijeil. 
C'rti^H  Hi'ctiun  (if  a  fruit,  cnlar^i-il. 
ViTlical  M'l'tiun  of  a  sii'cl.  i  nlarjjiil. 
An  t'inluTii.  iiiui'li  niajjiiilit'd. 
A  portion  of  u  }oung  liramli  ^llo^vin^'  »ti|nilt',  enlarm'il. 


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HUBUCEiK. 


aiLVA  OF  Nonni  America. 


107 


IMXCKNEYA. 

Fi.owKRS  perfect ;  ealyx-liinb  o-lohed,  the  lol)es  uiuMiuiil.  sometimes  develoj)eci  into 
colored  petidoid  leaf-like  bodies ;  corolla  gamopetalous,  A-lobed,  the  lobes  valvate  in 
lestivation  ;  stamens,  .")  ;  ovary  inferior,  'i-cclled  ;  ovides  numerous,  horizontal.  Fruit 
a  many-seeded  2-celled  capsule.     Leaves  opposite,  entire,  ])etiolate,  stipulate,  deciduous. 


Pinckneya,  Micliaiix.  /■'/.   linr.-Ain.  i.   Kr,  (1«().3).— Kml- 
liiliir.    (ten.    T>'>\.  —  Muisiur.    din.    l.'iH.  —  lientluun    A; 


llodkur,   (Icii.  ii.    17.  —  liailloii.  Il'ift.  /V.  vii. -IT'.'  (exel. 

l',„ln„„i„l.^). 


A  small  tree,  with  fibrous  roots,  scaly  lifflit  brown  liittcr  l)ark,  ri'sinous  buds,  stout  terete  jiitliy 
brauehlcts  coated  wliile  youusj;  with  lioary  tonu'utuni,  ultimately  nialirous  and  marked  with  seattered 
minute  wiiite  h-nticels  ami  larjje  nearly  orbieular  or  olieordate  leaf-scars  displayinn'  a  lunate  row  of 
numerous  crowdeii  til)ro-\aseular  bundle-scars.  Terminal  buils  ovate,  terete,  contracted  above  the  middle 
into  slender  points,  covered  with  tiie  dark  red-brown  lanccolate-ai  ute  sti|iiilcs  of  the  last  pair  of  leaves 
of  the  pievi()n>  year  often  persistent  on  the  base  of  the  jrrowinj;'  shoots  and  marked  at  the  base  with  two 
hroadlv  ovate  pale  scar-like  slij^htly  pilose  elevations;  axillary  huds  nlituse,  minute,  and  nearly  immersed 
in  the  l)ark.  Leaves  opposite,  eomplanate  in  vi'rnation,  oliloni;-oval  or  ovate,  acute  at  the  a]iex.  wedi>e- 
shaped  at  the  base, and  gradually  narrowed  into  lonj;'  stout  petioles,  entile,  meniliranaeeous. eoati'd  at  first 
with  ]iale  pubescence,  at  maturity  dark  irreen  and  puberulous  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  and  puberulous 
on  the  lower  surface,  especially  alonj;'  the  stout  midribs  and  primary  veins,  deciduous;  stipides  interpe- 
tiolar,  conspii'uously  j^landular-punctate  at  the  base  on  the  inner  face,  inclo^iui;-  the  hsif  in  the  bud, 
triaufjular,  subulate,  pink,  lieeominii;  'idonj;', acute,  searioirs.  lii;lit  lirown.  caduccnis.  Flowers  in  pedun- 
culate terminal  and  a.villaiy  pubescent  tri<hotomous  few-tlowercd  cymes,  liracts  and  liractlets  linear- 
lanceolate,  acute,  at  lirst  piid<,  lpecoiuin<>'  scarious.  deciduous,  or  the  hracts  sometimes  enlarged,  and 
rose-col oreii.  Klowcr-huds  sulfate,  coated  with  thick  pale  toiiieiitum.  Calyx-tube  davate,  bracteolate 
at  the  base,  covereil  with  hoary  tomeiitum,  not  closed  in  the  bud  ;  calyx-limb  live-lohed,  the  lobes  decid- 
uous, suhnlati-laneeolate,  <jreen  tiiif^ed  with  pink,  scarious,  or  in  the  central  flower  of  the  ultimate 
division  of  the  cviiie  with  one  or  rarely  with  two  produced  into  oval  or  ovate  acute  petaloid  rose-colored 
pulierulous  membranaceous  leaf-like  bodies.  Corolla  salvei-foriiied.  lit;lit  yellow,  eiiiereo-tinuentose,  with 
a  loll":  narrow  tube  somewhat  eiilaii'ed  in  the  throat,  tivc-lolied,  the  lolies  olilonti-ohtuse,  marked  with 
red  lines  and  pilose  with  loni;  white  hairs  on  the  inner  suil'.ice,  iccnrvcd  after  antliesis.  Stamens  live, 
exserted  ;  lilaments  liliiorni,  free,  inserted  opposite  the  lolies  of  the  calyx  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla 
below  the  middle;  anthers  olilon<i-,  emari;inate,  attached  on  the  back  helow  the  middle,  introrse.  twii- 
celled,  the  cells  openinjf  Ioiii,'itndinally.  Disk  epi<;ynous,  llesliy.  annular,  depressed  in  the  centre. 
Ovary  tw<i-cclled  ;  style  liliforiii,  exserted,  slij;litly  eiilar^'ed,  twii-lobcd  and  stii;iuatic  at  the  apex  ; 
ovules  nuiiiemns,  inserted  in  two  ranks  on  a  thin  two-lipped  placenta  loiii;itudiiiallv  adnate  *^o  the  inner 
face  of  tlu'  cell,  aiiatropoits;  raphe  \cntral;  niiciopvle  supiiior.  I'"ruit  a  subolohose  obsciirelv  two- 
lohed  two-celled  niaiiy-sceded  capsule,  loculiciilally  t\vo-\alved.  the  valves  thin  and  papi'rv,  li^ht  brown, 
pulierulous  especially  at  the  base,  faintly  rayed  and  marked  with  olilono'  pale  spots  and  with  the  scars 
left  by  the  fallinj;'  of  the  deciduous  calyx-limb  and  style,  sometimes  tardilv  septicidallv  two-parted  to 
the  middle,  persistent  en  the  liranehes  duriiin'  winter,  the  valvis  tiiially  falliiii;'  from  the  woody  axis; 
epicarp  very  thin,  hrittle,  se|)aralile  from  the  slii;litly  th.cker  toiij;h  wiiodv  eiidocar|i.  Seeds  horizontal, 
twii   laiikcd.  minute,  conipri's.sed  ;   testa  thin,  li^lit    brown,  nlieulate-veiiied.  produced  into  a  broad  thin 


'    I     •( 


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UJ 


108 


SII.VA    OF  XORTII  AMERICA. 


UV.mhCT.!f.. 


lunate-orliipiiLir  wiiijj.  Eiiilirvo  cloii^iiti'd.  iiiiiiierscd  in  the  tliii'k  flesliy  albumen  ;  cotyledons  ovate- 
olildn^-.  foliac'i'oiis,  larger  than  the  tcn'ti-  orect  radii'lc  turned  towards  flic  hlluni. 

The  wood  of  I'inckucva  is  c'lose-i;raiiu'd,  althoufjh  soft  and  weak,  and  contains  ohscure  remote 
medullarv  ravs  and  hands  of  four  to  six  rows  of  larjje  open  ducts  niarkiufj  the  layers  of  annual  gi'owth ; 
It  is  brown,  with  lighter  colort'il  sajiwood  comiiosed  of  ciijlit  or  ten  layers  of  annual  fjrowtli.  The 
~;u(ilic  <i-ravitv  of  tiic  absoluttly  dry  wood  is  (I..";).")!!,  a  cnbic  fiiot  weij;'liini^  I5I?.!)!  jtounds.  The  bark 
has  lieen  used  suciissfnlly  in  the  treatuu'Ul  of  interiuittent  fevers.' 

It  is  suiitiosed  that  I'inckncva  was  discovered  by  .lolni  IJartram,"  as  specimens  of  this  tree  are  siiid 
to  liave  been  found  in  tlu'  heibariuni  of  the  youutrer  liinuieus;'^  the  earliest  printed  account  of  it 
appears  in  the  'JVurds  '  of  his  sou.  William  ISartraui.  published  in  1T!>1.  It  was  (irst  brouf;ht  into 
general  notice,  however,  bv  the  French  botanist  Michaux.  who  found  it  on  the  banks  of  the  St.  Mary's 
River  ill  Florida  nr  (ieorij'ia  in  IT!'!.' 

The  licnerie  nanu'  couiineiU(M'.ites  the  scieutitie  acc(uui>lisluueuts  of  ("harles  Cotesworth  I'inckney  ot 
South  Carolina,  the  lievolutiouaiy  patriot  and  pMieral,  who.  after  the  liberty  of  the  I'nited  States  had 
ii  •(11  established,  devoted  himself  to  the  study  <if  botany  and  chemistry.  The  -.'enus  is  reiiresented  by 
a  >iMi;'le  species. 


1  HafiTip«,|\ic.  .1/..;.  /v.  ii,  .".:,  t.  7J.  —  I.iuilk'y,  Fl.  M<'l.  iXi.  — 
(iriflilh,  Mfl.  )'■'!.  :W<.;,  i.  171. —  I'on'lior,  Itfimrof  n/  S„i,th' rn 
t-^,t  >h  n't'l  /■"■»■-,.,'.,  let.  —  X.iinhiiii.  .int.  Juur.  I'fitirm.  April, 
lSS."i.  _  r.  S.  llisjunf.  111.  10,  Is'Jl. 


'  Sim.  i.  8. 

'  W.  1'.  C.  Itarton,  /V.  .V.  .Im.  i.  -J". 

<  lii.  |i;s 

^  .MiJiniii  f.  Ilisl.  Arh   Am  ii,  'JTil. 


nrniACE^,. 
yledoiis  ovate- 

)l)sciire  reiiioti! 
iniuial  gi'owtli ; 
growth.  Tlio 
ids.     The  l);irk 

is  trcp  are  siail 

lU'i'ouiit  of  it 

it  l)n)ii;;lit  into 

the  St.  Mary's 

th  I'iiu'kiii'v  of 
iti'd  States  liad 
represented  l)y 


RUniACK-^C 


SUVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


109 


PINCKNEYA   PUBENS. 
Georgia  Bark. 


Piuckneya  pubons.  Mlcliiiux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i.  Kl,",  t.  l;5 
,l,So;fi.—  Dii  Munt  (If  Cim-set.  Hot.  '■((/^  ed. 'J,  iv.  HI  1. — 
Willilunow.  Eniim.  Siippl.  10.  —  Mich.iux  f.  Hist.  Arli. 
All,,  ii.  '.'7(1.  t.  24.  —  I'm-sli,  /•'/.  Am.  Si-j-t.  i.  LIS. — 
Nuttall,  lloi.  i.  137.  —  W.  1'.  C.  li:uton,  /'/.  X  Am.  i.  '.'.">. 
1.  7.  _  S|,H!n,i,'el.  .S>^  i.  70.">.  —  Klliott.  .SV,-.  i.  '.'(i'J.  —  Do 
CiiikIiiUi',  /'/•'"//•.  iv.  :{('i(i.  —  AmliilMm,  JUi-i/.i.  t.  lti,"p. — 
\)nu.  (I'll.  .s>V.  iii. 'LSO.  —  D.    Uuii.    ■/'/■"»,<.   Linn.  .SV. 


xvii.  It;!.  —  S|mcli,  nist.  Vry.  viii.  WO.  —  Torrey  &  fir.iy. 
/•y.  .V.  Am.  il.  ;',7.  — Cluipiwiui,  Fl.  170.  — /V.  des  Sivrrs, 
xix.  1:;,  t.  77L'.  —  Gray.  .SyH.  /•'/.  X  Am.  i.  pt.  ii.  "3.  — 
S,iri;pnt,  /•'..)v,,-^  Ti;,s  X.  .Im.  Wl/i  ('nisii.i  /'.  .*?.  ix.  9."). — 
K.iij;!.!'  iV  rniiitl.  lyl'iii.y'iij''im.  iv.  |)t.  iv.  21,  f.  C,  M-0. 

Cincliona  Caroliniana.  I'^iirc't.  Lam.  l)kf.  vi.  40  (1H04). 

Pinckneya  pubescens,  l.iiniiiiTk.  ///.  ii.  20.")  ( — ':).  —  Per- 
souii,  .S'(/H.  i.  1117.  —  Gii'ilnui'  f.  Fruct.  iii.  81,  t.  194,  £.  3. 


Phir/,-i„'/ii  jmhiD.t  is  a  tree  twenty  to  thirty  feet  in  height,  with  a  trunk  oceasionally  eight  or  ten 
ineiies  in  (hanietcr,  and  slemier  spreading  braneiies  which  usually  form  a  narrow  round-toiiped  head. 
Tile  l)ark  of  the  trunk  is  a  (juarter  of  an  ineli  tliiek,  witli  a  Ugiit  hrown  surface  divided  into  minute 
apjiressed  scales.  The  !)ninchlets,  when  they  firs-  .qipear,  are  coated  with  hoary  white  tomentum  ;  they 
soon  turn  l^giit  retl-l.rown,  and  are  puhescent  during  the  sunnucr  ami  slightly  i.uborulous  during  the 
liist  winter,  hut  ultimately  beeonu"  glabrous.  The  leaves,  wliicii  unfold  in  March,  arc  five  to  eight 
inches  long  and  three  to  four  inches  broad  when  fully  grown,  and  are  borne  on  petioles  two  tlnrds  of 
an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in  length.  Th.'  flowers  appear  late  in  May  and  in  the  early  days  of 
•lune.  and  are  prodnc.'d  in  open  clusters  seven  or  eight  inches  across;  they  are  an  inch  and  a  half  long, 
their  petaloid  calyx-lobes  being  sometimes  two  inches  and  a  half  in  length  and  half  an  inch  in  breadth. 
The  fruit  ripens  in  the  autunni  and  is  an  inch  hmg  and  two  thirds  of  an  inch  liroad. 

Plnckniifi  ji'i'if  IIS  is  one  of  the  rarest  trees  of  eastern  Nortii  America  ;  it  inhaluts  low  wet  Siindy 
swamps  on  the  bonlers  of  streams  and  is  distributed  from  the  <'oast  region  of  South  Carolina  to  the 
ba.sin  of  tlie  upper  .\ppalacliicola  Kiver  and  its  tributaries  in  Florida  and  dcorgia. 

Tiie  Georgia  Hark,  when  in  flower,  is  one  of  the  most  beautifid  of  North  American  trees.  It  was 
planti'd  by  Micbaux  in  the  experimental  garden  which  he  establisiied  near  (Hiarleston,  and  was  sent  by 
him  to  the  French  horticulturist  Cels.'  wlio  probably  first  cultivated^  it  in  Europe,  although,  according 
to  Aiton.^'  it  was  introduee.1  into  English  gardens  "by  John  Eraser  as  early  as  17S().  It  is  occasionally 
found  in  old  gardens  in  South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  but  is  rarely  cultivated,  and  has  never  received 
from  "-ardencrs  the  attention  whicii  the  beauty  and  peculiar  .structure  of  its  flowers  would  justify. 


4\ 


m 


'  .St'c  ii.  4. 

'  Ciivicr,  Urnieil  ilts  Elo'Ji-n  Hitliiriijun,  i.  ^ij'j. 


s  llort.  Ken:  imI.  L'.  i.  IH'J 


<     (, 


*|! 


{*f 


I 


>H 


¥-^: 


v.H   .1 


i 

I, 

1:- 

KXl'I.ANATION   OK   TIIK    I'LAIKS. 


I'l.ATK    CCXXVII.       I'lMKMVA    IlllKNS. 

1.  A  lloworin^  liraiich,  iwitutal  si/.e. 

2.  Difttjnim  iif  a  ilowir. 

;i.  Vi'i-tii'.il  .section  of  a  (lower,  natural  si/i'. 

4.  Vertical  seetion  of  a  llowi'r  willi  iietaloi.l  calyx-lobe,  tlio  corolla  reiunred,  oiilargeii. 

r>.  Front  ami  nar  views  of  a  slaiuen.  e:ilar(;eil. 

ti.  Cross  >',M-tiiin  of  all  ovary,  enlurgeil. 

7.  Ai        .lie,  iimili  iiiagnitleil. 

.S.  Ton  ion  of  a  yoniitr  I'ranelilet  slinwing  stipule,  natural  size 


I  -ATK    CTXXVIII.        I'lNcKNKYA    IIHI  N>. 

1.  A  fruiting;  Ijraneh.  natural  si/f. 

2.  Cross  section  of  a  fruit,  natural  si/.e. 
It.  A  seed,  natural  size. 

4.   Vertical  section  of  a  seeil,  eulargeil. 
r>.   An  einliryo.  mueli  inaL^iiitieil. 
G.   A  wiutir  braiielilet.  ualoral  ~i/e. 


i1 


Ki 


'oi. 


\\ 


^  1 


^i'l 


I 


li  I 


^  il 


J 


m 


<     .'■    .*■  /;./ 


PINCKNEYA    PUBF.NS 


'.V    -•?    .  •i-'*U,r  :  .ir. 


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.  1 

fl 

i 

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1 

i    ] 

mi, 


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i 


PINCKNEYA   PUBENS 


U 


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'<^, 


I 


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•t  .'u.-,-/v.v./-    .itri'.r  ' 


I    .' 


fil 


-  ,*^^i 


M 


iirniACK.i';. 


STU'A    OF  NOllTU  AMFAUCA. 


in 


GUETTARDA. 

Flowkrs  porfcc't  or  jjolyf^iimo-dia-cioiis ;  ciiIn  x  ijrodiicccl  into  jin  elongated  tube  ; 
corolla  <;imiopetidoiis,  1  to  D-lohcd,  the  lobes  (luincmuiiilly  iinbriciited  in  icstiviition  ; 
stiiinens  \  to  }) ;  ovarv  inl'erior,  4  to  {^celled ;  ovules  solitiirv,  suspended.  Fruit  a 
fleshy  1-stoned  \  to  }>-seeded  druj)e.  Leaves  opposite  or  rarely  vertieillate,  membra- 
naceous, or  coriaceous,  stijjulate. 


Ouettarda.  Ventcimt,  Chmf.  1  (18it:!).  —  A.  Kicliard.  M'm. 
Siif.  Hist.  Xiit.  I'lirh.v.  rjl.  —  Mcisiicr,  Cini.  ^('ut. — 
Kiidli-her,  Gen.  MO  (i-xcl.  ace.  himjerin).  —  ltfiitli:iiii 
iV  Hooker,  (ieii.  ii.  9'.t.  —  Itailloii.  Hiit.  PL  vii.  4'.'.!  (inoI. 
Tnniiniifs^  C/innn'/i'i,  .)l'i/'iiit'ti,  ll'ithjhtnsnni't,  A  iitlrr/iu  '/, 
lliilirti,  niul  Olihi'ii).  —  Kiiglcr  iV  I'raiitl,  l'jliiiir.,iij'iiin.  iv. 
pt.  iv.  97. 

Matthiola,  I.innuMis.  Or>i.iS\  (17.'i7).  —  Adnnson,  /■'//».  /'/. 
ii.  l.'i'.l.  —  A.  I.,  di'  .liissieii,  lien.  L'OO. 


Guettnrda.    I.iniiifus.  S;/sf.t'd.    UK  l'.'7li  (17.111);  dm.  od. 

t'l.  V.C  —  AdaiiMjii,  /■'mil.  I'l.  ii.  117.. —  A.  L.  de  Jussicii, 

III  II.  '_'();. 
Halesin,  liniwiu'.  Xat.  Ills/.  Juik,  20,"i  (K."!")). 
Laugieria.  .Iaci|uiii,  IlUt.  Sllrji.  Am.  Cil  (17().'i).  —  Linniriis. 

(I'lii.  i-d.  I').  1(12  (hnii,,, ■!■!). 
Cadamba.  SoiiniTii(.  ('■.//.  /«./.  Ii.  'JU'S  (17SL'). 
Donkelaaria.  Liinairi',  ///.  Jlm-t.  ii.  llise.  72  ( iSrifi). 


I  '^  '  i 


m 


kSniall  tri't's  or  shrubs,  with  hitfor  hark.  Leaves  opjiositi',  rarely  in  verticils  of  tliree,  siihsessile 
or  petiolate,  membniiiaceous  oi-  coriaeemis.  Stiimles  iiiterjietiular,  ileeidiums.  Fhiwers  sessile,  hirge  or 
small,  brueteolate  or  eI)raeteolate,  secund  on  the  braiiehes  of  axillary  forked  iieduTieidate  cymes,  often 
dichdtonioiisly  branc  lied  with  a  ilower  between  the  contracted  liranciies,  or  rarely  one-llowered.  Bracts 
aii<l  bractlets  lanceol.ite,  acute,  minute,  deciduous,  t'alyx  ovoid  or  olobiise,  the  lind)  iiroducod  above 
the  ovary  into  a  cup-shaped  or  eloufjated  tui)e,  irregularly  two  to  four  or  regularly  foiu'  to  nine-toothed, 
deciduous  )r  persistent.  Corolla  .salver-shaped,  with  an  elon:;ated  cylimhical  erect  or  curved  tube 
naked  in  the  throat,  the  limb  four  to  nim-lohed,  witii  olilonj;'  acute  or  rounded  lobes.  Stamens  four  to 
niiu',  inserted  in  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  alternate  with  it>  lolic.s.  included  ;  tilaments  short  or  wantiuf^ ; 
anthers  oblonjj-linear,  attached  on  the  back,  introrse,  two-celled,  tlu'  cells  opening;'  lono'itudinally.  Disk 
I'pioynous.  Ovary  foiu-  to  nine-celled,  the  cells  elonjjated,  tidudar  ;  style  stout  or  llliforni ;  stii;nia 
8ubcapitate  or  minutely  two-lohed  ;  ovules  solitary,  suspended  on  the  thickened  funicle  from  the  inner 
an^le  of  the  cell,  .m.itropons  ;  raphe  ventral ;  niicropyle  ^u|lerior.  Drupe  globose  or  obtusely  angled, 
or  rarely  ovoid  ;  sarcocarp  thin  and  lleshy  ;  putanu'U  osseous  or  ligneous,  globose,  obtusely  angled  or 
sulcate.  four  to  nine-celled,  the  cells  narrow  ami  (d'ten  curvt'd  u[i\vard.  Seed  f'om[ues»ed,  su.sjiended 
on  the  thick  funicle  closing  the  orilice  of  the  wall  of  the  stone,  straight  or  excurved  ;  testa  memhrana- 
eeoiis  ;  idhun<.en  ileshy.  thin  or  wanting.  Kndiryo  elongated,  cylindrical  or  compressed ;  cotyledons 
flat,  minute,  not  longer  than  the  elongated  terete  radicle  turned  towards  the  hiluni. 

Guettarda  is  represented  by  alxuit  tifty  species,  mostly  conllned  to  the  tropical  regions  of  Amciica,' 
where  they  are  found  from  southern  Florida  to  Mexico,  Central  .Vnu'rica,'  Hra/.il.'  and  I'eru.*  although 
one  species  '  is  widely  distributed  on   the  maritime  shores  fiom  eastern  tropical  Africa  to  Australia  and 


'  I>L'  Canilutle,  Prmlr.  iv.  "irM  (t'xv\.  hvc.  Laugeria)  — Walpi'iN, 
llf/'.U.  ISli  ;  vi.  I'.t  ;  .1(11;.  ii.  TU-I.— tiriscliilfli,  I-l.  Unl.  II'.  Iml. 
Xn  ;  Ciil.  I'l.  Viil,.  liio. 

•  Hfiiislcy,  lull.  lUiil.  Am.  <'eiil.  ii.  11.  —  lloinicll  Siuidi,  Hot. 
fiiizftle,  wiii.  'JO-I. 

'  Clmiiiissd  Sc  Sclili'clitc'iidal,  Liumra.  iv.  ISl.  — ,1.  Mulln-,  .t/iir- 
liiia  I'l.  Ilniail.  vi.  pt.  v.  II. 


•  Ruiz  &  Pavoti,  /'V.  Piritr.  ii.  'J'J  ( t.ilnf/iiriii).  —  Iluliiboldt,  lioll- 
plaml  A:  Kunili,  .V,.r.  (.ifi.  .(  Sjur.  iii.  I'JO.  —  Kiiiitli,  Si/n.  PI. 
^'ICijuin.  iii,  u,"). 

^  (iiiettariUi  hirsutii. 

\i/<fiinl/iin  fiirs'ilil,  I.iiitiii'lis,  .^prr.  (i  (l?.*!!). 
fitifitiirilii  s/iftM'Nff,  I.iiuia'us.  .N'(*. c.  (liU  (IT.*!.'!).  —  Illiinio, /j//'/r. 
I'l.  .V«/.  /m/.UU3.  —  Do  C'amlvillf,  /. .'.  —  lloi.  It,,,,  xvii.  I.  laiia.  — 


i' 


'  > 


«i 


ii' 


'^r 


<^\ 


'^/^: 


Ill 


til  LI- A    OF  XOllTU  AMERICA. 


UUBIACK.K. 


the  ishiiuls  of  tlio  racifie  Ocean.  Two  sjiL'i'ies  aio  f>)uii(l  witliiii  tlic  tciritory  of  tlic  rnitoil  States;  one 
of  these  is  a  small  tiee.  and  the  other  a  shrub'  which  also  inhabits  the  West  liulies  and  Mexico. 

Giiittarda  has  few  useful  jiroiierties.  The  bark  of  soiue  of  the  Anu'rieau  sjiecies  is  oueasionally 
eiiiiiloved  as  a  toiilc  and  febritui;'e.  and  the  jxnvdered  bark  of  the  Old  World  sjiecii's  lias  been  found 
valuable  in  the  treatment  of  ulei'rs  and  wounds."  A  few  of  the  s])ei'ies  are  cultivated  for  ornanu'iit, 
jiarticularly  (I'liiltiirtln  l((r.tii/((,  which  is  (d'ten  phtnted  in  tro|)iual  jrardens  on  account  of  the  delii^htful 
frai;r:ince  of  its  pure  white  llowers. 

The  genus  was  uaiuud  for  Jean  £tiunne  Guetturd,''  a  distinguished  French  botanist  and  min- 
eralogist. 


iMi^iiil,  /■■;.  l,„l.  !:<,!   ii. -JO'J.  —  Hoiithiim,  I'l.  Austrnt.  ill    111". — 

OlivtT,    Fi.    Tnifi.  A/r.   iii.  X'St.  —  Kur7,  I'nnst   i'l.  Jint.   Hurm. 

ii. :'.'.—  Honker  f.  I'L  llril.  lutl.  iii.  I'.'d. 

Cd'lamfia  J-t.  miaijiortj,  SmiiHTat,  V"ij.  hid.  ii.  '1-i*;  t.  1-S  ( ITS'J) 

Jusminum  hirsutut/i,  Will'lfimw,  Spu-.  i.  'M]  (171^7). 

Lmiijiiria  liirmlii,  Kiiiz  &  I'avdii,  /•'/.  I'mv.  ii.  'J'.',  1. 1  l.j  ( 17W). 

»  fiiielliinla  si;iftra,  Voiitoiiat,  Choix,  1,  t.  1  (1803).  —  Liiiii.ink, 
/.;.  li.  •Jl.S  t.  l.")l,  f.  3.  —  l>o  Ciimlollc,  I'niilr.  iv.    LV).  —  (iris.^ 

u-ioh,  n.  lint.  ir.  /„./.  ;i;vj;  cu.  pi.  CuI..  i;)1.  — lUmsity, 

I':ol.  liiol  A  1,1.  CuI.  ii.  l_'.  —  (iriiy,  Syn.  Fl.  .V.  Am,  i.  pt   ii.  3(1.— 
K^;^'^'rs,  />'.■//.   r.  .s'.  .\„t.  .}f,is.  Xo.  13,  (il)  (fV.  .Si.  (V,.u  .r,./  (A. 
IVryiri  hhrnU).  —  Iliu-lu'iH'k,  Itt/i.  .l/i.-<./nri  /ir.;.  iSitrl.  iv.  'M. 
MMhIu!.!  .«i-ij/,m,  l,iniiiiMi.<,  .S/...-.  llii_'  (17.'i3). 
O'lutliiT'la  r\iii"Sii,  Svvtirtz,  Frmlr,  .V.I  (n.-iH);  F!.  lud.  iii;\  i, 
03'-'. —  Uf  CaniloUc,  /.   .'.   ^ti'-stf  (Jrisibatli,  Fi.  Jim.    11'.   Iml. 
I.  c). 


(iiiilliirila  //(i;(iii<ii.<i.<,  De  Ciinili)lli', /.  .-.  4.")."i  (IS3(I).  —  A.  Ki- 
C'liaril,  FI.  CiiA.  iii.  HI. 

fiiiittiirihl  iinif'i'i'ui,  .\.  ilii'li.-ml,  /.  r.  \iO  (not  I>i:  C'liuilull*-; 
(1,S.->3|.  — (.'haimiiin,  ;•''.  ITS  (I.SIm). 

''  itnxMiiiiiii,  Si/'i.  I'l.  iiiitjiiwr.  ;i;t-.'. 

'  .lean  Ittii'iinv  l!iictt.inl  (171.V17.sri)  was  Inirii  al  RtaiiiiH"!,  ami 
at  an  early  i\^v  iH-eanio  distiii^uiHhed  for  iii.s  ultservatitMiM  un  tlie 
haliits  iif  plants,  wliieh  iilitaini'd  liin  adniiH.'tiolt  into  the  AeaiU^niie 
lies  .^.'ieliees  in  171.3  and  niatle  liini  known  to  I.inna'ii.s.  Later  lie 
abandoneil  botany  and  de^otell  liiniM-lf  entirely  to  niineralo^'y,  wliieli 
lie  studied  in  many  I-luropeau  eouutrie'*.  titiettard  \va>  itne  of  tlie 
til'st  naturalists  to  a|>|ireeiate  tlie  value  of  niineralo^ieal  map-.,  of 
wliieh  he  eonstrueted  several.  He  is  the  author  of  tt'.>'rntriui,.i 
sur  /'.<  /'/u»i/(',«,  puhlisheil  in  two  volumes  ia  1717,  uf  ti\o  volumes  of 
M-'m,>in<  .fur  tlitfrrfUhs  j>tirlifs  il,s  .^ririirrs  tl  .-Ir.'s  and  of  mair. 
papers  published  in  the  Mciuuira  uf  tku  Krpucli  .\radeuiy. 


'  t  I 


UUlilACl'.-K. 


uuiiiaceji:. 


iJlLVJ    OF  yoimi  AMKIUCA. 


113 


:       ■    : 

■ 
.       ! 


lv( 


luist   iiiul   niiii- 


GUETTARDA   ELLIPTICA. 

Fl.oWKUS  perfoct,  l-partod,  in  forked  few-flow nrd  ( yiiics ;  calyx  tubular ;  corolla 
scrieco-fiinesceiit  on  the  outer  .surface.  Fruit  glolxise,  \  to  S-celled.  Leaves  ineiubra- 
naceous. 


Guettarda  elliptica.  Swiirt/.  /V.»/c.  TO  (ITSX);  /•'/.  I  ml. 
<),i:  i,  t;;!!.  —  I.iiinarrk.  ///.  ii.  'JlS.  —  IVi-Njcm,  Si/ii.  i. 
'J{iii.  —  I'liiift.  /."/".  l>ii-t.  Su|i|il.  Ii.  .S.V.I.  —  I.uiKUi,  //■«■^ 
,/,iiii.  i'l.  ('■Ci. —  Uui'iiui-  iV  .^.■hiiltfs,  Si)st.  iv.  It-'.  —  IK' 
CancIiiUi'.  I'roilr.  iv.  I.'pT.  —  Dii'trlcli.  Si/ii.  i.  7.S7.  —  Il..n, 
(ifii.  Si/st.   iii.  rwl.  —  Tiiriiy  iV   (;ra_v.   /■'.  -V.  .!/«.  ii. 


;•„-.— Crisc'l.ii.h.  /7.  /.'/■;/.  (('.  /»./.  .'!HL';  (■■it.  Ii.  Ci'h. 
l:;i._G,.,iv,  .s'./„.  /•/.  .V.  Am.  i.  pt.  ii.  3(1.  —  Sarijent, 
/■:„-r.<f   Ti;::<  S.Am.Wth  C''m<ii.i  /'.  .s'.  ix. '.m;.  — llitch- 

k.  l;>-j..  .i//.v«.,»,-;  /;../.  d'o-:.  w.  '.i:.. 

Guettarda  Blodgettii.  C'Ii:i|iiikiii.  J-'i.  17>s  (IMm). 


A  tlTO. 

Idlicd  tniiik 


i.sioiiiiliv  ill  Florida  I'igiiti'cii  or  twfiity  I'ci't  in  licii;lit.  with   an   irrt'<;-iiliuly  huttressed  or 
or  six  iiicliL's  in  dianiutfr,  the  di'cp  lU'iirosion^  hctwci'ii   tlic  loi 


ht  1)1 


L-h. 


int(Mrn|ittil,  slcnilci  iiiinj^llt  hniuclii'.s, 
ol  an  inch  thick,  with  a  .smooth  d;irk 
and  nnnicroiis  .small  white  spots.      TIk 


tl 


leir  second  vcar 


!'• 


'I'ous  hairs,  and   n 

de  lenticels  and   larw  elevated   nearlv  orhieular  leal'-scar.s 


cs  continaous  <ir  often 
id  thin  terete  l)ranchlets.  The  liari;  of  the  trunk  is  a  sixteenth 
own  surface  (Mivercd  with  lai;;e  irrei;niarly  shapeil  pale  hlotehes 

with  lonj^  pale  or 
louslv  marked   1)V 


In-anchlets,  when   they   lirst   ap|ii'ar,  arc  coated 
are  lin'iit  red-ln-o\vn   or  ashy  j^r.iy  ami  conspici 


Tl 


ic  leaves  a 


re  oii|iosite,  hiiiadly  oval   to 


led  and  ron 


mled  at  the  l)i 


id 


I'lliptieal-ohlonj;,  acute  or  ohtuse  and  apieulate  at  the  apex,  wcdoi-shai 
entire;  when  thev  unfold  they  are  eovi'red  with  silky  hairs,  and  at  maturity  are  three  (jnarters  of  an 
inch  to  two  and  a  half  inches  in  lcni;th,  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  lireadtli,  mend)ranaceous,  dark 
{Treen  and  i)ilose  or  i;lahrate  on  the  upper  surface.  Ii<;htcr  and  palie.scent  on  the  hiwer,  especially 
alonjr  the  stout  nndrihs  and  in  thi>  axils  of  the  four  to  six  pairs  of  primary  veins;  they  arc  borne  on 
stout  hairv  petioles  from  a  ipiarter  to  half  an  inch  loni;-.  and  unfohl  in  Florida  in  May  aiul  June, 
rcmainini;-  on  the  hranehes  until  the  trees  hei;in  their  growth  the  followinj;'  year.  The  llowers.  which 
ill  Florida  appear  in  ,lune,  are  yellowish  white  and  a  (juarter  of  an  inch  in  length,  and  are  prodaiced  in 
slender  hairy-stemmed  cymes  develojied  near  the  eiuls  of  the  hranehes  from  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the 
year  or  from  hud-.scales  at  the  hase  of  the  new  shoots.  The  [leduncles,  which  are  shorter  than  the 
leaves,  are  forked  near  the  apex  and  produce  a  tlower  in  the  f(ak  and  three  at  the  end  of  each  hraneh, 
or  the  lateral  llowers  of  these  dusters  are  replaced  hy  hranehes  which  at  their  ape.x  produce  three 
llowers.  The  hraetlets,  which  stiiiteiid  the  hranehes  of  the  p.'duncle  and  the  lateral  flowers  of  the 
idthuate  divisions  of  the  intloreseeiice,  are  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  coated  with  hairs,  one  sixteenth  of 
an  inch  Ion;;-,  and  deciduous.  The  calyx  is  nearly  ^lol.ose  and  is  contracted  into  an  elonj;ated  tuhe. 
foui-hilied  at  the  apex  with  nearly  triangular  acute  lohes  ;  it  is  coated  on  the  outer  surface  with  lon.u 
pale  hairs  and  is  half  the  lenjrth  of  the  salver-shaped  erect  corolla,  which  is  externally  canescent  and 
ftair-lohed,  with  rounded  lohes.  The  ohlonj;-  anthers  are  home  on  short  slender  lilameiits  inserted  above 
the  middle  of  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  The  fruit,  which  ripens  in  November,  is  "lobose,  dark  purple, 
pilose,  a  third  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  crowned  with  the  remnants  of  the  persistent  calyx-tube  ;  the 
llesh  is  thin,  sweet,  and  mealy.  The  stcme  is  j;lobosc.  obscurely  ridi>ed,  four  to  eii;ht-celled,  and  usually 
two  to  four-seeded.     The  seed  is  oblonj>-lanceokite,  compressed,  nearly  straight,  and  covered  with  a  thin 


I'i 


(hiiltitnia  t'llijitini  is  found  in  Florida  on  the  s(uithern  keys,  growing  in  the  immediate  iieiglr 


borhood   of  the  coast;   it  also   inhabits   the   IJahama 


Iskiiids  and  the  coast  ol!  Jamaica,  where  it  was 


discovered  by  the  Swedish  botanist  Swartz  late  in  the  last  century. 


'  > 


ii1 


!    I 


'  u 


i 


f 


114 


.s/AC^i  OF  yoirni  amkhica. 


niniiAcr,^;. 


Tlip  wood  of  Ointtnrild  i//ijil(f<i  is  liciivy,  luiiil,  very  I'lost-^niiiicd,  witli  a  satiny  sui-face  suset'ii- 
tiblf  of  ivfi'iviii!;-  m  lu-aiitiful  i)oli^ii ;  it  contains  many  tliin  medullary  lays  and  numerous  small  scattered 
oiieii  ducis.  and  is  lij;lit  lirowu  tinj^ed  witli  red,  with  thin  sapwood  composed  of  six  to  ten  layers  of 
annual  "rowtli.     The  siu'citie  <i;ravity  of  the  alisolutely  dry  wood  is  O.SIJMT,  a  cuhic  foot  weijjhing  r)l.!Mj 


spi 
pounds.' 

(linltiirdu  i''i/ifir((  was  discovered  in  Florida  hy  Dr.  .1.  !>.  Hlodfrett  on  Key  West. 


Mj 


1  In  l-'lt'i-iila  (iuilttinln   tllij.  irn  jjrtnvs  .slowly.     'I'lif  sjicriiiiiMi       i-;   .si\    im-Iit's   in  tliiuneUT  and  sliitwfi  sixty-hix  layers  of   annnal 
I'ulli'Otcd  on  Ki'V  West  for  the  .lesnp  Cullertion  nf  Nmlli  .Vmori' mm      ^-rowtli. 
Woods  in  the  Anurie;ui  Jln'euni  of  Natural  History  ni  New  York 


EXI'I.AXAriON   OF  THK   TLATK. 


I'L.VTK   Ct'XXIX.       (irlVIT.MiHA    Il-Ml'TK  A. 

1.  A  ti.iwci-ini;  I'laneli,  natural  »i?.e. 

'_'.    I)iai;iani  of  a  tlowi  r. 

.'!.  A  Hiiwer,  enlnrgeil. 

I.  ^"erti(■al  scrtion  of  a  flower,  enlarged. 

."t.   A  stamen,  enlarijed. 

r>    An  ovnle,  iiun'h  niairnilieil. 

7.   .\  finilin),'  loaneli,  natural  si/e. 

S.   Vertieal  .seetiun  of  a  frnit.  enlarged. 

'.<.  Cross  seetion  of  a  frnit.  enlarijed. 
1(1.   .\  seoil.  enlar:;i'.l. 
11.  An  eniliryo,  nnuli  nnignified. 
VJ.    Portion  of  a  yonni;  liran;''i  sliottinf;  stipule,  enlarged. 


RuniAC'i'.iT;. 

surface  husct'|)- 
,  small  scattored 
o  ten  layers  of 
weijjiiiiig  r)l.'.MJ 


i\  luvurs  of   annual 


W 


i    i 


1 H  ^i  I 


1  s 


UN 


k.. 


I   I 


>1 


'b  /.rripri 


A  f.iM-'i  M 


GU£TTA-RDA    ELLIPTIC  A 


.-/  Ju,\f^i4J'     Jirr,i 


% 


Wi< 


« 


!         J 
i  I 


*^* 


i 


ii 


i 


M 


/•* 


KIlKAl'lii*;. 


MAIM  itr  Murrii  amhukja. 


US 


VA('(!IXirM. 

Fl,u\vi;iis  pcrffcl  ;  ciilyx-tiiltr  ;i(lii;itc  to  llic  o\ai\ ,  f  lie  liinli  I  oi-  'i-lolnd  ;  corolla 
(^iimo|)('fiiloiis,  cpifiiynoii^,  I  or  5  tootlicd,  tlir  tntli  iiiilpiicMtcd  in  ii>ti\iitioii  ;  stiiiiiciis 
H  or  10;  ov;ir\' iiilrrior,  I  oi' 5  or  impcrrfctlv  N  to  Ht-ccllcd  ;  o\  iilcs  nimici'oii'-,  ;itt;i(ln(l 
1o  ii  ( ('Mlr;il  |ilii((iilii.  I''riiit  a  iriiiiiv-Mcdctl  lirir\.  Ijiivc^  iiltcriiiitc,  ni(iiil)iiiiiii(coiiH 
or  coriiiccoiis,  destitute  or'  Ntipides. 

VHcciniiim,   l.liiiui'iiH,  ^■.ll.   !  In  ( 1 7.'I7).   -  Ailiiiisi.il,   h'nin.      CiiviMiiiiii    I'.iii-'n ;ii-(.  /;...«/■,■  f,,//.  /;„/, '.'ii|  ( iHii'.i;. 

/■/.    ii.    Ill  I.     -A.    I.,    il.'  .Ij"-inl.  Urn.    \t\i.     -  I'ji.lliilirr,       (?i  Aclluilin,   K.itln.    .|iir.   /■/.   I.ii,l.,r;,  .  .Ml  (IXlTi. 

tlin.  T.'iV.  —  MrimiiT.   dill.  'J'l.'i.  —  llciilliimi  i\i    ilcHili.T,      IJiitiiiliiiiilnm.   NnUall.    Trn,...   Am.   I'hU.  ,S'm<-.   n.  bit.  viii. 

(,v,i.  ii.  riT:!.  —  Itiiiilnii,  //(V.  /'/.  »i.  IH'.'.  'J''.i   ii>ii:'.|. 

OxyuoocMlM,  AiIhiihiiii.  /'.u,!.  /'/.  ii.  ir.l  (I7r.:i|. —  l'',iiilliclicT.  Pii:r(iiMii;cim.    Niill;ill.    7Vi„.,.    .Iw.    /'/i,V    ,S'.,.',   n.   m-r.   viii. 

lirii.  7r>7. —  Itiiitliiiiii  .V  lliic.kir.  It'll,  ii.  riV.'i.     -  Kiiilliin.  "<'•-  (Isi;,). 

//l.^^  /v.  xi.  IH:'..  Mi>t(tKi)iilii,    NiiUiill.    'Vrnm.  .1;//.  /'/,</   .s'.,.'.  n.  Ml.  \m.  'IK, 

Siihollorii.  H"lh,   ftiit.  /•■/.  H.im   i.  I7ii  (IVMH).  (LSI.;). 

ViliH  klii-ii,  Mo..ii,li,  Mrlli.  IV  (i;'.ll|.  KplKyiiiuiii,  KIuUmIi.  I,:..,,,,,,.  ^^.\^    I'l  d.s,-,!). 

SliiiiliH,  soiiiclimcH  cpipliyt.il,  nr  larrly  siiwiU  trees,  willi  sinly  lnuls  ,'uiil  lilinins  roots.  I.i'.ivcs  siniplf, 
Mllciliiitc,  t'lilirc  or  ilciitalc,  miiiilpraii:ifi(Mis  or  coiiitn'ciiis,  (Iniiliioiis  or  ollcii  |icisisl(iit.  l''loU(  is  siiiall, 
lpilpi:irlrcil;itc,  in  iii,iiiv-lpr;iilci|  axilliiry  racfiiics  or  in  tciiiiinal  or  a\illary  tasrirlis,  or  solitary.  JJimts 
huiail  or  rarely  t'olian'oii...  (.'aiyx-tiilpc  terete,  nloipose.  Iieiiiis|ilierie  il  c,r  Inrliinate,  tli.^  limli  sliort,  lour 
ipr  live-lipl)eil.  the  loKes  e(|iial  or  rarely  nnec|iial,  persistent,  ('oroll.i  uliite.  loM-eolored,  or  red,  iirciol.ile, 
eaiiipaind.ite,  or  oeeasionally  tidmlar  or  eonieal,  terete,  or  rari'ly  costali!  or  aiiLjled,  tlie  liiiiL  lour  or 
livedolped  or  toollieil,  tlie  teeth  sliort,  or  rarely  iloiieateil  ami  re\oliite.  Stai.ieiis  leu  or  sometimes 
ei'ilit,  epi^vnoiis  or  inserted  on  tlie  very  liase  of  tlie  eoroll.i  ;  lilameiits  lilirorm,  free,  slioil  or  elon;rate(|, 
nsiiallv  hirsute;  anthers  att.ielied  and  awiied  or  iiintieoiiH  on  the  h.ieli,  iiilroise,  two-eelled,  the  cellh 
prodiieed  upwards  into  erect,  rarely  curved,  tulies  dehiscciil  hy  tenniii.il  traiis\  er-e  or  olili(|iie,  inliiml.  or 
elongated  pores,  or  rarely  hy  clon;,fateil  clel'ts  ;  ipiplleM-eraiiis  coiiipoiind,  of  four  united  },nain.s.  Disk 
pidvinatc  or  convex,  rarely  Hat,  nhihrous  or  jiilos.'.  occ.isioually  lohed  or  aie^led.  ()\ary  lour  or  tivo- 
cclled,  the  cells  sometimes  imiierfectly  divided  hy  the  devrlopment  from  the  l.ai  Ii  of  i  f.ilsc  partition  ;' 
stvlu  liliform,  erect;  .sti;,niia  minute,  simple  or  capitate;  ovules  leu  or  many  in  eaili  cill,  attached  to 
tho  interior  aii;,de  liy  a  two-lipiied  placenta,  anatropoiis  ;  raphe  vciilr.il  ;  the  micropyle  superior.  Friiii 
a  dry  or  juicy  ^jlohose  herry  crowned  with  the  ciplysdimh.  four  or  live,  or  imperfectly  einht  or  ten-celled, 
the  cells  few  or  many-seeded.  Seed  mnall  or  minute.  compicsHil.  ovoid  or  r.iiifnrm  ;  te-ta  crustaci-oii-. 
Emhryo  elavate,  minute,  snrroiiniU'd  liy  fleshy  alhumen,  a\ile,  erect  ;  cotyledons  ovate,  radicle  terete, 
turned  towards  the  hilum.-' 


'  liniy,  Mfin.  .\m.  .\iwl.  ii.  !<i'r.  iii.  Til  (Cfil'ir.  itnr.-Am.). 
'J  'I'lii'  jjt'iiiis  liiw  iH't-n  (iividt'tt  into  till'  followitijj  s(M;tit>ii«  ;  — 

H.VIIIltK.N'liKnN,      KlowlTM  ill  Ifllfv  lirurtt'lt  nU't'llll'S  :    l-l)l'il]lil  opt'll 

i-aiii|i:iiiiiluti',  .Vlnlti'tl  ;   iiiillnTs  uwiifil  iiii  tlf:  Itiu'k.  tippfii  uitli 
(ituiiiU'r   liiUes  ;    uviiry  iiiroiiijilfU'lv    tll-fcllcil.     I.i-iivi-i   liffiiliinii,-. 
Kiistrrn  Nortli  AiiuTirji, 
rv.v.NiKocci  s.     Kluvvcrs  in  fusuick's  ur  hliort  rai'i-MUL-^,  upiH-.uiiig 


wilh  lln'  l.nvis  ;  ccirnlia  i'\  liinlriial  in  nvi.irl  i.i  ul.l.jiii;-<'iiiii|.anii- 
lali-.  .")-lMt)«-il  ;  auliifl;*  awinil  ;  it\ar}  ciilupiflt-'Iy  ur  iiH-uin|.lt.'tel_v 
llP-ci'lk'il.      Masleni  Niirtli  .\iiaTu-a. 

I!CVACCINII".\I.  Klowt:rs  hulitarv  i.r  "J  tu  t  tot'ctlifr  on  ttrunpiiig 
|ir.iiivls,  aiijM-ariiii;  with  tlw  li-aves  ;  curnlla  urffuiati-  i.r  .-iitl"  yliii- 
liiical,  -4  to  .VKibfd  ;   autliers  nwitcd   oi    »he  back  ;    uvary   4  or 


m 


'     ^  i 


l|| 


J       i 


i 


I 


i#j 


I  ) 


Ml 


lit; 


.v/y.  r.l    OF  JS'OJiTJI  AMHinCA. 


EniCACE^. 


V:i((iiiiiiiii.  wiili  alidiit  tiiic  huiidu'd  s|)t'(i«s.  is  (listi'il)ilt('il  tlin)Uj;li  tin-  borcul  •■iiid  tcimii'iatc 
rt'"ioiis  III'  tlic  iHUllici  II  licHiisiilicri',  Mini  occuis  witliiii  tlic!  tropii's  at  liij;li  I'li'vations  ahovc  tin-  sea  iiortli 
ami  -.(111111  111'  till'  ciiiialnr.  In  Nuiili  AiiifiiiM  twciitv-livf  s|)('iii'S  and  several  varieties  are  distin<;iiislied  ;' 
(Hie  i^  a  filial!  tree,  while  tlie  ollieis  are  tall  i>r  small  .slinilis. 

'I'lie  liiii's  (if  many  nf  tlie  s|ieeies  are  cdililu.  The  iiiiist  valnalile  are  tlie  cranberries,  the  red  acid 
lieiric-.  Ill'  llie  Niiilli  Aiiuric.in  I'tnclniinii  iiiiitt'ocni'jioii,-  which  are  'mw  cdnsnnied  in  enonnons  ijuanti- 
ties  ill  the  rmiii  dl'  a  cuiix'rve,  and  (if  Vitvr'uiiinii  Oxi/cuccds,^  which  are  used  in  the  s;ime  manner  in  all 
iKirlhcrii  ciiiintrics.  In  the  eastern  I'liiled  States  lilnelierries,  the  sweet  lihie  fruits  of  several  sjiecies 
of  the  M'ctinn  ('vanucdcciis,  are  eaten  in  laij;c  ([uantities  raw  or  ciidked  and  ar(!  often  dried  or 
jireserved.  The  small  dark  red  acid  Irnits  (if  Viivcniiitiii  \'i/is-/il(i(i*  an  inhaliitant  of  the  Arctic 
Circle  and  of  elevated  northern  regions  round  the  world,  are  coiiked  and  eaten  in  the  northern  countries 
of  Kurope.  in  Silieri.i,  .lapan,  and  North  America.  I'illierries.  the  lilue-lilack  sweet  fruits  of  VilvcinUitii 
ii/iijiiiiisKin  '  and  iif  Villi  inaiin  J\fi)i'l ill !(■■<,''  are  eaten  raw  and  cooked  in  northern  Kurope  and  in  some 
jiarts  of  North  America  ;  and  in  (.'alifornia  the  sweetish  fruits  of  Vmiiniiuii  ocr'ulintidi  '  are  j;athere(l 
on    the   .'^ierra    Nevada    Mount, lins   in    larj;-e   niiantities.      Citric   acid"   is   olitainc'    from   the    fruit   of 


I 


II 


i| 


ri-ccl1t'(l.     Ntiitli  AiiiriiiM,  Kumpo,  A!?iu  Minor,  Miulrini.  uiitl  tlio 
CaiMiry  NlaiwU. 

Viri.'i-Il'.V.A.  HuwiTH  in  sluirt  riu't-tni-*  <uulu>ttT«i  froni  si'paMti* 
I'Uils  ;  (cinlla  ovate  or  gliiltoM'-urii'olalis  \  !i»  .Vlnlml  ;  aiitli'-rs 
uwneil  ;  ovary  \  to  5-<'i-lK-il.  I.vavi-s  i-nriaccon'^,  pvr^ii-ii'nt.  North 
AiinT'ra,  West  Imlii's,  \vt"*ti'ni  South  America,  ami  Kuropr. 

Nj  I  un|»i->iA.  Klowrrs  ill  ^horl  tcnniiial  i>r  •.ultli-rminal  raii'iuts  ; 
corolla  iiri't'olati'-i'miipanulatf  op  iirti-oliitc,  .Vloluil ;  anther^  awnrd 
on  the  hark  :  ov  iry  .VitIIimI.  I.cavi's  roriart'ou-^,  p(-r>i^U■I^I,  ^ul-iiii- 
brifatt'd,     Wi">tiTii  Nniili  AnuTii-a  and  (niiana. 

PifTKUItiMA.  Klowoi'S  axillary,  Military  «>r  tuo  tn-  thn-o  toj^ctJH-r  ; 
iMtrolIa  uni'olatt'  or  tiiliiilar-fatnpannlatr,  \  to  .Vlnhfd  ;  »mlnis 
awiit'4  on  till'  I'Ui  k  :  ovary  1  to  ■">-(  illcil.  Leaves  minute,  toriai'eoa.s, 
Usually  t  lit  ire.     Western  South  Anierit-a. 

Macki'I'M  M-V.  Flowers  axillary,  wolitary  :  eorolla  rylindrii  al- 
urceolate,  .Vlohed  ;  anthers  awned  on  the  haek  :  ovary  .VtiUed. 
Leaves  serrate,  eoriaeeous,  persistent.  I>land,f  of  the  I'aeitie 
Oeean. 

('lX(.'To*AM>KA.  I'lower'i  in  tirniinal  and  axillary  raeenies  ;  eo- 
rolla  lainpanulate,  deeply  .Viohed  ;  anthers  awmil  on  the  l>ark  ; 
ovary  ."-r.  Ih-d.  Leaves  serrate,  coriaceous  per-'i>.teiit.  Mada^a>ear 
and  ea--t'Tn  tropical  Africa. 

Kill. \  NUM.  Khiwers  in  eorynihs  or  ra»-enies,  rarely  >olit:iry  ; 
corolla  urerolate  itv  conical  ;  staineus  inclosed  ;  filament-.  ltlIo^e  ; 
ovary  Tt  or  ineonipletrl\  UUi  lied.  Li'aves  coria'jcoii-..  per>i>linl. 
India,  Malay  Arehipelajjo,  China,  and  Japan. 

LuTi'TllAMNlA.  riower-i  ill  axilhiry  numy-tlowepeil  raeenies  ; 
corolla  eouietHureeolate,  5-t(H>thed  ;  anlhers  awned  on  the  ha«'k  ; 
ovary  ."ieelled.  Leaves  acuminate.  ljn;;-poiiiteii.  Woteru  South 
America  and  the  West  Indies. 

<  >\V(  (KTi",  Flowers  axillary  and  terminal  on  hui^  slender 
|HMlirei>  ;  corolla  deejily  .Vparted,  the  hdu"*  rellexed  ;  anlhers  awn- 
less,  e\>crted  ;  ovary  t-eelled.  I^caves  small,  entire,  pirsi^a'iit. 
North  Anieriea,  Luropc,  and  northern  Asia. 

'  (iniy,  .s'v'i-  /V,  A'.  .Im.  ii.  'ly). 

•  Alton,  Ilurf.  Km:  ii.  i;i,  t.  7  (1789).  —  Willdenuw,  Spec.  ii. 
3.M.  -/lot.  .\fiiif.  lii.  t.  l^*8tj.  —  (Iray,  /.  c.  li(J.  —  Watson  &  Coul- 
ter, OVf/'/'v  Mitii.  etl.  Ii,  IllL 

Vurritiiitm  hisfiiflulum,  Wangeidieiin,  Xordnm.  Ilnh.  lOH,  t.  'tO, 

f.  Vu  (not  Linna-u^j  (17H7j. 

Vtircviium  OrijrorcHs,  var.  vl'l'iuyi/ulium,  Michaux, /-V.  lior.-Am. 

i.  2*JS(1M);1). 


Or-/i-itr,'>;.*  fiit!ujitri.<f  var.  ('^)  itrirrnctirpuff  I'ersoon,  Sift.  i.    Il!l 

(rs(i.->i. 

/'/■^rnciw  mivrin'ttrfH.*,  Pupsh,  Fl.  Am.  Srpt.  i.  i;C;j(lSn). — 

W.  I'.  C.  Harton,  /-V.  .V.  Am.  i.  .IS.  t.  17.  -De  Candidle.  rnvlr, 

vii.  ."(77.  —  I.nnTson,  Trrrt  .\fitsji.  ed.  'J,  ii.  I-*»H.  t. 

The  cidti\ation  of  (he  Cranhcrry  on  earefidly  prepared  |po;;s  so 

arrun^'i'd  that  they  can  hi-  lIotMled  with  water  at  certain  Hcason-t  of 

the  \car,  in  onler  to  protect  the  plants  from  frost  or  insects,  has 

heeonie  au  important  industry  in  the  northern  I'nited  States'  ;  'iml 

a  minihcr  of  \aiielii>s  have  heeii  ol)tained.     These  ditter  ill  the  si/e 

and   color  of   the   tniit   and   in   its  time  of  ripeninp     Itnriistahte 

County,  Ma-vsarhuMtls,   New  ,lersey  and   northern  Micliijjan  and 

Wi.seon^in  arc  found  more  snitaMe  fipr  Cranherry  culture  than  other 

parts  of  the  Ciuintry.     (See  (iiinlrtt  (iu<{  I'i>ri.it,  ill.  .'11,  .Vl."*  ;  iv.  '\ 

3  Linna'u.s,  Spf.  X,\  ( I7.-,;i).  — /-".  /*(,„.  i.  t.  HO.  —  Willdcnow, 
/.  r.  :t.-4.  — (Juimpil,  Willdenow  \-  Hayni-,  Al>h,hl.  Deuh'h,  //.,/;. 
i.  58.  t.  41.  —  i;pay,  L  r.  L'.*i.  —  Wats.pu  vt  Coulter,  /.  r.  Wl  \. 

SrftcHtrn   OxycihriiA,  Uuth,   Ttut.  ll.inrm.  i.  170  (17SS);  ii. 
I  VI. 

Vt'ci'invim  Oryn.rru.*,  var.  urnltudium,  Michaux, /.  r.  '2.'!^  ( I^OIJ), 
nrif>-rn.i  ;>ttlu.*!rl^,   Pers.Hin,  /  r.  ilil  (IhO.*i).  —  !)<■  Candolle, 

/.  r. :,". 

(triiriM-rus  ru!>ian.i,  I'ursh,  /.  <■.  :J(ia  (ISl  I). 
*  Linna-us,  /.  c.  (17.'>;i).  —  Fl.  J  fan.  i.  t.  lo.  —  Wilhlenow,  I.  c.  — 
Xi'urt'vi  huhamely  ii.  107,  t.  IW.  —  Ouiinpel,  WiUdeiuiw  iV  Ilayne, 
/.  .-.  .■>7,  t.   lit. -De  Candolle, /.  r.  ."i*;.S. —dray, /.('.— Wat st.n  & 
Coidtcr.  /.  '■. 

\''irnttium  I'unrtiittint,  Lamari'k,  I>irt.  {.  71  (17H3). 
"  Linna-us,  /.  r.  :i,*.0  (I7.~):i)-  -  Fl.  !t>m.  ii-  t.  :i;U.  —  Willdcnow, 
/.  c.  ;r»0.  —  (Miimpel.  Willdcnow  X:   Ilayne,  /.  c.  TA\,  t.   I'J.  —  De 
Candi.llc,  /.  (*.  ."HL  —  Cniy,  I.  r.  1^3.  —  WaLson  &  Coulter,  /.  t\ 

:ii3. 

Wirrinium  Sftlnenst^  I'ers(H)ii,  t.  r.  \1H  (l.SO,*i). 
I'arnnitim  pnht'^trnt.t,  Hornemnnn,  Fl.  iMtu  ix.  t.  L"Ifi  (18'iO). 
'■'  Linnipus»  /.  c.  .'Hi)  (17."»;»).  —  /V.  Ikm.  vi.  1. 1171.  —  Willdennw, 
/.  r.  'MS.  —  Xauvrau  huhnmel.,  ii.  102,  t.  iiO.  — (iuini|tel,  Willdcnow 
&  Haync,  /.  r.  5-4,  t.  U.—  !»e  Candolle,  /.  c.  .-j7;t.  —  lI(H>kcr,  Fl. 
/inr.-Am.  ii.  ;i:».  — (iniy.  /.  *'.  lit. 

■  (;my,  lirewtr  ,\  Wuhan  Hut.  (\iL  i.  451  (1870)  ;  Syn.  Fl.  A'. 
Am.  ii.  'IX 

*'  Jour,  lit  Pfiann.  si'r.  4,  xviii.  431). 


'       I  i 


ElilCACR^R. 

11(1   tt'in|ii'nitt' 

tlic  sisi  iKirtli 

istiiij;nislio(l  ; ' 

till'  red  aciil 

nnou.s  tjuHiiti- 

iiiiiiiiicr  ill  all 

'Vfial  sjpi'cii's 

>l'l('n   (h'ii'il   or 

of  till'   Arctic 

lii'i'ii  cuiiiitric:* 

of    I'liriuiiiiiiii 

and  in  soniu 

arc  j;atlu  red 

the    fniit    nt 

frsiHin,  .S*'/tj.  i.    \\[i 

t.  i.  'Xi  (1S!I)  — 
)f  Ciiihloll..,  l;;<,lr. 

ly  prrpiiriMl  iHifi--  ^"» 

t  i-i'It;'ill  sriisiilis  uf 
rust  nr  ill>fft>,  li;(!4 
I'liilt'il  Stati'!*  ;  'Kill 
lilViT  ill  till'  .■•1/1* 
n'liiii;;.  Ilfirnslitlili' 
lirrii  Micliii^aii  mill 
|*y  uiilliirt-  tliiiii  iitliiT 
,  iii.  Till,  .-;i.-. ;  iv.  :i, 


ERICACEAE. 


,S7LT'J    OF  NOUTIl  AMEPiICA. 


117 


I'lifiiiiiiiiii  vifwrovarjinii,  whicli  contains  a  liittcr  |iriiiei]i!t'  for  which  the  name  of  oxyeocein  has  been 
liro[)ii.scii.'  Most  of  the  Vacciiilunis  jirodiicc  haudsimic  (lowers  and  fruit,  and  the  leaves  of  several 
of  the  North  American  sjieeies  assume  hriliiant  colors  in  the  autinim.  .'several  are  dcsiralilu  <;iirdcii 
plants,  esjiecially  the  Ilij^h-biish  IJhielierry,  VuvcidUnn  fiiri/iiihnsiiiii,'  and  the  Deurherry,  Vikt'ii'iiiih 
Ktiuiiunnmi^  of  eastern  America,  and  the  evergreen  VdiTtiiiinn,  oni/inn  '  of  the  Pacific  regions  of  North 
America. 

In  Nortli  America  Viieeiniiim  escapes  the  attacks  of  disfignrinff  insects  and  serious  fungal  diseases.' 
Vaccinium,  the  cliissical  name  of  Vaccinium  Miji'lillnx,  was  adopted  by  Linnteus  as  the  name  of 
this  genus. 


'  Am.  Jour.  P/inrm.  1S(13,  ll'Jl. 

•  I.iiiiiteuH,  Sppc.  IJ."iO  (  17"k1).  —  Wiuipfpiilioiin,  A'ori/am.  /tnl:.  109, 
t,  :I0,  f,  t!8.  — Wutsiiii,  Dmir.  lirit.  ii.  iL'.'t,  t.  VIX  —  IM.  Mn;/.  Ixii. 
t.  IMiill.  —  Oi'  C'iiihIiiIU',  Prt»tf.  vii.  ."iTl. —  Kini'Wiiti,  Tm^t  M(i.<.^. 
eil.  'J,  ii.  I.>1,  t.  — <irny,  Si/ti.  I'l.  S.  Am.  il  'J,'l.  —  Wutsuii  &  Coul- 
ter, liniif't  Mim.  I'll,  (i,  .'li;(. 

ruc'iiiiiim  ilianmiiriihiim,  Mii'lmiix,  Fl.  B'lr.-.Xm.  i.  '.'I!l  (ISO,'!). 
^  I.iiiiui'iis,  /.  <■.  (t:,".,!).  — Williliniiw,  ,S>,v.  ii.  ;»in.  — Aiiilri'ivs, 
/;./.  A'l/i.  iv.  I. 'Jti:).  —  |)i.  Cniulollc,  /.I'.  .Wi.  — (lr;iy,  /.  .-.  'Jl. — 
WalHuTi  &  CiiiilUr,  /.  I'.  IlI'J. 

ruri'i/iiiiin  alfmm,  I'lipsli,  Fl.  .tm.  S.jit.  i.  US-j  (nut  Liiinii'ii'') 
(IHll). 

Vmriuium  rlerntum^  I>e  ramliille,  /.  r.  (t-xcl,  v.ir.)  (IKW). 
Pirrfit-orruM  .iM;nifieiw,  Niittall,   Trmm.   Am.  PhU.  Stjc,   n.  scr. 
viii.  'J*VJ  (IH-t.l). 
Picrix;.rc'i.i  rOvntiL*,  Nuttall.  /.  r.  (lR|:i). 
Picr>H;H-rui  FlnruUiutL'i,  N'nttall,  /.  c.  (IH^I3), 
<  riirsh,  FL  Am.  S^pt.  i.  'JtH)  (IHl  |).  —  /;,./.  Pfg.  xv\.  t.  \%M.— 
n.M.kor,    Fl.   P.nr.-Am.  il.  3-1,  —  !>.■   rnmltillp.  I.   c.  "0.  — (;my, 
Ptrrirer  ^y  Watson  Hot.  Ctil  \.  I.'>1  ;  Sijn.  Fl.  A'.  Am.  ii.  25. 


Varcininm  lancfolatum,  Do  Camlollc,  /.  r.  (IB.'W). 
M'tit'jnmn  ni'iita,  N'uttull,  /.  c.  2G4  (lrtt:i). 

*  A  imtiilHT  uf  euriniH  fiinjji  im*  piirii-Hitiu  on  North  Amt'ricjin 
ViU'cinic!!',  stniio  liriu^  |K'i'iilinr  tn  this  (■imiitry,  ami  otin-rs,  uuciir- 
riii^  iilso  ill  Kur<i|H>,  hriri^  iii<>n>  iihuiidiuit  iintl  lunro  lii^hly  c1i>Vf)- 
tipcil  h<TP.  The  inuM  stiikiiifT  art'  the  (t|n'(ii's  of  KxolHHiiliiiiii,  tho 
Kxivn\tv;\u  Ffnhtisl'llum  r'/*v(N(i,  Woriniiii,  lit-in^  exti'tMliii^'ly  cuiimiun 
uii  si'vcriil  spci'lcH  of  f iayhiisut'iii  (iiul  ViUL'iuiiim.  This  iittiicks  tho 
t('iivr?4,  riiii>tiri^  them  to  swell  up  iiiul  asHiinie  at  tlrst  a  pink  cnlur 
which  liiltT  is  powilrrt'il  with  tht"  white  sporrs.  Whrii  tlii.s  fuiij^ns 
iittiU'k.'*  thf  IhtwtT  it  cawfs  ooiispicuou.H  althnugli  usually  syiiuuftri- 
uiil  (listttrtioiiH  oftcti  ht'Ucvnl  to  \h>  tho  work  of  iiist-cts. 

Nvi  ral  intiTfstinf;  UusU  aiv  fouiul  on   Aniericau   Vaccinieip. 

Miln'Hi I    I'ltrrininruin,  SchriM'trr,  affects  tho  Umivi-s  of  several 

Bjieeit'-j,  and  Mitivufi^orn  fiiifij'trtiiirnt.  Winter,  cause-*  the  eiirioiifi 
distortions  popularly  known  as  '•  witehes'  hrouins."  whieli  are  often 
uf  Ini'i^r  siz(.'  on  the  leaves  of  I'licritiium  cnri/mfxisitm.  A  nuniluT 
of  small  cliaraeteristii'  Itiscouiytetes  atVeot  tho  leaves  of  VaeoinieiO 
in  this  I'untitry,  whirli  are  al-io  injt.  "d  hy  the  mildews,  MicroAphotrn 
Va'Ttnii,  t'ouko  A;  iVek,  and  by  Ilhytiund  Vdi'cinti,  Fries. 


1<|( 


i 


t.  so.-  Willililliiw, 
Wl,l.  DrulMh.  Iloh. 
liT,  /.  r.  ai  t, 
I.  i.   170  (IT-iS)  ;  ii. 


luii,;.!-.  '-"js  (1  SI  111). 

I.-)).  —  I).'  Caiiilulli', 


I      ■ 


-  WilUU'now,  /.  ('.  — 
Vilhlenow  &  Ilayne, 
y,  /.  c.  —  Watson  & 

(1783). 

.  lilll.  — WilliK'iiow, 
.  r.  :a\  t.  I-'.  —  Du 
uii  iV  Coulter,  /.  t'. 


•  >). 

ii.  t.  ir.Ki  (is'.-O). 

.  1171.  —  Willili'iicnv, 

[iililuiirl,  Willilfiiow 

J7:i.  —  IliMikor,  Fl. 

;i870)  i  ,S>i.  Fl.  N. 


'  \ 


K.HK  ACK^t;. 


aiLi'yi  OF  xoirrii  am/:/: if  a. 


lilt 


VAOOINIUM   ARBOREUM. 

Farkleberry.     Sparkleberry. 

Frowr.its  iirticulatc  with  the  pedicels,  axilliirv  and  solitary  or  in  terminal  racemes; 
corolla  open-canipaniilate,  .^-lobed  ;  anthers  tipped  witli  ".lender  tidie-,  awned  on  the 
hack;  oMirv  iniperlectl)    i(»-celled.      Ihrry  j;lolio>e,  dr\  and  astrinjicnt. 

ViKriiiliim      (irl)oriuiin.     Maisliall,     ArhuKt.     Am.     l.'>7  M".  —  Sarj;i'm.   [■'■■i-i»i   Tru*  S.  Am.  VMh  ('insnur.  S. 

(ITHri),  —  .Mii'liaiu,     /•■/,    ll,r.-Am.    i.    '.';iO,  —  I'it^ i,  ix. '.n!,  —  Watami  A;  Ci'iillir,  'r'/w//'.«  .lAo/.  imI.  (',,  ;H'.'. 

.V.V".   i.    1711.  —  I)ii   .Miint  <U'  t'lmiwt.   Hut.  Cult.  od.  '.',  Vncciniutn  mucronatum.  Walhr.  / /.  Ctr.  l.'.'.t  (mit   I.iii- 
lii.  ."i|  I.  —  |)(v<fiiiitaiiiiH,   /llHt.  Aril.  i.  '-'70.  —  Piirnh,  /V.  uiins)  ( I  7s.S). 

Am.  Si'/.i.  i.  '.'S."i.  —  Niittall,  'ifii.  i.  'Jt'..'!.  —  Kllintl,  .S7,.  Vanciniuni  diffusum.  Ail /Int.  /<•„;  \\.  \\  (t7.S'.l). — 

\.  VXi, —  Uiii. 'I'ci/,  .S'//</.  iii.  .S.-ia. —  Df  (.'ftiiddlli', /v...//'.  /."/.    .1/(7.    xx.vix.   t.    I<''ii7.  —  Km'li,    Ihjinlr.   ii.   'M>. — 

vii,  fit'.*,  —  Diiili-ii'h,  Sijii.  ii.  12W.  —  l-4KMiKi'»,  /^.^  Cdh.  l.aiiilic,  p.-nt.s,-/,.'  /(,•,//,•.  ,.1.  ■.'.  ■.'.;'.). 

«vii.  I.   IHH."i.  —  (irny.  .Mrm.   .tin.  Aful.   n.  si'r.  ill.  ."i.'t  (?)  Arliutus    obtU8ifi)liiia.    li.iliiu -iiuo.    /■'/.    f.mi'.-i-.    "i 

(i/,lnr.   Ilnr.  Am.);  Sijii.   /■'/.  .V. /Im.  ii.  I'll.  —  Kliil/-cli.  |IM7|. 

I.tiimiii,  \\\\   7}"y — \Vftl|ii'rn.  vf"ii.  ii.  Iii'.M'i. — ('liii|iiiiaii.  Biitoduntlron  nrboroiiiu,  Nultall,    Ti-'inn.  .Im.  /'/i/7.  .s'lr-. 

A'/,  •.'."I'.l.  —  CiirtiH,  II, /I.  (;,;./,,.i.   ,•<„,•'■.   .\.  Cir.    IMCo,  Hi.  „.  .„  r.  viii.  'JHI   (  I  SI:!)  ;  S;il,;i.  ili.  -I.'f. 

A  tier,  twenty  f"  tliirty  fVtt  ill  lici^lit,  witli  a  sliort  ot'ti'ii  ciiHikrii  tniiik  occasionally  t'i;;ilt  i>l-  tt'li 
iliflics  ill  liianii'tcr,  ami  slciidci'  luoic  or  less  contorted  luaiiches  which  t'onn  an  iiieniilar  round  head;  oi' 
to»,o  I  till'  noitheiii  limit  oi  its  faille  generally  iimIihcmI  to  a  low  ^hinli  with  manv  divei'j;viit  stems.  Tho 
liaili  ol  the  tiiiiik,  which  is  haidy  one  >i\teenth  ot  an  imh  thick,  is  lii^lit  icdili.^h  lirown  and  covered 
vith  niiiiiite  aii|ire-.,ei|  scales.  The  hiMiichlets,  when  they  hist  a|)|iear,  aic  liu'lit  reil  and  coated  with 
|p.dc  |iiilic.,reiice  ;  ill  their  lliit  winter  they  are  ;^lal)ioiis  en'  |inlicriihms  and  hiiu'lit  ti'ii-hrown.  ami  latei' 
lieronie  dark  red,  and  are  iiiarkeil  hy  the  iiiiniite  elevated  nearly  orliiciiLir  leat'-scars.  The  wintei'-iinds 
lire  iihtiiHe,  one  sixteenth  ot"  all  inch  or  less  in  leiii^tli,  and  covered  with  imhrieatecl  ovate-acute  cheslniit- 
lirowii  .HCiles  which  often  remain  on  the  liase  of  the  hranchlcts  throui;hoiit  the  simsoii.  The  lcave.< 
lire  iiliov.ite,  oMoiif^-oval.  or  occasionally  nearly  orliicular,  acute,  or  romidcd  ami  a|iirnlate  at  the  apex, 
^I'iiilil.illv  or  alirn|itlv  \vccli;e-sha|ieil  at  the  I)a^e.  oIim  nrclv  ^glandular-dentate,  or  entile  with  tliickeiied 
NJit^litlv  levoliite  m.ir;;ins  ;  when  thev  unfold  thcv  are  lii;ht  leil  and  u,  ■:  lu- los  pilose  lU'  [iiilieriilous, 
aiel  .it  mituiity  thcv  are  thin,  coriaceous,  dark  ureeii  and  ln>tron-.  aliovi-.  paler  lielow,  i;lal>roiis  or  often 
|Mllieruloiis  aloii^  the  midrilis  and  V(>ins,  which  arc  more  prominent  on  the  upper  than  on  the  lower 
Niirfaee,  retieiilate-veiiulose,  half  an  inch  to  two  inches  and  a  half  lon.i;'.  a  (piarter  of  an  inch  to  an  inch 
liroiiij,  and  ws.sile  or  iiorne  on  short  liroad  petioles;  in  the  siuitlierii   states  they  remain  on  the  hranches 

niilil  after  tl peiiin;,'  of  the  tlowers  in   the   followiii;;-  year,  while   firthcr   north   i\\v\  f.ill   duriiii;'  the 

winter.  The  llowers,  which  a|ipear  in  .March  in  Florida  and  in  May  at  the  nortlu'rn  limits  of  the  ranL;e 
of  the  plant,  are  a  ipiarler  (d  an  inch  in  leiii;lh  and  are  home  on  sli>mlcr  didopinn'  pcdiceU  half  an  inch 
lon^  and  furnislied  near  the  middle  with  two  minute  aciiti'  Marions  c.iducous  hractlets;  they  aii'  solitary 
ill  ll'i'  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year,  or  are  arraiii;e  1  in  terminal  pnherulons  racemes  two  or  three  inches 
iiilij;,  mid  produced  from  the  axils  of  leafy  or  minute  acute  scarions  luacts.  The  corolla  is  white,  opeii- 
I'Uliipannlate,  slightly  fivedohed.  with  acute  ndlexed  lolics,  and  lon>;er  than  the  ten  stamens.  These  are 
iliHertcd  on  its  liasi'  uiuler  the  thick  ohscurely  IoIjciI  pulvinate  disk  which  is  depres.sed  in  the  centre;  the 
(ilaim  Ills  are  hirsute  and  shorter  than  the  anthers,  which  are  loiij;-aw iicd  on  the  h.ick  and  tipped  hy  two 
Ion;;  -.lender  fiihes  with  oliliipie  elonj^ati'il  terminal  ]iori's.  The  fruit  ripens  in  Octoher  and  sometimes 
remains  on  the  hranches  until  the  end  of  winter;  it  is  eloliose,  a  tpiarter  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 
Mack,  lustrous,  and  many-seeded,  with  dry.  i;raiuilar.  slightly  astringent  llesh  of  a  plcaNint  llavor. 


Ivi 


\    i, 


I 


I  - 


'<*i 


\'i 


I'JO 


SI/.VA    OF  NORTH  AMKRICA. 


KIIICAIK.K. 


I'livciiiiinii  iirhiifiliiii  is  ilistiilmli'il  from  North  Carolina,  wliiTc  it  is  fotmil  from  the  coast  ri'<;ioii 
to  the  valU'vs  of  tlie  Alli'jjliaiiy  Mountains  in  the  extreme  western  [tart  of  the  state,  soutinvartl  to 
Ilernan(h)  County,  Florida  ;  it  ranges  through  the  Gulf  states  and  from  southern  Illinois  and  Missouri 
tluouLih  Arkansas  and  eastern  Texas  to  the  shores  of  Matagorda  Hay.  The  Farklelierry  usually  inliah- 
its  ni(ii>t  sindv  soil  along  the  hanks  of  ponds  and  streams,  and  is  common  in  the  Pine  helt  of  thi; 
Miulhern  Allaiitie  and  Ciulf  states,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  eastern  Texas  near  tiie  coast. 
In  the  iiiteriiir  it  is  less  eonnnon  and  usually  of  small  size. 

The  wood  of  Vdci-'iniuiii  urhnri  iim  is  heavv,  liird,  and  very  elosi-jrrained,  with  a  satiny  surface 
snsce[ptihle  of  receiving  a  lieautiful  polish;  it  contains  numerous  broad  conspicuous  medullary  rays  and 
is  light  hrown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  sapwood  which  is  distinguished  with  dilliculty  from  the 
heartwood.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  alisolulely  dry  wood  is  (•.7(')1(K  a  culiic  foot  weighing  47. 12 
pounils.  It  is  sometimes  used  for  the  handles  of  tools  and  in  the  manufacture  of  other  small  articles 
in  whicii  strength  and  tenacity  are  reipiired. 

Decoctions  of  the  astringent  liark  of  the  root  and  of  the  leaves  of  I'lcci/iiimi  (irhnniiiii  are 
sometimes  used  domestically  in  the  treatment  of  diarrluea,  and  thi'  hark  has  heen  employed  hy  tanners.' 

The  first  description  of  Vm-chihitii  iirhnninii  was  ])uhlished  hy  Humphrey  Marshall  in  1TS.1, 
althcnigh  accoriling  to  Alton  "' it  was  introduced  into  Knglish  gardens  twenty  years  earlier.  With  its 
lustrous  leaves  and  profusion  of  |)ure  white  flowers  the  Farkleherry  is  one  of  the  most  lieautifid  of  the 
North  American  species  of  Vaccinium.  and  it  might  well  he  used  to  decorate  the  gardens  of  temperate 
countries;  hut,  although  once  cidtivated  in  Europe,  it  probably  is  no  longer  to  he  found  outside  its 
native  home. 


^  lV>rfhcr,  Iifsotiri:t:t  of  Sotithim  Ful'ls  auil  F>n^ts,  '^Al. 


''  llorl.  Ki'c.  ii.  11.  —  l.ouiliiii,  Arlj.  Hn!.  ii.  ll.VJ. 


KXri.ANATlON   (IK  TIIK   I'LATK. 


I'l.ATK  CC'XXX.      Vakixum  AIOKIKKCM. 

1.  A  (lowcriiii;  liranrli.  natural  »i/.u. 

2.  I)ia;;raiii  of  ft  (loner. 

3.  A  tlowiT,  enlartji'd. 

1.  Vertical  section  of  a  llowcr.  enlartjcd. 

.'").   Front,  rear,  ami  j'iiic  views  of  a  stamen,  enlarjjeil. 

6.  An  ovule,  iinicli  iiia<;nilieil. 

7.  A  fruiting'  lirancli,  natural  si/.e. 
H,  A  fruit  cut  transversely.  cnlarj,'eil 
'J,  A  seej,  unlarfjeil. 

10.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  cnlarjjed 


KUICAC-KJ.. 

B  coast  region 
southward  to 
i  and  Missouii 
usually  inlial)- 
le  lu'lt  of  tlu) 
iiuar  the  coast. 

satiny  surface 
lUary  rays  and 
ulty  from  the 
ei^hing  -I7.l'2 
r  small  artiiU'S 

iirhari  XIII  are 
ed  by  taniu'rs.' 
■shall  in  ITS.'i, 
Her.  With  its 
n'autiful  of  the 
IS  of  temiu'vate 
and  outside  its 


/'.I 


m 


■u.  n.  liny. 


I    i 


*>  \ 


H 


'i¥    \   : 


i^iii 


L.-  1 


-«r-, — -•'nrrpn 


wm^vm"^^^' 


li 


Siiva  oC  Norlii   America 


i 


\ 


VAi'ClNIUM    ARBOREIIM,  NLirah 


./  A'.v./.v,.c  ,.'„,•.,' 


/'.I 


v« 


i    I 


1  :   :i 


i     i 


I 


/////;  A  Am,' 


^'^ 


'il# 


^/ll/ 


if 


! 

11 

■■yikJi^i  i^ 

EKICACEiE. 


,^1LVA    OF  ^OltTJI  AMElilCA. 


1-21 


ARBUTUS. 

Flowkrs  perfect ;  calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  iVparted,  the  divisions  imhricatcd 
in  icstivatiun ;  coroUu  ^aniopetah)u>,  o-toothed,  tiie  teetii  iinl)rieated  in  tcstivation  ; 
stamens  10;  ovary  superior,  5  or  rarely  4-eelled  ;  ovule>  numerous.  Fruit  drupaceous 
or  liaccate.     Leaves  alternate,  persistent,  destituVe  of  stipules. 

Arbutus,  Linnn'iis.  (Im.  I'J.'J  (17H7).  —  Adiiiisini.  I'ltm.  I'l.  'J  17.  —  EiidiiiliLi'.  T/ih.  7."t!.  —  ISeiithani  iV  Ilunkui'.  Gen. 

ii.   lOJ.  —  A.   L.  (lu  .Uissii'U,  (ii'n.    IGa.  —  .Muisnei',  Gen.  ii.  riSl. —  lidiilcm,  Itiit.  I'l.  xi.  lUl. 

Unedo.  Hulfinuniise-i;  iV  Linli,  /•'/.  l'„i-t.  i.   115  (18tH»). 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  astrinjrcnt  hark  uxfoliatiuj^'  fioin  youiiq;  stems  in  l;iii;i!  thin  scak's.  sinootli 
teri'tc  i'imI  I)taiiclii's,  tliiuk  iiaril  roots,  :inil  slmIv  hmls.  Lfiivi's  ultuiiiatL',  jictiolatf,  entire  or  ih'ntate, 
ohseurely  penniveined,  [lersi^tent.  Fh)\vers  small,  in  simiile  eomiiounel  raeenies  or  iiaiiieles.  Pcdieels 
chivate,  bihraeteolatu  at  the  l)ase,  (leveioiiecl  from  the  axils  of  ovate  hraets.  Uraets  and  hractiets 
scarious,  scaly,  i)ersistt'nt.  Calyx  live-parted  nearly  to  the  hase,  the  divisions  ovate,  acute,  scarious, 
persistent.  Corolla  hvpofrynous,  <;lohose  or  ovoiil-urceolate,  white,  rose-colored,  or  greenish  white,  five- 
toothed,  the  teeth  ohtuse,  recurveil.  Stamens  ten,  included;  filaments  subulate,  dilated  and  jnlose  at 
the  base,  free,  inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  eiiroUa  ;  anthers  shrrt,  compressed  laterally,  attached  on 
the  back  below  the  apex,  dorsally  two-awned.  introrse,  two-celled,  the  cells  opening  at  the  top  ante- 
riorlv  by  a  terniinal  pore  ;  |)ollen-grains  compound.  Ovary  supirior,  glandular-rouyliened,  glabrous 
or  tomento.se,  sessile  or  .slightly  innnerse<l  in  a  glandular  tendobed  disk  ;  style  columnar,  simple,  exserted, 
sti'nnatose  and  obscurely  lived('l)ed  at  the  ai)ex ;  ovules  numerous,  attached  to  a  central  placenta  devel- 
oped from  the  iinier  angle  of  each  cell,  aini)hitro[ioas ;  raphe  ventral;  inicroiiyle  superior.  Fruit 
drujiaceous  or  baccate,'  globo.,e,  snu)oth  or  glandular-coated,  five-celled,  many-seeded  ;  cxocarp  firm,  dry, 
and  mealy  ;  endoearii  cartilaginous,  often  ineom|iletely  devcloiicd.  Seed  small,  compressed  or  angled, 
narrowed  and  often  a|iicidate  at  the  apex  ;  testa  coriaceous,  dark  red-brown,  slightly  pilose.  Embryo 
axile  in  copious  horny  albumen,  davate  ;   radicde  terete,  erect,  tinned  towards  the  hiluiu. 

Ten  or  twelve  species  of  Arbutus  are  distinguished  ;  llicy  inhabit  the  we.-,tern  and  southern  parts 
of  North  Anu'rica,  where  in  Mexico-  the  largest  nund)er  of  species  occur,  Central  America,  eastern, 
southern,  and  southwestern  Kurope,^  .Vsia  Minor.'  northern  Africa,''  and  the  Canary  Islands.'  Three 
sjiecies  grow  naturally  within  the  territory  of  the  Cnited  States  ;  two  of  these  are  Mexican,  and  find 
their  most  northern  home  ju.st  north  of  our  southern  boundary,  one  in  Texas  and  the  other  in  Arizona, 
and  the  third  inhabits  the  coast  forests  of  the  raciiic  states  ami  British  Columbia. 

Arbutus  produces  hard  close-grained  valuable  wood  often  used  as  charcoal  in  the  manufacture  ot 
gunpowder.  In  the  south  of  Euroi)e  the  strawberry-shaped  fruits  of  the  European  and  north  African 
Ariiulii.i  i'ludu'  are  eaten  raw  or  c  lol-cd,  and  possess  narcotic  properties;  the  bark  and  leaves  are 

'  The  fruit  (if  Arbutus  liiis  goncriUly  been  di'siTibcd  n.n  baeiiUc.  '  Iluniboldl,  Honphinil  &  Kuiitli,  A'or.  Gat.  et  Spei:  iii.  'J7ll.  — 

That  of  tho  Old  Wiirld  Arhuliif  i'lmln  i.s  usually  a  liorry,  althiiu);li  llcuislry.  Hoi.  Iliol.  .Im.  Ciiil.  ii.  L!7l>. 

it  sDinetiiru's  ooutuins  tmrea  of  a  thiu  crustaeeous  iiupt'rtVi't  endii-  '^  N'ymati,  Cim.tpert.  Fl.  Kitrop.  490. 

carp,  wliich  in  .IrhulM  .liuirachur  is  luuw  di-veliipcil.    In  tin'  fruits  '  liuissiiT,  /Y.  Orient,  iii.  iKi,j. 

iif  all  lilt'  AiuiTioau  species  whioli  I   have  been  able  ti)  examine  '  Desfoulaines,  Fl.  .illant.  i.  3-10. 

there  i»  a  dislinet  more  or  li'ss  eouiplele  euiliiearp,  whieh  appears  ''  l.iuk,  Ihirh  Phi/.'.  Bt-.tchr.  Ciiwir.  liif.  110,  ISO.  —  Wilib  \-  lier- 

tc)  be  inimt  developed  in  .{rbulu.i  Min:i,sii.  in  which  it  is  ufteu  a  thelot.  I'hiiln,jr.  OiNiir.  ^ee.  iii.  11. 

disliiu't  live-eelled  stone  with  thm  papery  walls.  '  l.innaus,  Sjhc.  3U3  (Vuii).  —  A'liuvau  Duluwh!.  i.  7H,  t.  'Jl.  — 


l« 


^ 


*\ 


\  I 


<<# 


if#, 


'i 


V2'2 


sii  \  A  or  xoirrii  amkuica. 


Ki;ic'A(  i;.K. 


used  as  asti'in5;t'nts.'  The  I'luit  of  the  Oilciital  Arhiilu.-t  Aiiilrnrliiii  '  is  ftlihlc,  and  its  wood  is  used 
for  t'lifl. 

Ailiutiis  is  c'liiellv  valuaMo  tor  the  'icaiity  nt'  its  smooth  red  liraiiclii's,  everj^recn  foliajji',  and  larj^c 
clusti'i's  ol'  wliiti'  liowfis.  and  tlic  two  lMiro[iiMii  siH'cics  liavc  liccn  ciiltivatt'tl  iji  jrin-dcns  sint'i'  till'  tiiiii' 
ol'  tile  ancii'nts.' 

Arliiitiis,  till'  I'lassiual  Latin  iiaiui'  ot  the  speciL's  of  soutliern  Eiiroiu',  was  adopti'd  by  Linna'us  as 
tlu'  ii.iiiu'  ol'  tlif  I'cniis. 


Siivi,  Fhrn  lui'inmi,  i.  t.  ."i.  —  Silpilmrp,   /■'/.  (!mr,  iv.  liii,  t.  .'ITII.  —  '  l,iiiii:iMis,  .s'/»r.  eil.  'J,  .liK!  (ITCii;).  —  S;ivi,  /.  r.  t.  1'J.  —  .V"ii"ri 

/)<.^ -U.i;/.  xlix.  t.  •.';ll'J.— II.' Caiiilcillf, /'rr../r.  Ml.  ."iSl.  huliiimii,  i.  7li.  t.  •2:1.— Hill.  Urij.  ii.  I.  li:!.  — /;.,(.   MifJ.  xlvi.  I, 

.An.ulHi  semiUh'lui,  Siilisljiiry,  /'r.../c.  -JSa  (17'.l(i).  —  L.«l.li^is.  'JO'J  I.  —  Silillii.rp,  /.  r.  (17,  t.  ;)7I.—  I  Ir  (  anili.lli',  /.  <■.  ,"iS'J. 

lUil.  Call.  vi.  t.  "iStl.  .Ir/.i.;r.,.  ,:,i,.jrii,.U„,  Salisburv,  /.  c.  (17'.H1). 

/'nm/,.  nlnlif,  llc.H'ni:iiiiis,'f;^'  &  Link,  Fl.  I'^irt.  i.  UJ  tlSlXlJ.  »  Loudon,  /.  .■.  1118. 
'  \.imAm,  .\rh.  l:ni  ii.  Ul'.l. 


CONSI'iaTIS   UK   NDIMII    AMKUICAN    >riXlKS. 

( Ivary  LilalTiius ;  U'avos  oval  or  oMoiiij.  I'litirr  nr  rart-ly  >tTralt' 

(•mdv  |inlii'-<i'i'm  ;  Ii'avos  oval,  ovale,  iir  lanci'iilati' 

<i\arv  '^ialirous.  t'oiispicuou.-.ly  iiorulosi-  ;  K-aviT,  laru-eulati-  or  rarely  narrowly  oKInnt; 


1.    AllIITI-    MlNVlKslI. 

.     l".  Alii. I  lis   Xal.m  is»]s 
.     '.i.  Amu  Ti  <  Aki/o.m(  \. 


H 


, 


' 


le: 


KKK'ArK.V. 

.1  its  wood  is  iisi'il 

f()li;i;;c,  and  larjff 
LMis  siiiL'f  till'  tinii' 

cd  liv  Liuiiii'iis  as 


li,  /.  c.  I.  I'J  —  S'i'K-'ii'i 
;(._/;„(.  Mil./,  xlvi.  t. 
,l„llr,  ;. .-.  .".SJ. 


\iintTi-  MiN/u>ii. 
\i:r.i  n  »   X  Ai.Ai  iv-i> 
\iciun  -^  Ai(l/u.\[i  A. 


kuicacea;. 


SILVA    OF  NOUTII  AML'IilVA. 


VS.i 


ARBUTUS   MENZIESII. 
Madrofla. 
OvAKY  glabrous.     Leaves  oval  or  ohloiio',  ontirc  or  rarclv  >crratt'. 

Arbutua  Meuzieaii.  I'msli.  /•'/.  Am.  S,/,/.  \.  'J.S'J  i  Isl  1 1.  —  irr.^itr.  \\.  ,ss.  —  llrinsloy.   l:,t.  /!!•:/.  Am.  Ci'nt.  ii.  '_'7G 

S|in-ii'^'i-l,   S:isi.   ii.  L'.SH.  —  l),,ii.  i;r,i.  Si/.it.  lii,  S.ll.  —  l)i'  (ill    imi'ii.  —  Saiijiiit,  l-';i-fiit    Ti-'ra  .V.  Am.  U)th  CV'H.<»s 

C'aiMliill.'.    I'l-'./r.   vii.    TpS'.'.  —  l)i,.(ii<'li,   >',//,.   ii.    |:'„ST.  —  T.  ,S.  i.\. ',(7. 

Iluiikir.    /■'/.    I!:i:-.liii.   ii.   .'iCi.  —  ll.icikci-  iV   Anmii.    /.'"<.      Arbutus  prooora.  i.iiicihv, /^<^  A''-/,  xxi.  t.  ITrill  { l.S.'Kii, 

(■"//.    Iliw/if,/,    1  i;i.  —  Kliil/si'h.    Liinri'i.    xxiv.    7L'. —  l.ciinl.iii.  .!/•/,.   Ili-lt.  \\.  lli;l.  —  Do  C'aiiilulli'.  jP/Wc.  vii. 

Niittall,    Siilr.i,    iii.    VI.    t.  '.Ci. — 'I'drrfV.    I'^n-'ijir    /,'.    A'.  TiS'.'.  —  Dirtricli.  .S'yn.  ii.    1:;,S7. —  rpxtun.  Mny.    Unf.  ii. 

A'./.,    iv.    IKi;    /;-.^    II',//..,-    /•■,,/,/,„•.    AVy,,-/.  ;!7.S.  —  Nrw-  117.    I.  — WullUT-,     AVy,.     VI.     .llli.  —  Klutzscli,    J.;,i,„ni. 

berry.    I'lirijic    11.    A'.    A''/',    vi.    L'.'i.  7',l,   f.   '-"J. — t'(Ki|u'r,  xxiv.  71. 

r'lr'ijir  A".  A'.  Ilrji.  xii.  111.  ii.  '.".t. HCi.  —  l.yall.  •/""/■.  Lain.  Arbutus  lauritolia,  ll.KjlaT.  I'l.  H^r.-Am.  ii.  'M  (nut  LiiiJ- 

.V...'.  vii.   i:fl.  — tiniy.  ISivir^r  &   W.it.sun  linl.  i„l.  i.  .l.'i'J  Iry )  (ISHM. 

(ill  |iart)  ;  Sijn.  Fl.  .V.  .Iw.  ii.  27  (in  iiarl^.  —  Hull,  Hot. 

A  tree,  cijrlity  to  a  huiidri'd  and  ten  feet  in  licinlit,  witli  a  tall  stiaijrlit  trunk  four  to  seven  feet 
in  diainclcr  and  n|)iiy;lit  or  ^iHciiiiiii;'  stout  liraiiclus  wliicli  toriu  a  ii.irrow  oldoni;'  or  liroad  roiind- 
lopped  liead.  The  bark  of  old  trunks  varies  from  one  tliiid  to  one  half  of  an  ineh  in  thiekness,  and 
h.is  a  dark  reddish  lirowii  siirl'aee  liroken  into  small  thick  |ilate-lilie  seali'>  ;  that  of  vouiii;'  stems  and  iti 
the  hranehes  is  sin<iiith  and  i)rii;ht  red,  and  sejiarates  into  lari;e  thin  scales.  The  hranehlets,  when  they 
lirst  appear,  are  li;;ht  red,  pe,i-j;reen,  or  or.ini;i--coloreil,  and  are  j^lahroiis.  (ir  on  vii;iiroiis  vounj;'  jilants 
are  sometimes  covered  with  pale  scattered  hairs  which  usually  xmn  ili>,ippear  ;  in  their  lii'^t  winter  they 
tarn  hrijflit  nd-iirown.  The  wiiiter-huds  are  olituse,  a  third  of  an  inch  lonj;-,  and  covered  h\  many 
iiidiricateil  liroadly  ovate  l)ri<;ht  hrown  scales  which  are  keeled  cm  the  hack,  apiculate  at  the  a[iex,  and 
sHu'hlly  ciliate  on  the  marj;;ins.  The  leaves  are  oval  or  oMoni;,  rouiiih'(l  or  contracted  into  .short  points 
at  the  a|iex,  and  rounded,  sidicordate,  or  wed^(->liaped  at  the  li.i.se,  with  slightly  thickened  re\olnte 
entire,  crcnate.  or  occ.i^ionally  on  youuj;'  plants  sharply  .--errale  mari;in.s  ;  when  thev  unfold  thev  are 
lif^ht  ureen  or  idten  pink,  especially  on  the  lower  surface,  and  are  ulaiutms  or  slij;'htlv  pnherulous,  and 
at  maturity  thev  are  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark  urecn  and  lustrous  aiiove.  pale  or  often  nearly  white 
helow,  three  to  live  inches  louj^  and  an  inch  and  a  half  to  three  inches  wide,  with  thick  pale  uiiilrihs 
rounded  on  the  upjier  side,  and  conspicuously  reticulated  veinlcts  ;  they  are  liorne  on  stout  {.grooved 
petioles  half  an  iiu'h  to  an  inch  in  lenjjth  aiul  often  sli<rhtly  winy;-niart;iiied  towards  their  apex  ;  and, 
appearinjj;  iii  early  sprinjr.  remain  on  the  hranehes  until  midsumiiuT  oi  their  second  year,  when  thev 
hef;in,  {gradually  anil  irrej^ularly.  to  turn  to  an  orani;e  or  scarlet  color,  and  to  fall.  The  llowers  appear 
from  March  at  the  south  to  .May  at  the  north,  and  art'  home  on  short  slender  pnherulous  pedicels 
produced  from  the  axils  of  acute  searious  hracts  with  ciliate  niarijins,  and  jj;athered  in  s]iicate  puhescent 
racemes  which  form  a  ter-uinal  cluster  live  or  six  iiu'hes  in  leuy;th  and  hreadth  ;  they  are  a  th'  d  of  an 
iueli  louf^,  with  searious  white  calyx-lohes.  white  f'lohular  corollas,  and  <;lahr()us  ovaries.  The  fruit, 
which  is  drupaceous,  ripens  in  the  autumn  and  is  suhj;'lohose  or  occasionally  ohovate  or  oval,  half  an 
inch  lonjif,  hrijrht  oranj^e-red,  and  covered  with  thin  <;laudnlar  llesli  surroiuulin;if  a  live-celled  more  or 
less  perfectly  developed  thin-walled  cartilai;;in(nis  stone,  eontainini;'  in  each  cell  several  seeds  tightly 
pressed  toijether  and  angled,  and  <'overed  with  dark  hrown  pilose  coats. 

Arhitliis  Minzanii   is  distributed   from  the  islands  of  the  liritish  Columbia  coast   at  Sevmour 


U 


Vi 


l\ 


'Ii     I 


( I 


124 


.s/Al'.l    OF  SOllTJI  AMi:i!ICA. 


i:i!i(A(  K.i:. 


' ' 


Narrows'  noiithwanl  throuj;li  tin-  coast  ri'<;ioii  of  Wasliiiifjton  and  <)rp<;oii,  anil  tliroii;^h  tlic  California 
coast  rau'^i's  to  thi'  Santa  Liuia  .Monntains.  It  usnally  {jrows  on  lii>f|i  wt'll-ilraiiii'il  slojies  in  ricli  soil 
iinil  attains  its  f^reatcst  Aw  in  the  fo>j[-s\vt'j)t  coast  rcf^'ion  of  nortiicrn  California,  wliiire  it  is  a  common 
inhaliitant  of  the  IJcdwood  forest;-'  farther  north  and  south  and  on  tlie  dry  eastern  slo|ies  of  the 
California  moinitains  it  is  nnieh  smaller,  and  in  the  region  south  of  the  Itay  of  San  Francisco  it  is  often 
shruiiiiy  in  haliit.' 

The  wood  of  ArhiiliiK  Min^iisii  is  jicavy,  hard,  strong,  an<l  close-grained  ;  it  contains  numerous 
consjiicuous  medullary  rays,  and  is  light  hrown  shaded  witii  red,  with  thin  lighter  colored  sajiwood 
comjMised  of  eight  to  twelve  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  s|iecilic  gravity  of  the  ahsolutely  dry  wood 
is  O.TO.Vi,  a  culiic  foot  weighing  Hl.lK't  pounds.  It  is  inclined  to  check  badly  in  drying,  hut  is  used  for 
furniture,  and  largely  fcu-  charcoal  in  the  manufacture  of  gun|iowder,  for  which  purpose  it  is  considered 
espeeiallv  vahiahle.      The  hark  is  sometimes  employed  in  tanning  leather. 

Ai'l  iitiis  ^/()lzi^tiii  was  discovered  near  the  mouth  of  the  Columliia  River  late  in  the  last  centnry 
li  •!' a!''  Mcn/ies,' the  surgeon   of  Vancouver,  on  liis  voyage  of  discovery.     Thirty  years  later  it 

wa.-  '  :  jdui  (■  liy  David  Douglas''  into  tlie  gardens  of  Kurojje,  where  it  is  occasionally  cultivated,  ami 
whert    •  lias  pri-'''    'il  llowcrs  and  fruit.'' 

.Irhiilus  Mi..c!iii  is  the  nohlest  of  all  its  race;  no  other  inhaliitant  of  the  North  American 
forests  with  persistent  leaves  and  petalous  tlowers  eipiajs  it  in  size  ;  and  among  our  i'vergreen  trees  only 
the  great  M.ignolia  of  the  southern  .\tlantie  states,  the  Kalmia,  i.nd  the  Ilhododcndnm,  jirodnce  more 
beautiful  blossoms.  Its  dark  red  hark  anil  smmith  red  branches,  its  lustrous  foliage,  abundant  white 
tlowers.  and  ample  cla>ters  of  brilliant  fruit,  make  the  ('.ilil'ornia  .Madrona  an  idijict  of  rj'markabie 
beauty  at  all  seasons  of  the  year,  and  one  of  the  most  desirable  trees  for  the  decoration  of  the  parks 
and  gardens  of  temperate  regions.' 

'  (;.  M.  Kanscin.  Cii'iO'lum  .Veil.  n.  srr.  ii.  XM.  —  Miu'imii.  Cm.       onty-lhc  in  ll iIht,  .iiul  ili.'  Inink  Rirts  twi'iily-tliri'i' d'll  at  ilirw 


Can.  rt.  i.  'J'.M. 

^  fianlfn  and  l-'orfM^  iii.  .')1.*>. 

•  The  liirgost  dpeciiiii'ii  of  tlip  Madrona  of  wliii-li  tlitTc  are  mcas- 
uremriits  sUiiul.s  on  tlio  sloiies  of  Mt.  'riiiiialpaiH,  in  t1u<  }{ri>nni1s  of 
tlie  reservoir  of  the  town  of  Sun  liiifiiet,  in  Marin  Coniity,  Califipr- 
nia.  This  reniarkal'Ie  tree  is  nit>re  than  one  Imixlreit  feet  lii^^Ii; 
tlie  hrani'lies  cover  a  sjirt-ait  uf  ninety  feet  in  one  direetiun  .iiul  ^ev- 


feet  almve  liie  surfaee  of  the  ^'roiiiul.     |Sre  iJiirilin  tttut  l-'i>ri.il,  v. 
Mil.  f.  -SX) 

'   See  li,  !KI. 

•>  S,,.  ii.  lU. 

'  London,  .IW,.  rini.  ii.   UJ'-'.  —  .\ndn<,  A',  r.   Hurt.   IS'JIl,  1 1'.i,  f. 
.■;t,  .71. 

'  Kellogg,  Fort.it  Trtts  (•/  (.'(iii/'ornia.  U6. 


,S. 

II. 

10. 

11. 
I'.'. 


KXl'LA.NATKiN   tiK    IIIK   I'L.MK. 

Pi.ATK  C'CXXXI.     Akihtts  MKNZn>II. 
A  flowering  Ijraneli.  natural  f^izc. 
Dlagruin  of  a  flower. 
A  lloMer.  enlari;e<l. 
Verlieal  section  of  .i  (lower,  eiilarj^eil. 
A  slaiiieii.  side  and  front  vieu^,  enlaiLTed. 

A  llower,  the  corolla  renioved.  eiil  triiiisversely  through  the  ovary,  enlarged. 
An  ovnie.  iiiudi  niaj^'iiilinl. 
A  Inaiieli  of  a  fniitelii^ler.  natural  size. 
Vertical  section  of  a  fruit,  ."lightly  eiilartjed. 
Cross  section  of  a  fruit,  slightly  enlargeil. 
A  seed,  enlarged. 

Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enhuijed. 
All  eiiiln-yo,  inileli  niagiiitied. 


i:ui(A(  K.i:. 

h  the  Ciiliforiiiii 
iipus  in  rii'li  soil 
■  it  is  (I  coininoii 
11  sl()]i('s  ()(  the 
iicisco  it  is  often 

itains  nnnieroiis 
L'ohired  sii[i\v()iMi 
)hitely  dry  wood 
,  hut  is  used  tor 
■i  it  is  considered 

the  last  century 
ty  years  later  it 
y  eultivated,  and 

Niirlh  American 
rj^reen  trees  only 
in,  j)rc)du('e  more 
,  aliundant  wliitc 
•t  ol'  reniarkahle 
tion  of  the  parks 


nty-llirvi>  f.-.t  iil  lliri'r 
(jtinlt  M  tmil  I'i'nsf.  v. 


V.   Hurt.   IS'.K!,  1 1'.l,  f. 


rgfd. 


I 


I 


l5i( 


Ml 


■^  '. 


I 


^¥ 


n 


u 


I 


\ 


t    F  Sun-i  •u-i 


ARBUTUS    MENZIESU 


.-/  .'f>c.  r,'iut    Uffi\r  ' 


m 


I 


<<* 


ij 


m 


t 

1 

1 

WP7^^ 

i'sl 

hi 

I 


I'l    ■:'* 


t.uu  .\ir.,v,. 


SII.VA    OF  AOimi  AMKlilVA. 


lv^ 


ARBUTUS  XALAPEN8I8. 
MadroBa. 
OvAltY   pubt'sccnt.     Leaves  oval,  ovate,  or  laneeolate. 


Ar'MitUH  XiilapoDsis,  lliinil>iililt,  IIuii)jIuiiiI  \  Kmiih,  .V'lc. 

'»'<•«. /Y.S'y/rc.  iii.  i!"lt  (l'*!'^)-  —  Kiiiilli,   Sijn.  J'l.  ./v/«/«. 

ii.  ■'1.7.  —  S|iri'ii^;ul,  .S'l/.i/.  ii.  '.'S(i. -- thm.  diti.  .S'7^^  iii. 

HXi.  —  lli'iitliuin,  I'l.  U-frtiny.  iW.  —  I)„  Ciinildllc.  /'/•"./r. 

tli.  58.1.  —  Dii'lricli,  .Si/ii.  ii.   i.iHK.  —  W»I|m'|'h    .!»</.  ii, 

I  III-.,  _  ,/„»,•.    Il„rt.  Siif.  J.,,11.1.  V.  I'.fJ,  I,  H.  _  K1(.i/m1i, 

l.iiiiKia,  xxiv.  ''J. —  lli'iii.>li'y.   /("'.    /(/"/.   .I»i,   ('■■nt.  ii. 

'.'77.  —  Wiitmiii.   /'/•'"■,   .liii,  Ai'i'l.  xviii.    111,  —  lliivaril, 

/'(•..-•.  r.  .v.  .V.l^  .V/(,«.  viii,  :)'.•». 
ArliiitiiH  mulIiH.  IIuiiiIm.IiIi.  It<jii|il;iiicl  t^  Kiiiitli.  \'ii\  (Im. 

>'  S/.,r.  iii,  '.'Nil  llNISi,  —  SlinilKfl.  .S'./i'.  ii.  '.'Kti.  —  I).. 
CiiMildllr.  I'ru'/r.  vii.  :>H'^.—  Dictrirli.  ,S'v«.  ii.  l;W8. — 
ll'f.  Ml'/.  Uxvii.  t.  -I.MI.-p.  —  Kl't/si  Ii.  l.iiDhi'i,  xsiv.  "'.'.  — 
ILiiiilfv.  /^.^  ///"/.  Am.  Cent.  ii.  '.'77. 
Arliutim  viiriiitiM,  liihiliaiii.  /'/.  llnHwiij.  77  il,s;;;i|. — 
Miii/«(li,  l.ncnni,  wiv.  7;;.  —  lli'iiinii'y,  JM.  Iliil.  Am, 
r,,if.  ii.  l;77. 


Arbutus  laurifdlin,  I.ihill.j,  /;.,'.  J,;  ■/.  xxv.  t,  ti7  (nut  Liii- 

iiiBUi  f.)  (IKVJ). 
{?!  ArbutUB  macrophyllii,  MHricm  iV  Galnitti,  Hull.  Arml. 

I!rii.r.  i\.  |it.  i.  X'A  I  IS  iL'i.— Wulpeis,  A'./.,  ii,  7L'.">. 
(?)  ArbutUH    prunifolin.    Kloi/.^rli,    Linifin,    xxiv,    7;t 

(1«.-,l,.  _I|,.|L.lsi.y,  l!..t.  III,,!.  Am.  Cnit.  ii.  277, 
Arbutua  Menziesii.  T.irrcy,  IM.  Mej-.  IS'niml.  .Sun:  lliH 

'IN.".',))  (lint   ruiNlil,— Gray.  ///v.cr.V-  jr.it.tn,,  /!„l.  Oil. 

i.  I.V.'  (ill  |inii)  1  .S';/»,  /■■/.  .V.  ,1m,  ii,  L'7  (in  iiiirl), 
ArbutUH  Toxana.  iiu.  klcy.  /'-■."•,  I'/ill,  A'^nt.  INIJI,  H'.O,  — 

"ii;iy,   I'l ,    /•/,;/.   A';,.l.   mvi.   IGi'i.  —  Sur^'fiit,  /•'"/•(.«? 

7'.-..,<  .V.  Am.  ti)'/i  fV, ,,<«.<  r.  ,s',  iv.  '.17, 
Arbutua  XiiliipoiiHis.  \:ii-.  Toxnnn,  (Ir.iy.  Sim.  h'l.  S.  Am. 

..1.  •-'.  i.  |ii,  ii.  .■;'.i7  (Innim.  — C'oulliT,  Voiitrlti.  r.  .S'.  Xit. 

Hill:  ii.  'iX;  {Mm.  I'l.  \V.  Ti'j-n.i). 


A  liiisliv  triT.  ill  Tix;iM  i-irclv  iiiorc  t!i;iii  i'i;;iit('i'ii  or  twi-iitv  tVi't  in  licinlit,  witli  :i  ^llt)^t,  often  cronkcd 
tniiili  i'i),'lit  or  tell  iiirlii's  in  iliMmt'tcr,  M',.ariitiii;;.  :i  t'lmt  or  two  ;iImivc  tliu  ;;ri)iiiiii,  into  si'Venil  stout 
h|ii<Miliii)X  IpiMiirlics ;  or  nl'ti'ii  a  liniail  irrc^fiilarly  slia|i('il  liiisli  M-iiiliiii;'  iiji  niinu'ioiis  coiitortuil  steins. 
,\l  llic  liisr  of  iilil  triinks  the  liark  is  siiinctiini's  a  ijiiartiT  ol'  an  inch  thick,  (lff|ily  furrowed,  dark 
l.nnvii  ill  till-  siirf.icf,  and  Inokcii  into  thick  s(|uari'  plates;  on  voiin^er  stems  and  on  the  hranelies  it  is 
PDiiih  lliinner  ,ind  tinned  uilli  red.  and  separates  into  lar^e  ]iaiier_v  si;des.  e\|iosinn-  the  lij^lit  reil  or  tlesli- 
eolored  inner  link.  The  lirancldets.  wlieii  tliev  first  appear,  are  lln'ht  red  and  thieklv  coated  with 
piihesceiiee,  and  later  are  covered  with  dark  re  l-lii'own  hark  which  divides  into  small  ]ilati"like  scales. 
The  leiive.H  are  oval,  ovate,  or  lanceolate,  rounded,  acute.  ;ind  often  apieiilate  at  the  apex  and  rounded  or 
wedp'-sliapeil  at  the  lia.se,  witii  slightly  thickened  iiiari;iiis  which  are  usually  entile  or  sometimes  are 
lemotely  erenni.ite-toothed,  or  are  coarselv  serrate  witli  a  few  iilitii.se  teeth  I'lostly  ahove  the  middle; 
when  they  unfold  they  are  often  tinned  with  red,  espei'i.illy  on  the  petioles,  midrilis,  and  marjjins,  and 
lire  HiMiietinieH  piiheseent  on  the  lower  surface,  alon^'  the  upper  side  of  the  midrihs.  and  on  the  petioles  ; 
at  miifnrity  they  are  thii'k  and  eoriaccons,  d.irk  '^recn.  lustrous  and  j^lahions  aliove,  ]iale  and  fjlahroiis 
or  covered  with  pale  or  einereoiis  ])nlicscenee  Iielow,  an  inch  to  three  inches  in  Iciitfth  and  from  two 
lliirds  of  an  inch  to  an  ineli  and  a  half  in  hreadth,  witii  thick  lii^ht-colored  midrihs  .slightly  rounded 
and  soiiictiines  pnhernlous  on  the  upper  siile,  reticulate  vcinlcts.  .ind  stout  <;laIiroiis  pulieseent  jietioles 
an  ini'h  or  an  inch  and  a  half  lonj^  and  often  furnished  towards  the  apex  with  several  dark  j^lands. 
'i  lie  (lowers,  which  in  Texas  appear  in  March,  are  home  on  stout  reddish  pulieseent  recurved  pedicels 
dcNcloped  from  the  axils  of  ovate  acute  searions  persistent  luaets,  and  arrany;ed  in  a  compact  termi- 
))al  conical  puheseent  panicle  two  or  two  and  a  half  inches  long,  the  lower  hranches  of  which  are 
de\eloped  from  the  axils  of  upper  leaves;  the  flowers  are  a  third  of  a)i  inch  in  len<ith,  with  acute 
Hcaiioiis  calyx-lohes  eiliate  on  their  n)arf;ins,  an  ohlonjj;  white  corolla  more  or  less  ahrniitly  contracted 
aliove   the  middle,  and   an   ovarv  s]iarin<^lv  or  den.sely  covered   with   Ioih^  white  scattered  hairs.      The 


!  i  ■  HI 


\f 


12G 


S/LVA    OF  NORTH  AMEIilCA. 


V.WKMV.X.. 


fruit,  wliii'li  is  usuiiliv  pnidiu'cil  verv  s]);iriiij;;ly.  i-i|ii'iis  in  smuiiu'r.  ami  is  ilark  red  mid  a  tliii'd  of  an  iiiili 
in  dianii'tcr ;  it  is  driiiiai'ious,  with  tliin  yiaiiniar  ticsii  and  a  ratlu'r  tliii'ii  niiirc  or  less  I'oinjik'tclv 
fornu'd  tivi'-i'illi'd  stone  eontainini;'  numerous  puliernlons  eoniiuessed  seeds  in  eaeli  eili. 

ill  Texas,  wiiere  it  is  a  rare  anl  local  plinl,  Arhiilus  Xnh/jj,  nsis  is  scattered  over  dry  limestone 
liiil.-.  iVom  Travis  County  and  the  valley  of  the  Iiio  Hianeo  in  Mays  County  westward  to  the  GuadaU)U|)e 
and  K.iiile  .Mountains.  It  is  eomiuen  on  the  Sierra  .Madre  in  Nuevo  Leon,  raiijj;inj;  southward  to  the 
mountains  near  .lalapa,  where  it  was  discovered  Iiy  Hundiolilt  ami  nonpland. 

The  wood  of  Ai'liiitii^  Xithipnisis  is  heavy,  hard,  <-lose-i;raiiuMl,  and  contains  ninnerous  oliseure 
nu'dullavv  ravs  ;  it  is  lirown  tiui^ed  with  red,  with  lii;liter  c-oiored  sa|i\\ood  comjiosed  of  ten  or  twelve 
laver-  of  annual  i;'rowtli.  The  specilie  ijravity  of  the  ahsolutelv  drv  wood  is  (I.TodO.  a  cuhie  foot 
wcii;liiiii,f  1(1.7")  iiounds.  It  is  sometimes  used  in  Texas  for  the  handli's  of  small  tools  and  in  the  niauu- 
faiture  of  matlicmatical  instrunu'iits,  and  hv  tlu'  .Mexir.uis  for  wooden  stirrups. 

Ar'iiihis  Xd/njH  /1,-iis  was  discovered  in  Texas  in  the  valley  of  the  Limpia  Hiver  hy  Mr.  Charles 
Wriiiht,'  the  hotanist  of  the  I'nited  States  and  Mexican  iSoundary  Survey,  in  .lune,  IS.")!,  although  it 
was  not  disiinj^uished  from  the  California  species  until  some  years  later,  when  it  was  fouml  in  the  valley 
of  the  Kio  Dlaneo  in  Ilavs  Countv  l)v  .Mr.  S.  1$.  Huckli'v.' 


I 


'  Seu  i.  tH. 


•Stu'  iii.  X 


^■>l 


X. 

'J. 
10. 
11. 
I'J, 

U. 


KXri.AN.VTION   OK   TIIK    I'L.MK 

I'laii;  CCWXII.     Auiuti>    Xai.mt.s,-.!.-,. 

A  (lowi'riiii,'  I'raiu'h.  naUiral  si/.r. 

A  llitwiT.  I'lilarj^t'il. 

.\  llciHi  r.  till'  riirulla  niiil  tiil«"  cif  tlii'  nil)!c-li)lit"-  ri'iiKiM'il.  iiiliii,'i'il. 

Virtiiiil  M'oliuii  <if  :i  coriillu  with  st.iiiiens disphu i  il. 

Siilu  views  of  n  stiliiu'ii,  iMil.ari;iil. 

Viitii;il  Mvlioii  ipf  nil  ii\:irT.  tiil:iri;i'il. 

C'l'DSM  st'ction  (if  an  uvjiry.  eiilargt'd. 

.An  oviili'.  iiiui'h  ina^iiitii'il. 

.\  fniitiii^'  l)i-.'iiieli,  natural  si/u. 

ViTlical  siclioii  of  a  fruit.  I'lilargeJ. 

C'riiss  Kt'Clion  of  a  fruit.  etilar;;i'il. 

A  stM'iI.  enlar^a'd. 

Vi'MIimI  s<.|'ti.iM  of  a  scL'il.  i'nlaij,'cil. 

.\n  I'lnliryi).  luucli  nia(,'ruliiMl. 


!'      I     f 


EKICACKJE. 

liiril  of  an  iiicli 
Ifss   cdinpk'ti'lv 

■r  ili'V  limi'stoiii' 
the  GuadaloiiiH' 
utliwanl  to  till- 

nu'ioiis  oUsciiic 
it'  ten  or  twclvi' 
I),  a  t'iil)i<'  I'liiit 
11(1  ill  the  iii.iiiu- 

l.y  Mr.  Chailes 
■J.")!.  ahh(mi;li  it 
ml  ill  the  vallev 


I 


<i^ 


'II 


t  r 


i   J 

i.  ,1 

,  i 


,i'(  ' .    ' 


^.I( 


,'</.;.'.■  jW 


ARBUTUS     XALAPF.NSIS 


-i  /u.'.  ffH.t    .ut;'.r 


II. 


! 


••'•',  J  1 


m  .n 


It  I 


n 


.  i 


i 

m^ 

ii 


i;kical-k.e. 


.iiLVA  OF  yonm  America. 


ARBUTUS   ARIZONICA. 

Madrofia. 

OvAliY    ti'labrous,  eonsjncuously   poniloM-.      Lciivcs  lanceolate  .. 
<)1)liniu. 


laroh    narrowh 


!      ; 


U{ 


Arbutus  Arizonicii,  S.-irgent,  (Sunlen  and  t'onsl.  iv.  1117,  Aibutus  Xalapenais,  Sur^i'iit,  Fmnsf  Tree.i  X.  Atn.  \(Hh 

f.  .".}  (ls;il  ..  Criisiix  r.  S.  ix.  'J7  (iKit  lluiiiljoldt,  liuniilaiul  it  Kuntli) 

Arbutus  Mftizicsii.  Udtluurk,  ll'/ur/ir's  /I'r/..  vi.  l.'."i,  l.s;j  (18SI)- 

(not  I'ursli)  (187iS).  — Ciniy,  Ilreirer  A-  Iffi'smi  ll.l.  Cul.  Arbutu:^  Xalaponsis.  var.  Arizonica,  Gray,  Sijn.  I'l.  X. 

i.  iri'.'  ^in  part)  ;  Si/n.  I'l.  X.  Am.  ii.  27  (in  piirt).  Am.  nl.  L',  i.  pt.  Ii.  ii'.lll  (ISSOj. 

A  tret',  forty  or  lifty  feet  in  Iicii^lit,  witli  a  tall  .stniu'lit  trunk  ci^litetMi  to  twenty-four  inches  iu 
iliaini'ter.  stout  spreadiuLf  hrantlies  which  form  a  nitlicr  ciiiii[i.u't  rounil-toppcil  head,  and  thick  tortuous 
<iivcri;'eut  lirauclih't.s.  TIu'  hark  of  the  trunk,  wliich  varies  from  one  third  to  one  half  of  an  incii  in 
tiiickuess  and  i-i  irrct^ulaily  hrokeii  hy  loni;itiidinal  furrows,  is  divided  into  sijuare  appressud  plate-like 
scales,  and  is  H^jlit  tjray  or  nearly  white  and  laiiitly  tin;;ed  with  rrd  mi  the  snrf.ire.  Tile  bark  of  yonn^' 
stems  and  of  the  hranclies  is  thin,  smooth,  and  <lark  red,  and  exfoliates  in  lar^jv  thin  scales.  The 
liraiichlets,  when  thi'V  lirst  ap|ieai',  arr  reddish  lnowii  and  more  or  less  puhesccnt,  or  are  lij;'ht  puriile 
and  pilose  with  a  ^l.ineous  lilnom.  and  liy  the  end  of  their  llrst  season  are  covered  witli  hiight  red  hark 
which  .separ.iles  freely  into  thin  iiie^^nlarly  slia|iid  more  or  less  persistent  scales.  The  leaves  are 
lanceolate  or  riiilv  oliliiicj,.  acute  or  ronnded  ami  ,ipicnl,ite  at  the  apex,  and  weil<re-siiaped  or  <a-casioii- 
allv  I'onmlcd  at  lie'  ha^c,  with  thiditned  entire  or  rarelv  denticidate  mari;ins  ;  when  liiey  unfold  they 
are  memluanaceous,  tinned  with  red,  ami  >lieluly  pnhiMnloiis  especially  on  the  [■etioles  and  marj^ins ; 
and  at  maturitv  thcv  are  thin,  firm,  and  ri^id,  i;lahron>.  li^lit  ereen  nu  tlie  uppc"  suriace,  [lale  on  the 
lower  >nrl'ace.  ,in  inch  and  a  half  to  three  inches  Inn"'  .iiel  li.ilf  an  im'li  to  an  ii.  ii  wide,  v.ith  slender 
yellow  midrihs  anil  oli--cMre  relicul.ite  veiidets,  and  are  hcnnc  on  .^lender  petioles  often  an  inch  in  length; 
tiiev  appear  in    Mav  and  after  tlie  sunnner  rains  in  Septendier,  and  ■  main  for  .i'    east  oiU'  year  <in  the 


hr.imhes.      The  tloui  is.  which  expaiid  in  Mav.  are  liorne  on  .•-hoit   ;.,.ju 


•iiels  developed   from 


the  axils  of  con>pienons  ovate  roniiilrd  ^carious  liract--.  and  are  colli  c,  ■■  ii  rati'.  ■  hio>e  terminal  -.histers 
two  or  two  and  a  iialf  iiiciies  in  leiinth  and  hrcidth.  th  ir  lowe;  ■  ..rhes  from  the  axils  of  the  upjier 
leaves;  thev  are  a  ([iiarter  of  an  incli  Ion;;-,  with  srariniis  caiyxdoii.'^  oNute  white  corollas  often  u'.ucli 
contracted  in  the  middle,  conspicnoii>.lv  lohed  disks,  and  ^lahrou-,  |,  Pilose  ovaries.  Tlu  fruit  ripens 
in  Octolier  and  Noveinher.  and  is  ihilliaccnu-.  ^Inliose  or  ohlon.;,  dark  o'  i  '^e  led,  jiorulose,  witii  thin 
sweetish  tlesli,  a  paperv  livi>-eelleil  usually  acompletely  developed  -  me,  and  cuiupressed  puherulons 
seeds. 

Ai  hiitiis  .li-ryiiiicii  iiihahits  tiic  Santa  ratalina  and  the  Santa  IJita  Mountains  of  soutlierii  Arizona, 
wiiere,  as.soci.ited  with  (jui  reus  i/ri-'t'i.  fjni  rrnf  /■'ni'ir".  (J-n  rrii.<  c/iri/.<ii/f  /n^,  and  I'mn-i  lumi/i  rii-:ii, 
it  t;rows  oil  drv  n'r,i\ ell V  heuciies  at  elevations  of  from  six  to  ei<;hl  thousand  feet  ahove  the  sea;  and 
ranees  southward  along  the  Sierra  M.idie  id'  ('hihn.ihiia.' 

The  wood  of  .[rhiilii^  .[r'r.nm^  i  is  licavv  and  closc-eraiiied  althoa^■h  soft  and  hrittle  ;  it  contains 
liiimeroiis  olisciire  inedilllarv  ravs,  and  is  ligiit  hrown  tinged  with  red,  with  liehter  colored  sajiwood  com- 
posed ol  thirtv  to  fortv  laveis  of  annnal  growth.  The  spceitic  graviis  of  the  ahsolutely  dry  woutl  is 
(•."tl'.l'.l,  a  enliic  foot  weigliing   ll.'JI  poiunls. 

'  lli'ir  it  iv:n  fuimil  :ii  ;in  iK'\;iiiiin  iit'  I'lylit  tluiiisuuil  toi'l  liy  Mr.  ('.  (1.  I'rii'i,'!.'  in  ISS.";. 


\      \ 


u 


M# 


k^ 


'  I 


128 


SUVA  OF  xoirni  amkiuca. 


EBICACE/E. 


The  Arizona  Miulrofia  was  first  iiotiuod  in  soiitlu'iii  Arizona  in  .lime,  ]S,")1,  liy  Dr.  Gciugo  Tinn- 
luT,'  wliilo  liu  war  attaclit'd  as  botanist  to  the  I'nitctl  Status  and  Mfxiian  Honndaiv  Survi'V,  and  lot 
niaiiv  years  was  conl'.inndod  with  the  spi'cii's  oi'  tiie  I'.i'ilii'  coast  ru<;ion.  In  its  liahit.  which  is  tl;at  of 
a  small  White  (lali,  anil  in  the  (•■iloi'  of  its  liaik.  it  is  (.ne  of  the  most  distinct  s|iecies  of  the  pMius, 
'l"he  contrast  in  color  lutwvcn  the  white  hark  of  the  trnnk  and  the  hri;;ht  red  hraiiches  and  pah'  ureen 
leaves  makes  this  tree  a  reniarkahle  ami  heantiful  ohjecl  at  all  sea.MMH  of  the  year;  and  in  the  spring 
when  the  pure  white  llowers  are  expanded,  and  late  in  the  autumn  when  its  hrunuhus  are  covered  with 
elu>lers  of  brilliant  fruit,  it  is  particularly  beautiful. 


•Si-L'  iii.  .*l(t. 


KXri.AN.VTION    (IK    IIIK.    1M..V1K 


I    , 


I'l.ATK  t't'XWIlI.      Amu  rr«  AiiizoMi-.v. 

1.  A  llipwi'iiiii;  liraiii-'li,  iialural  >\iv. 

'J.  V.rili'al  si'iihiii  uf  a  tliiuiT,  cnlariii'd. 

.'>.  A  llowcr.  till'  ronilla  rcimivccl.  fiilai-jjuil 

•I.  A  ^laln(•ll.  iMilari;i'il. 

T\.  A  fniiliiii;  liraiii'h.  nattiral  si/c. 

0.  ViT. ical  si'Oliiiii  iif  a  fruit,  ciilar^'c'il. 

7.  A  Nt't'il,  ciilar^t'tl. 

S.  Virtii'al  MM'tioii  cif  a  m'iiI.  I'lilargwl. 

'.».  All  fiiilirvo.  iiiucli  iiiai,'iiitiei.l. 


ElilCACIi^V;, 

r.  GoDi'ge  Tliur- 
Survi'V,  anil  I'uf 
vliii'li  is  tl'.at  (if 
s  of  the  <;viiiis. 
^  Mini  pall'  L;ri'i'ii 
il  ill  till'  >iiriii;; 
ire  covered  with 


I     4 


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ARBUTUS    ARIZONICA, 


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iJiKAt'iut;, 


>i/AA  OF  Aojrn/  A.\n:i;i<  A. 


Vl\) 


A  M)i:oMi:i)A. 

I''l,(»\vi:iis  pfilrct  ;  im1\  s  ri-lool  Ik  il,  (ir  .">-|);iit((|  iic.iriy  lo  tin  liiisc,  tlii'  (li\  i-imi- 
\:il\;ltr  in  ;i-l  I  \  ill  ioil  ;  CMidll,!  ^|(il)lll;il',  (iicctiliitc,  or  iiiiiily  ex  lilidrii-.il,  ^-tiiot  lied  nr 
Inlird,  llic  Inlio  iiiilii  iciil  ((I  ill  ii'-l  ImiI  ion  ;  ■.linnriis  S  |o  10;  o\;ii\  -ii|)(  rioi',  ."»-c(ll((l ; 
o\  nil's  luiiiirroiis.      LciiMx  iillrriiiilc,  (Iccidiious  or  jxTsistc/it,  (lt"«titiiti'  of  stipuli'*. 

Aiulrimni<lii,  l.iniiU'iiH, 'I'l  II.  I'JIi  (I  \rl.  r.(M(r/ii/(vi,  rifsd/'i/'c,  Ztuiobiii.    I),    K.rn,    /■.'./(, lAuc-//,    .V<  ic    I'lnl.  .Imn:    x\ii.   ITiS 
anil    l.i-iii-nlhii,)    (I7:i7).  —  A.    I,.  (Ill   .hiiciiii,  ^'«■».     It'ill  ( iH.i  1 1.  —  .Miisnir. 'r'.ii. '.'IH.  —  Itcntliam  i\,  llnokii.  'n  n 

(I'xcl.  ('i(jl«ilm/l''(,  '''LI*/'"/"',  mill    /.ilir:it/i'").  —  I'lliijlirlicl',  ii.  .'iHy,    -   It.illlull,  //i'-7.  /'/.  \i.  177. 

/.'ill.  7.'i."i   (fXi'l.  M1-I-.  r'.isii'"/./',  r.i.i.sMii./;v/,    /,,(ir-.7/,..,.  ami  {'ioriH,     l».     I) /■.'Jlnlnny/i     \.,r     I'/,:/.    J.,,,,:    vvll.     I.Ml 

J./.irl.'.lo).  —  11,  iilliam  iV  lliMik.  I, '.'i/i.  ii.  :i.H7.  —  liaillMii.  (1h:;1).  —  Mii,iiir,     r/.  ,i.     '.' |ii.  —  li.jiitliain     >V     il.i..l,ri', 

//;.'.  /■/.  xi.  17,",  '-'  ".  ii.  "■^«. 

Kii,.,l.,.li,ii,lr(iM,  A,lan.,.M.  F'in.  I'L  ii.  Hit  iin  paiii  (17t',:;).  I'ii'riiliii.  11.  i.li.Mli:,,-!,.  Ii,.it.,l,.  l;.,t.,„.  Vr>  (|.s|l). 

I,V(Mii(i,   Niillall.   'I'lK.   i.  '.'•1(1   (Milt    Ualih,-.|n.-    iii,i-   IJIi.ti)  rorliiim.   .Nmiall,    /';•.//,.,■.    ,|,„.   I'h.l.  ,S',„.  ri.  mt.   xiii.  'JHH 
I  ISl.Si. -- MiasiiiM'.  ','i/i.  '.'111.        lai.lliili.r,  '.,(..    ,,..,—  (Isl.;). 

lli'Mtliaiii  >X  ll,i,ikir,  'I'lii.  ii.  .",.s:  (?'  JVMnh'W.  Kh.!/,.!,.  i:,,n„i.,.  xxiv.  17  (l.S.">I ).  —  \Val|ifi'-. 

ZnliMIim.  Kaliiir^.iiir.  .Iiii.  Mmill.l.  M"i.  ■m.l   I  ril.  !:•.■    iv.  .I"",  m.  111:;. 

I'.i:i  (I.Hl',1);  .Iniir.  I'lun-  Ixxxix    '.'."i'.>. 

."'^iii.ill  tii'cs.  iir  -.linili-..  vMili  ii'iiii'  111- iiiililcis  iiii'l  liliioiis  riiiil^.      I.i'.ivi's  nil   iiiiilf.  ciitirc  iii  scrri'.lc. 

|.i  li,,i  111'.  llliIulnMliari  nil-,  (M  I'lill.irriMI^.  i  liiiilm  ill-,  n]-  |ic|sis|c||| .  l''li)Ucl>  ill  ,l\ill.llS  llliij  ti'llllilllll 
illiilicliatc  i'asrii  Ir-,  or  |iiiliirlci|  iMiTiMi-,.  I'ciliri'ls  slciiilrl-.  |iriiillinM|  |V,ilii  llii'  ,i\iU  lit'  ii\.iti'  aiillc  liiait.s, 
ami  liiliractiMiiali'  at  tlii'  lia-i'.  Calyx  I'ri'i'.  ]ii'|->i.,|i'iil,  liM-tmitlir,!  iir  |iiMi',i  iii'irlv  In  llif  IidIIuiii, 
llir  iliw^iiins  in.ili-.icilli',  ■^uliiililiir^  lli'l  li  lie.  iii^.  I'liriill.i  i;,iillii|irl  liiill-..  i|n'i,|i|(ii|s,  nliiJio.M'  (tr  ov.itc- 
llliMil.il,'  111-  liiMI'ly  cyliliill  ir  il.  livr-liiiillli'l  iil-  ti\r-liilii'i|,  t;laliliills,  |illlic^cilil,  111-  i;l,nii|lllai'.  wliitr  III 
iiiM-i'iiluiri.  Slaiiiciis  iML;lit  or  ti'ii,  iiiriuilnl  ;  lii.iiiiciil-,  ll.it,  liiiiail  iir  ii.irrow,  u^iialK  ^liu'litlv  adiiatc 
til  llic  liaM'  111'  llif  (•(iniii.i.  iii'lcii  Im  iviIimI,  iianiiwcil  (ir  ilil.ili'il  at  tlii'  liaM'.  .siniii'-.iiiK-,  i;i'iiiiMilatc,  and 
iii'li'ii  rMiiii-.lii'il  1,1-liiw  till'  a|i('\  Willi  tun  li,iiii-lil>i'  a|i|ii|pi|.i:;i'^  ;  allllll'|■^  >liiil't.  (iliinii;;'  or  laiii'i'iilatu, 
altai  lii'd  nil  till'  liai'li.  two-ii  llnl,  iiitini'M.  llic  rilLs  ii|i('iiii|M  li|.|i,\v  the  aiicx  liv  luii  nlildii^  lioffs, 
t'iiiiii-.lii'tl  nil  till'  liark  «iili  iiiH'  aM'i'iidiiin  d,  lli'Xiii  awn  or  with  two  asci'iiiliii;^-  awiidila'  a|i|it'iidai;('>, 
111-  iiiiitiiiui^;  [iiilli'ii  ^laiii  ('iiiiiiioiiiid.  |)i>l;  tiiidoliril.  <>\ary  tivc-cclli'd,  de|ir('ss('il  in  tlu'  ceiitii' ; 
^^tyli'  ('iiliiiiinai'.  ti|i|M'il  willi  a  !,iiii|ili'  tninralc  >ti:;iii,i;  ovuli-^  iiiiiiicinii-,  in  cai'li  ri'll.  attaclicil  to  a 
lilari'iila  linnii' next  the  siiinniit  oi'  iicai'  llii'  iiiidilli'  nl'  tin'  .ixi^.  ;iiiatin|i,iiis  ;  r;i|ili('  vi'iitial  ;  niiciojiv  le 
sii|ii'iiiir.  I'Viiit  dry.  raiisiil.ii-.  oviii,|.  i;liilios('  or  snliijlipliosc,  maiiv-si'i'ilcd.  Iniiilicidallv  livi-valvfil.  tlic 
vaKi'.s  .I'litil'i'ious  and  M-paraliiij;-  liniii  tln'  [ilaccntilrioiis  ,i\i>.  mhu, 'tinier  tivc-rililii'd  liv  the  tliickcniii!;' 
ol'  tlic  \alvc.s  at  tlic  ilmsal  miIiucs,  tlic  lilis  iiiori'  or  li'>s  s|.|i,iralil('  in  di'lii.-.ri'iR'L'.  Sfi'ds  piMidiiloiis  or 
sprradinL;-  in  all  diri'itions.  o\,il,  .sonu'tiiiu's  angled  or  sroliirniin  :  ti'sia  criistact'ous.  Miiootli  and  sliiniiii;. 
or  loiis|,,  tliin,  rctiriilati',  .ind  MUiictiiiu'^  jiiniliici'd  at  Imtli  cnil-  lu'vniid  the  niii'lous.  Eiidirvo  axili'  in 
llcshy  allmiin'ii.  cyliiiilriial,  t'liiiii;at('d  ;  I'otyli'dons  niucli  blunter  than  the  tcri'ti-  radicli',  turnod  towards 
till'  hiliini.' 

Aliont  twenty  ^iH'cii's  of  Amlroiiieda.  as  the  i;eniis  is  here  rej;arded,  are  distiiiifiiished  ;  they  are 
1  hietly  eonlined   to  the  temperate  and  simthern  ji.uts  ol'  eastern   North    Anieriea,   to  the  inouiitains  of 

'  The  fiill,)\viiiu:  si'i'litiiiH  uf  .\ii,lri)iiu',la.  \\\  iiiuiiy  niitliiirn  roiisiil-  t'ui'h  oi'll  siiriiioiiiitt'il  by  an  a.si'i'iuUni;  awn-like  njipciulage  ;  pla- 

iTi'iI  jfi'iiiTU.  WIT,'  ,'iUililisheil  liy  -Vsal  iray  { .x'l/n.  Ft.  S.  Ain.  ii.  .'Ml): —  I'l'iitas  attaclied  iit'ar  tiu'  apex  ol"  the  axi.s  ;  ovules  and  seeds  tunieil 

Ke.vMiKoMnn      ('al>  V  snnill.  deeply  .'-parte, I  ;  eorolla  (,'l,ili,ise-  in  all  dinetinns.    Capsule  gUili,i.se,  5-lolied.     Leaves  linear,  persi>t- 

nrceolate  ;  lilaiiicnts  lieiirdcd.  withuut  appeiida);,'s  ;  anthers  sliurt.  cut,     .\  single  spoeies.  in  all  bereal  and  snl»-.\rrtie  regions. 


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SILVA   OF  NORTU  AMEIilCA. 


EBICACE^. 


Mexico '  and  the  West  Iniliei?,-  and  to  the  Himalayas,'  the  Malay  Peninsula,  China,*  and  Japan,'  although 
one  species"  is  found  in  all  temperate  and  sub-Arctic  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Andromeda 
was  once  more  generally  distributed  over  the  surface  of  the  earth,  the  traces  of  a  number  of  species 
being  found  in  the  cretaceous  and  tertiary  remains  of  nortlns^  stern  and  central  North  America,'  where 
the  genus  is  now  represented  by  a  single  species,  and  in  the  tertiary  remains  of  southern  Europe."  All 
tlie  sections  of  the  genus  are  represented  in  the  flora  of  eastern  North  America,  where  eight  species 
occur  ;  '  one  of  these  is  a  small  tree. 

Andromeda  has  few  useful  properties.  The  loaves  and  buds  of  Andromeda  ovaH/oHa,^"  a  small 
tree  of  the  Himalayas,  Burmah,  China,  and  Japan,  are  poisonous  to  goats  in  India  ;  an  infusion  of  the 
leaves  is  employed  externally  in  the  treatment  of  cutaneous  diseases,  and  the  young  leaves  are  used  to 
destroy  insects."  In  North  America  leaves  of  the  Sfcigger  Bush,  Androimdii  M<tri<m(t,^-  are  popularly 
supposed  to  poison  lambs  and  calves.  Most  of  the  sjiecies  of  Andromeda  produce  handsome  foliage 
and  beautiful  tlowcrs  often  arranged  in  ample  dusters,  and  their  value  as  garden  plants  is  recognized  in 
all  temi>orate  regions.  In  North  America  Andromeda  is  not  seriously  injured  by  insects  or  by  fungal 
diseases." 

The  generic  name  was  adopted  by  Linnieus  iu  fanciful  allusion  to  the  fable  of  Andromeda." 


ill 


i^KNoniA.  Calyx  small.  -Vpnrtcd,  corolln  upon-cninpaimlntP|  oI>- 
tuscly  5-lobc(l ;  tilnnuiits  naked,  ililated  at  tli.'  ba-su  ;  aiitliors  laii- 
".•I'olate.  eacli  cell  sunnounti'il  hy  twoasi'cinling  awn-liki'appi'iula^es; 
I'Uu-i'iitas  nttaolii-il  tu  tliu  iiiitUlIe  of  the  short  axis.  Capsule  do- 
prcssed-glubosc,  obtusely  5-lo!wd.  Leaves  deciduous,  often  covered 
with  a  dense  ijlaucous  liloom.  A  single  si>ecics  of  the  coast  rej^iOii 
of  tlie  south  Atlantie  state.s. 

i'niirrxA.  CaU -x  deeply  .Vparted  ;  eomlla  ovate-ureeolato. 
5-toothi'd  ;  filauit'iits  without  appendajjfos  ;  author.'*  obh)ni;,  t-ach 
cell  with  a  reHexrd  awn-like  appendajje  on  the  back  ;  phieeiitas 
attached  near  the  a^iex  of  the  axi»,  Cap.Hulu  globose.  Si-ud  mostly 
scobiforui.  Leaves  coriaceous,  persistent.  Kasteru  North  America, 
lliiuaiayas.  China,  ami  Japan. 

I'iKKIs.  C;ilyx  dividi'(l  nearly  to  the  base  into  tivp  pnmrdnies 
herbaceous  sep.iU  ;  coroUa  ovate-urceolnte  to  eyliiidriralj.Vtontlit'd  ; 
Hlamcnts  mostly  jiubcM-ent  or  filiate,  gt-ufniUy  funii.shed  n'-ar  the 
apex  witii  two  >jireadlii(j  recurved  awn-like  appendages  ;  anthers 
oblong  ;  placentas  usimlly  borne  above  the  middle  of  the  axis. 
Capsule  .Vangled  and  ridgeil  on  the  dorsal  sutures.  Seeds  scih 
biform  or  oblnng.  Leaves  deeidtious.  Kastern  North  America, 
Mexii'ii.  Himalayas.  China,  and  Japan. 

Lvipnia.  Calyx  5  or  rarely  l-luhed  ;  corolla  globular  to  urceo- 
!at>'.  piibt'^cent  or  ghindidi'.r  ;  tilainents  flat  and,  like  the  short 
anlliers.  witlu)ut  ajipendages  ;  phicentas  ut  the  a|MrK  of  -he  :  xis. 
Capsule  .Viinglt'd  and  ridged  on  the  (b>r.s;tl  sutures,  iht  'Mges 
si-parable  in  dehi.scence.  Seeds  pendulous,  seobiforni.  Leaves 
persistent  or  deciduous.  Kastern  North  America.  West  Indies, 
.aid  Mexieo. 

1  Ilemsh'v,  But,  liioL  Am.  C"nt.  \l  'J«L 

^  firisebaeh.  FL  Urit.  W.  Iwl.  IV-MLyonia);  Cat.  Pi  Cnl.  T^. 

»  Hookerf.  /•'/.  /jViV.  Ind.  iii.  l(iO(I'ieri->). 

*  Korbes  &  Hem.sleyf  Jour.  Linn.  So'\  xxvi.  10  (!*ieris). 

•  Kranchet  &  S^vatier,  Knum.  PI.  Jap.  \.  'JH|. 

*"'  Autmmifhi  fKtli/oHu,  Linnaiis,  .V/>fr,  ,'193  ( 17-Vi).  —  /■'/.  Han.  i. 
t.  .*>L  —  A'"'ii>au  Duhamd,  i.  1H3,  t.  38.  —  llayne,  Arzu.  iii.  li'J.  t. 


L"_>, —  (Juimpot.  Willdonow  Si  flaynp,  Ahhilil.  Deutschp  Ifolz.  i.  72, 
t.  -V).  —  De  CandoUe,  Pnulr.  vii.  WXl.  —  Kranchet  &  Suvatier,  /.  r.  — 
Ciray.  St/u.  Ft.  X.  Am.  ii.  3L  —  Watson  &  Coulter,  (iray*s  ^fan. 
ed.O,  3UJ. 

Autlromahi  nmnarimfoUa^  I*ursli,  F!.  Am.  Sept.  i.  'J91  (1814). 
Anilnmu'ila  r/liiurtiphi/lut.  Link,  Etium.  i.  3m  (IS'Jl), 

T  Heer,  Ph',ll.  Cn't.  »Iu  AV/,.  IS,  t.  I.  f.  5.  —  I^'scpiepoux,  //.  N. 
Geohff.  Ii(p.  vi.  H8,  t.  'J3,  f. «;,  7  ;  t.  '2A,  f.  l.*, ;  R.p.  fj.  S.  (Uohuj. 
Surv.  vlii.  ^^\  t.  2,  f.  5;  17.1,  t.  .'M,  f.  10,  11  (Contrib.  Foss.  FL 
Wf.sfrrti  Tfrritorien). 

8  Zittel.  IJnnfih.  Palnmtolog.  W.  7'J'J,  f.  37«».  377. 

«  (iray,  /.  <■.  ;U). 

»'  WiiUieh,  Afint.  H'^s.  xiii.  301.  f.  (IH'JO).  —  Wight.  Ltm.  PI. 
Jnii.  ih-it-rit.  t.  IIW.  —  Maxiniowiez,  P.nH.  .\rwi.  Sri.  St.  Pitrrithmr'U 
xviii.  .V  {Mil.  lUol.  viii.  i'<*JO).  —  Kranchet  vt  SavatJer.  /.  r.  'JS.I. 

Pirri.t  nvfili/"lifi,  1).  I*on,  EJmhur-fh  Setr  Phil.  Jour.  xvii.  l.*>l) 

(IKiU).  — Don,  <fVN.  Sifst.  iii.  K3J.  —  De  Candolle, /.  r.  —  Kurz, 

Ftin-.'^i  FL  lirit.  P.urm.  ii.  U*J.  — Hooker  f.  /.  t*.  liiO.  —  Kurbes  vV; 

Ilemsb'v, /.  r.  17. 
AnJromfih  cUiptira,  Siebold  &  /uccarini,  AU.'VkI.  Akad.  Muwh, 

iv.  pt.  iii.  V1C>  (Irtl(i). 

"  Mnin.lis.  Fnrfst  FL  Brit.  Iwl.  'J80. 

'■^  Linna'us, /. »'.  (17.";t).  —  Mieliaux,  FL  Hor.-Am.  i.2.VV —/;,./. 
.Uriy.  xxxviii.  t.  l.">7".».  —  Xiturtitu  />uhamil,i.  177,t.37.  —  (iuimpel, 
Otto  &  llayms  AhhiM.  liolz.  138,  t.  113.  — (iray,  I.e.  32.—  Watson 
&  Coulter,  /.  c. 

Audrom^ih  p>ilrh*'lUi,  Sali.sburv,  Prodr.  280  (170<i). 
Li)oui>i  M<trinuii,  I).  Don,  /.  r.  (18;V1).—  Don.  /.  .-. 
Leurnthn,'  Mnritiun,  De  Candolle,  Prmlr.  vii.  (M)2  (1839). 

>3  Among  the  fungi  found  i»n  the  American  species  of  .\ndr(uned:i 
the  mo.st  conspicuous  is  the  remarkable  FjnUisiditim  .lM</n»;/irf/(r, 
IVck,  which  ap]iears  in  the  form  of  irregular  bag-like  IkmHcs, 
often  several  inches  in  length,  hanging  in  early  Hunmior  from  tho 
branches  of  Audrnmnlii  liffustriua^  Klliott, 

"  LinniiMis,  FL  I.upp.  Vlii. 


)  A 


ERICACEiE. 

md  Japan,"  altlioiigli 
iphere.  Antlroinccla 
V  number  of  Hpccies 
)rth  America,'  where 
them  Europe."  All 
,  where  eight  species 

oi'iili/olia,^"  a  small 
;  an  infusion  of  the 
;  leaves  are  used  to 
1(1)1(1,^-  are  popularly 
ice  handsome  foliage 
ints  is  recognized  in 
insects  or  by  fungal 

Andromeda." 

lU,il,l.  Deuttihe  lloh.  i.  72, 
Kraiielict  &  Siivntior,  /.  r.  — 
n  &  Coulter,  Uray^i  Man. 

'.  Am.  Si-pl.  \.'>'i\  (1814). 

m.  i.  3!«  (IKJl). 

,  f.  Ti.  —  l.i-t4i|iioroiu,  f^,  S. 

1,  f.  1.-.;  Jlp.  U.  S.  CnlnlJ. 
.   10,   11  (Vonlnh.   Fo.'f.  I't. 

f.  ;(7(i,  ;i77. 

IS'JO).  —  Wijrl.t.  Inm.  VI. 

I.  .trail.  .Sri.  Si.  I'Urrfltmrrj, 
t  &  Sav.itior,  /.  r.  'JS.".. 
Scr  I'hil.  .limr.  xvii.  l.TJ 
I*L'  i';ini1nl]i-,  /.  r. —  Kiirz, 

ter  f.  /.  f.  liio.  —  Furlji's  i\; 

riiii,  .\t.:'.n'l.  .-Mud.  Mmtrh, 


7.  lUtr.-.Am.  i.  2."i<!.  —  lU. 
/,  i.  1 77,  t.  'Xi.  —  f  iuiinpt-l, 
—  (iriiy,  /.  c.  'i'l.  —  Watson 

Ir.  28!)  (170('0. 
—  Don,  /.  ,-. 

™/r.  vii.  (i(V2  (18;i9). 

■ii'an  Hpccifs  of  AnilninnMla 
Ejiihti^iiltiim  . I HilriwK f/,r, 
rro^iiliir  hu^-likt-  IhmIics, 
II  curly  Kiiiiinior  from  tho 


'   *< 


£KICAC£.<E. 


aiL  VA  OF  NOliTU  AMERICA. 


ANDROMEDA   FERRUGINEA. 


131 


Flowers  in  iixillarv  clusters  ;  corolla  globose ;  antliers  destitute  of  appendages. 
Capsule  5-angled  and  ridged,  the  ridges  sei)ar;(l)le  in  dehiscence.  Leaves  coriaceous, 
jjcrsistent,  like  the  young  branches  lepidote-scurly. 


Andromeda  ferruginea,  Walter,  Ft.  Cur.  l.'iS  (1",S8) 

WilliU'iiow,  Siirr.  ii.  (KK).  —  Xoiii-C'iii  l>(iliiimel,  i.  11)0.  — 
Veiitciiat,  llort.  Mulm.  80,  t.  80.  —  I'eraoon,  .S//h.  i. 
•180. —Dn  Mont  lie  Courset,  Hot.  (;H/^  c<l.  2,  iii. -I'.Hi. — 
I )i'sf Dntainc.',,  Ilixl.  Arb.  i.  257.  —  I'lirsli,  F/.  Am.  Sept. 
i.  'J'J'-'.  —  IClliott,  .Sk.  i.  489.  —  Cliapmaii,  Fl.  i!U;i.  —  Giay. 


Sijn.  Fl.  X.  Am.  ii.  33.  —Sargent,  Forest  Trees  X.  Am. 
VH/i  C.'«.«».s-  f.  i>.  ix.  DO. 
Lyonia  ferruginea,  Nuttall,  Gen.  i.  260  (1818).— Don, 
Or,.'.  Sii.ll.  iii.  8;!(l.  — Dietrioh.  Si/ii.  ii.  l.'illl).  —  De  Can- 
doUc.  l'r,ulr.  vii.  000.  — Koch.  Vendr.  ii.  12J.  —  Lauelie, 
lJr„lsr/t,:  Deivlr.  oil.  2.  '.'21). 


A  tree,  occasionally  twenty  to  thirty  feet  in  height,  with  a  slender  crooked  or  often  prostrate 
trunk  rarely  ten  inches  in  diameter,  and  thin  rigid  ilivergeiit  bniiielies  wliicli  form  a  tall  oblong  irregu- 
lar head ;  or  often  a  shrub  two  or  three  feet  high.  Tliu  bark  of  the  trunk,  which  varies  from  an  eighth 
to  a  (jnarter  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  is  divided  into  long  nanow  ridges  by  shallow  longitudinal  furrows, 
and  is  reddish  brown  on  the  surface,  which  sejjarates  into  short  tiiick  .scales.  Tiie  branchlets,  when  they 
first  appear,  are  thickly  coated  with  nunute  ferrugineous  .scales,  and  in  their  second  year  are  covered  with 
glabrous  or  pubescent  ligiit  or  dark  red-brown  bark,  which  is  smooth  or  exfoliates  in  small  thin  scales. 
The  leaves  are  cuneate-obovate,  rhoiubic-obovate,  or  cuneato-oblong,  avuto  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  and 
usually  tipped  with  a  cartilaginous  mucro,  gradiwlly  wedge-shaped  at  tiie  base,  and  entire,  »vith  thickened 
revolute  margins ;  when  they  unfold  they  are  scurfy  on  botii  surfaces,  but  especially  on  the  lower,  and 
at  maturity  are  thick  and  firm,  |)ale  green,  smooth  and  shining  or  sometimes  obscurely  Icfjidote  above, 
covered  below  with  ferrugineous  or  |)ale  scales,  one  to  three  incla's  hing  and  a  tpuirter  of  an  inch  to  an 
inch  and  u  half  broad,  with  midril)s  and  primary  veins  prominent  on  the  upiier  as  well  as  on  the  lov.-er 
surface,  and  broad  conspicuous  reticidate  veiniets  ;  they  are  borne  on  short  thick  petioles  nuich  enlarged 
at  the  hose,  and,  appearing  in  early  spring,  do  not  fall  before  the  summer  or  autumn  of  their  second 
year.  The  flowers  are  chiefly  prtxbiced  on  the  bninches  of  the  year  or  occasionally  tm  those  of  the 
previous  year,  and  open  from  February  until  April,  when  the  leaves  are  fully  grown  ;  they  are  borne  in 
crowded  axillary  short-stenuned  or  .sessile  ferrngineous-lepidote  fascicles,  on  sleniler  recurved  pedicels 
much  shorter  than  the  leaves,  and  are  an  eighth  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  The  bracts  and  bractlets  are 
minute,  acute,  and  early  deciduous.  The  calyx,  which  is  covered  on  the  outer  surface  with  ferrugineous 
scales,  is  five-lobed,  with  acute  lobes,  and  is  a  third  as  long  as  the  glolndar  white  pubescent  corolla, 
which  is  five-toothed,  with  short  reflexed  acute  teeth  slightly  thickened  and  ciliate  on  the  margins.  The 
pubescent  filaments  are  shortened  by  a  conspicuous  geniculate  fold  in  the  middle,  and,  like  the  short 
anthers  attju'hed  just  above  the  middle,  are  destitute  of  appendages.  The  ovary  is  coated  with  thick 
white  tinuentum ;  and  the  stout  style,  which  is  as  long  as  the  corolla  or  a  little  longer,  is  glabrous. 
Tho  fruit  is  borne  on  a  stout  erect  stem,  and  is  nn  oblong  tive-angled  capsule  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in 
length,  with  thickened  riba  at  the  dor.sjil  sutures,  which  separate  from  the  valves  when  the  capsule  opens. 
From  the  placentas,  btirne  at  the  apex  of  the  columella  or  axis,  a  number  of  seeds  are  suspended ;  these 
are  minute,  narrow-oblong,  and  are  covered  with  a  loose  cellidar-reticulate  coat  produced  at  both  ends 
into  short  fringe-like  wings. 

Andviy)nedu  fifntijuma  is  distributed  from  the  coast  region  of  South  Carolina  to  Cedar  Keys  on 
the  west  coast  of  Florida.  It  is  said  to  inhabit  the  West  Indies  iuid  Mexico,  where  it  is  reported 
from  the  region  of  San  Luis  Potosi  its  growing  at  elevations  of  from  six  to  eight  thousand  feet  above 


\j'l( 


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132 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


ElUCACEiG. 


the  sea,  from  tlie  mountains  of  Oaxaca,  and  from  Orizaba,  Jitotole,  and  Talea.'  In  the  United  States  it 
is  usually  found  in  tlie  neighborhood  of  tiie  coast,  where,  in  the  rich  soil  of  the  wooded  hummocks  which 
rise  from  tlie  sandy  Pine-covered  coast  plain,  it  grows  as  a  small  tree,"  with  crowded  narrow  less  con- 
spicuously reticulate-veined  leaves,  or  in  the  dry  siindy  sterile  soil  of  the  Pine  barrens  as  a  low  shrub ' 
with  remoter  broader  obovate  or  rhomboidal  leaves  conspicuously  reticulate-veined. 

The  wood  of  Aiidromtda  ferrwjhica  is  heavy,  hard,  and  close-grained,  although  not  strong,  with 
.1  satiny  surface  susceptible  of  receiving  a  beautiful  ]>olish  ;  it  contains  numerous  thin  medullary  rays, 
and  is  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood.  Tiie  specific  gravity  of  the 
absolutely  dry  wood  is  O.TilOO,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  4G.74  pounds. 

First  described  by  Walter  in  175SS,  Androiiinlit  J'lrruijbuit  had  been  introduced  twelve  years 
earlier  by  the  nurseryman  James  Gordon  into  English  gardens,^  from  which  it  no  doubt  disappeared 
long  ago;  and  this  handsome  plant,  which  covers  itself  every  year  with  countless  flowers,  b  now 
probably  unknown  in  pleasure-grounds,  which  it  would  adorn  at  all  seasons  of  tiie  year. 


'  Heiiisley,  liol.  liiol.  Am.  Cent.  ii.  'JR'J. 

^  Antlrnmeiia  /erruifiuea^  var.  (irhttre-tcett^f  Miuhaux.  Fl.  lior.'Am, 
i.  '25-.!  (1803). 

Antlromeila  riifula,  I'unk,  h'l.  Am.  Sept.  i.  292  (1814).  —  LikI- 
iligea,  Bvl.  Ciib.  ii.  t.  430. 


/.'/omVi  riijiild,  Niiltnll,  r?CTi.  i.  200  (1S18).  — Don.  Gen.  .yst. 
iii.  HJIO.  —  l)u  fiind.illp,  Pnnlr.  vii.  000. 

•  .itnirnttieiiti  rhinnfmitlittis,  Xotit'eim  fhthinnel,  i.  192  (1801). 
.itulrometttt /I'rntifuiftit  vM.  fnitiftmi,  Miubaux,  /.  c.  (1803). 
l.ywmi  t  rhumlwidulu,  Don,  /.  e.  831  (IKM). 

*  Aitiin,  /tori.  Ken:  ii.  08,  —  Loudon,  Arh.  lirit.  ii.  1109  (Lvnnin). 


a. 

4. 
5. 
6. 
7. 
8. 

;». 

10. 

11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 

15. 
16. 


EXPLiVNATION   OF  THE   PLATE. 

Platk  CCXXXIV.    AxnitoMEDA  kkkhuuiniu. 
A  Howering  branrh,  natural  siiu, 
Diagram  u{  a  flower. 
A  flower,  tnlarged. 
Kear  view  of  a  flower,  enlarged. 
Vertical  section  of  a  flower,  enlarged. 
A  flower,  the  corolla  removed,  enlarged. 
A  stoiuen,  enlarged. 
Cross  section  of  an  ovary,  enlarged. 
An  ovule,  niiicli  niagniticd. 
A  fruiting  branch,  natural  size. 
A  fruit,  enlarged. 

A  fruit  after  the  opening  of  the  valves,  enlarged. 
A  fruit,  two  of  the  valves  removed,  enlarged. 
A  seed,  enlarged. 

Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 
An  cmbr)'o,  much  niagnitied. 


EUICACKiG. 

1  the  United  States  it 
led  huiuniueks  which 
ded  narrow  less  con- 
rens  as  a  low  shrub  ^ 

ugh  not  strong,  witli 

thin  medullary  rays, 

leeifie  gravity  of  the 

'oduced  twelve  years 
o  doubt  disappeared 
;le8s  flowers,  is  now 
fcar. 


(1S18).  — Don,  Gen.  Si/tl. 
W. 

Mmnet,  i.  192  (1801). 
I,  Xlicbaai,  (.  f.  (1803). 

(IKM). 
.■Irh.  Brit.n.  1109(Lvoiim). 


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Jilvi  of   Morlli    Anierr  ;i 


'■^'XXXIV 


I*"  A'  FiLmrt  ;/t'/ 


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ANDROMEDA    PERRLJGINEA      .  i.- 


A  H. 


liirit'tt.i-  ttitej  ' 


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KHicACE^.  SILVA   OF  NOllTU  AMERICA.  WU 


OXYDENDRUM. 

Flowers  perfect ;  calyx  free,  .'i-partcd,  the  division-  valvate  in  (estivation ;  corolla 
gamopctaloiis,  'i-lobed,  the  lobe-^  imbricated  in  icstivation ;  stamens  10 ;  ovary  superior, 
')-celled ;  ovules  numerous,  ascending.  Fruit  a  Tj-celled  many-seeded  capsule.  Leaves 
alternate,  membranaceous,  deciduous,  destitute  of  stipules. 

Ozydendrum.  I)e  CnndoUe.  /'roi/r.  tm.  tiOl  (ISIW).  —  Muis-     Andromeda,  Liiinirii.s,  Gen.  123  (1737)  (in  part). —  A.  L. 
ner,  (Irn.  pt.  ii.  I'l.'i.  —  Kmlliclior,  Gen.  S»])pl.  i.  ltl'2. —  cle  .li':;..i<iu,  Gen.  100  (in  part), 

Bentliom  A:  Hooker,  Gen.  ii.  585 — Itaillon,  llitl.  I'l.  xi. 
180. 

A  tree,  with  thick  deeply  furrowed  bark,  slender  terete  glabrous  light  red  or  brown  brnnchlets 
marked  by  elevated  nearly  triangular  leaf-scars  displaying  a  lunate  row  of  crowded  fibro-vascular  bundle- 
scars  and  many  elevated  oblong  dark  lenticels,  acid  foliage,  and  Kbrous  roots.  Winter-buds  axillarv, 
minute,  partly  ifunersed  in  tiie  bark,  obtuse,  covered  witii  opposite  broadly  ovate  dark  red  scales 
rounded  at  tiie  apex,  those  of  the  inner  ranks  accrescent.'  Leaves  alternate,  rcvolute  in  vernation, 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  acute  gradually  contracted  at  the  ba.se  into  long  slender  petioles,  serrate  with 
minute  incurved  callous  teeth,  penniveined,  with  conspicuous  bright  yellow  midribs  and  reticulata 
.-einlets,  thin  and  tirni,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  glaucous  on  the  lower, 
glabrous,  or  at  first  sligiitly  pubcrulous,  deciduous.  Flowers  in  puberulous  panicles  of  secuud  racemes 
ap|>earing  in  summer  and  terminal  on  axillary  leaiy  shoots  of  the  year,  the  lower  racen.es  from  the  axils 
of  the  upper  leaves.  I'eilicels  produced  from  the  axils  of  lanceolate-acute  caducous  bracts,  clavate,  erect, 
coated  with  hoary  pubescence,  and  bibractcate  above  the  middle,  the  bractlets  linear-acute,  caducous. 
Flower-buds  ovate-acute,  puberulous.  Calyx  free,  divided  neatly  to  the  b.ise,  pubescent  or  puberulous 
on  the  outer  surface,  persistent,  tlio  divisions  ovate-lanceolate  and  acute.  Corolla  hypogynous,  cylin- 
drical to  ovate-conical,  wliite,  puberulous,  the  lobes  minute,  ovate-acute,  retlexed.  St<imens  ten,  included  ; 
filaments  s\ibulute,  broad,  pilose,  inserted  on  the  very  base  of  the  corolla ;  anthers  linear-oblong,  nar- 
rower than  the  filaments,  attjiched  on  the  back  above  the  base,  introrse,  two-celled,  the  cells  opening 
longitudinally  from  the  apex  to  the  middle ;  pollen  grains  compound.  Disk  thin,  obscurely  ten-lobed. 
Ovary  broadly  ovoid,  ^nibescent,  five-celled ;  style  columnar,  thick,  exserted,  crowned  with  a  simple 
stigma ;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cell,  attaci.ud  to  an  axile  placenta  rising  from  the  base  of  the  cell, 
ascending,  amphitropous ;  raphe  ventral ;  ir.icropyle  superior.  Capsule  small,  ovoid-pyramidal,  crowned 
with  the  remnants  of  the  persistent  style,  five-lobed,  puberulous,  loculicidally  five-valved,  the  vfilves 
ligneous,  septiferous,  separating  from  the  central  persistent  placentiferous  jixis,  many-seeded.  Seeds 
ascending,  elongated  j  testa  nieml.  naceous,  loose,  reticulated,  produced  at  both  ends  into  long  slender 
points.     Embryo  muiute,  axile  in  fleshy  albumen,  cylindrical ;  radicle  terete,  next  the  hilum. 

The  wood  of  Oxydendrum  is  heavy,  hard,  and  very  close-grained,  with  a  satiny  surface  susceptible 
of  receiving  a  beautiful  polish ;  it  contains  numerous  medullary  rays,  and  is  brown  tinged  with  red,  with 
lighter  colored  sapwood  composed  of  eighty  or  ninety  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  specific  gravity 
of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  O.TiaS,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  40.48  pounds.  It  is  sometimes  used  locally 
for  the  handles  of  tools  and  the  bearings  of  machinery.- 

'  Oxydrmlrum  does  not  appear  to  form  a  terminal  bud,  the  apex  specimen,  from  the  mountains  of  Tennessee,  in  the  Jesup  Collection 

iif  th<!  Iiraneklet  appearing  as  a  minute  black  point  close  to  the  of  North  American  Woods  in  the  American  Museum  of  Nnturul 

upi>cr  iMillury  bud,  which  the  following  year  prolongs  the  branch.  History  in  New  York,  is  eleven  inches  in  diameter  injido  the  bark, 

'  Uxydeudrum  increases  its  trunk-diameter  sli.wly.     The  log-  and  shows  eighty-six  layers  of  annual  growth. 


m 


(ii 


I     I 


134 


SILVA    OF  XOIiTll  AMHItlCA. 


KUICACE^. 


II 


'lli 


It  I;-,  I 


The  leaves  of  Oxydeiulruin  liitvf  a  pleaiiant  aridulous  tusie,  and  when  chewed  allay  thirst ;  they  are 
reputed  to  In-  tiiiiie,  ret'ri^rerant.  and  diuretie,  and  are  uceasioiially  used  in  domestic  practice  in  infusions 
aiwl  dccdctioiis  for  the  tieatnient  of  fevers.' 

'I'lie  earliest  account  of  Oxydendruni  was  |iulilished  in  1TI{!>  l>y  Gronovius  in  the  Floru  Virij'in'icd 
of  Clayton,  where  it  is  descrihed  as  an  Andromeda." 

'riic  ijeucric  name,  from  ofi  j  and  htihi^ov,  alludes  to  the  acid  leaves.  The  jfenus  consists  of  a 
hiiii;!e  sjiecies. 

^  lliitinosiifti.  Miii,  /•'/.  i.  n.  t.  .".  —  Pnri'lHT.  lii^ourct^  nf  Snitt^-  ^  Anitmini'tlii    arfutrra    /'itlm    ohhmgthornliii    inlfqerrimiit^  jlaribm 

It-It  l"»  tin  iiiiti  Fttfittttt,  ,'17i*.  —  ItoAnithal.  Siin,  /V.  Oiitphitr,  olO.  —      ftnrtifiiltitii  iitittmlibtt.i.  ratrittin  f!wfttit'iM.*iitti.i,  18. 
.lolnixiii.  Mdu.  Mttl.  Iitit.  iV.  Am.  HU.  i'rutii  t'ttliiit  ttUttitttu  ttt''imittiititi,/lttribn,t.*incati3  iinDfirmi  ilin^toni' 

tit,  Cati'uby,  A'uf.  Hi»l.  Cur.  i.  71,  t.  71. 


t^-r 


euicacea; 


l.liRACK/t:. 


SJ/.    A   OF  NOllTIl   AMKlilCA. 


135 


OXYDENDRUM   ARBOREUM. 
Sorrel  Tree.     Sour  Wood. 


Oxydendrum  nrboreum,  Do  Ciiiicliillc,  I'ni'lr.  \ii.  iliil 
( l.H;i".t),  —  Diciiicii,  Si/ii.  ii.  l.'tK'.l,  —  Cliu|iiimii.  h'l.  H'l'-'i.  — 
Curtis.  Ri)'.  (iiiiln'j,  Siiri',  .V.  Vnr.  INtK),  iii.  "It. —  Kucli, 
Dnulr.  ii.  I'.'S. — (Jrny,  Syn.  /■'/.  .V,  Am.  Ii.  .'I.'),  —  .Sar 
gent,  Faresl  Trent  S.  Am.  Wh  fnmtin  I'.  S.  ix.  iW. — 
AVutKon  A;  C'miltiT.  Urdi/'n  M'lii,  vi\.  Ii,  ;I17. 

Andromeda  arboren.  LIiimidiiii,  S/ki:  .'KM  ( ITn.'l).  —  .MilliT, 
/Vi'-r  I'll,  «.  No.  J.  —  Ijimorok,  J'ii'l.  i.  ITiM.  —  Miu'»liiill, 
Arhiitt.  Am,  i.  —  Ciuti){liotii,  Vlmj.  neijli  Stnti  Cniti,  ii. 
ll)l._Wttn({«nlu'ini.  Snnlnm.  lUx.  llh'i.  —  Wiiltcr.  AY. 

C(i'.  i.m  —  wiiidiMiow,  .Vc  ii.  c.rji  a'hhh/.  ■»:.■.' j  /;.r/. 

Iliiimx.  ml.  2,  31. —  .Micliuiix,   h'l.  Ili>r.-.\m,  i.  '-'">"». — 
Nmiveau  Dithamel,  i.  17H. —  y<H<.  Maij.  xxiii.  t.  IXO. — 


DenfiintiiiriiJH,  //(.^^   .IrA.  i.  S.'T. —  Du  Mont  du  Couriot, 

/^^^  r«/r.  wl,  'J,  iii.  Iiri.  —  .Micliuux  f.  ///.«/.  .IW/.  .Im.  iii. 

'-".'■.',  t.  7.  — l'ur»li.  /'V.  .(»(.  Sr/.i.  i.  '.",».'.  — Niittall,  «*«. 

i.  L'tif).  _  Klli.itt,  .S'A-.  I,  nil.  —  Mordant  ilo  Launay,  Herb. 

Amat.  V.  t.  :il'.'.  —  W.  I».  C.  Harton,  Ft.  N.  Am.  i.  lO.'.,  t. 

.'!i».  —  Ilnyne,  Dimlr.  Ft.  fi'J.  —  Sjirengcl,  Syit.  ii.  291.  — 

(■ray,  .Mmt.  2lilS, 
Andromeda  nrboroscens,  I'l'rnoon,  Syn.  i.  480  (ISO.'i) 

I^idiliKi'H.  IM.  Oil,,  xiii.  t.  1210. 
Lyonia  arboren.  I).  Don,  F.iliiilinrijh  Sew  I'h'd.  .Tour.  xvii. 

1.^9  (1n:II).— Don,  (Jen.  Syat.  iii.  «31.  — Spacli,  Hint. 
Veij.  ix.  Wi}. 


V 


A  trt'c.  occiisionally  Hfty  or  Hixty  funt  in  liciKlit,  witli  a  tall  Htr  ii<;lit  tnink  twulve  to  twenty  inches 
in  (liauu'tiT,  und  slender  Hpreadinfj  liranelies  which  !'■  .a  a  namiw  olilnn;;  I'oiiiid-topjied  head.  The 
liark  of  the  trunk  is  two  thirds  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  thickness,  ^ray  tinned  with  red,  and  divided  hy 
deep  longitudinal  furrows  into  hroud  rounded  ridges  covered  with  Nniall  thick  appressed  scales.  The 
hranchh'ts,  when  they  lirst  appear,  are  )rlahrous,  li;;ht  yellow.jrreeu,  and  inaiked  with  orange-colored 
lenticels.  ami  in  their  first  wintttr  are  (U'ange-colored  to  reildish  lirown.  The  inner  huil-scales  at  maturity 
arc  an  inch  long,  an  eighth  of  an  inch  wide,  spatuiate,  acute  at  the  apex,  and  slightly  pnherulous  on 
the  inner  surface  and  the  margins.  The  leaves,  wIumi  they  unfold,  are  hronze-green,  very  lustrous, 
and  glahrous  with  the  exception  of  a  slight  puhescence  on  the  upper  side  of  the  midrilis  and  of  a  few 
scattered  hairs  on  the  uniler  side  of  the  midrilis  and  on  the  petioles  ;  at  maturity  they  are  iivc  to  seven 
inches  in  length,  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  inches  and  a  half  in  hreadth,  and  are  liorne  on  petioles  two 
thirds  of  an  inch  long.  In  tin*  autumn  liefore  falling  they  turn  hright  scarlet.  The  Hower-dusters 
appear  on  the  emls  of  the  leafy  shoots  of  the  year  late  in  .Iniu'  or  early  in  iluly,  and  the  flowers,  which 
are  a  third  of  an  inch  in  length  and  arranged  in  lax  drooping  p.'inicles  seven  or  eight  inches  long,  open 
three  or  four  weeks  later.  The  fruit,  which  liangs  in  drooping  clusters  sonu-tinies  a  foot  in  length, 
ripens  in  Septemher,  although  the  empty  capsules  often  remain  on  the  liranches  until  late  in  the 
autumn. 

0.ryil(u(li'uiii  iirhiininn  is  distrihuted  from  .Mount  Pleasant,  Westmoreland  County,  Pennsylvania, 
to  southern  Indiana  and  middle  Tennessee,  and  southward  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  western 
Florida  and  the  eastern  shores  of  Moliile  Hay,  and  thnuigh  the  elevated  regions  of  the  Gulf  states  to 
western  Louisiana.  It  is  usually  found  in  well-drained  gravelly  soil  on  ridges  rising  above  the  banks 
of  rivers  in  forests  of  White  Oaks,  Hickories,  Tupelos,  Walnuts,  and  Sugar  Maples,  and  attains  its 
largest  size  on  the  western  slo))eH  of  the  iiig  Smoky  Mountains  in  Tennessee. 

According  to  Aiton,  the  Sorrel-tree  was  cultivated  in  Knglaml  liy  Philip  Miller  as  early  as  ITA'i.' 
.\mong  the  small  trees  of  North  America  few  are  more  beautiful  or  better  deserve  the  attention  of 
planters.  The  handsome  lustrous  leaves  are  not  injured  by  insects  or  fungal  diseases  ;  the  large  droop- 
ing clusters  of  white  flowers  appear  at  a  season  when  few  other  trees  arc'  in  bloom ;  and  the  color  of 
the  foliage  in  autumn  is  not  surpassed  in  brilliancy  and  splentlor  by  that  assumed  by  any  other  tree. 


(II 


II' 


'  Aiton,  llorl,  Kcw.  ii.  OU.  —  1/Uudon,  .1  rli,  llrit.  il,  1 1 1 1  ( l.yuiiiii). 


1» 


SUA  A    OF  NUliTII  AMKh'lVA. 


kuicacea;. 


Till*  Morri'l-lrci'  in  cuiiily  laiHcd  from  nvmU,  wliiult  j»i'riiiiiiiito  ri'iitlily,  nltlioiijjh  tlu'  set'(lliiij;H  f^row 
■lowly  I  it  in  lriiiiK|iliiiit<-(l  without  ililHciilty,  iiixl  w  pertVutly  hardy  an  tar  north  an  ua»teru  Now  Kngland 
and  ill  wtfuU'rii  and  central  Europu. 


EXPLANATION   OF  TIIK    PLATK. 


Pl.ATH   CC'XXXV.      OXVDKMIKI'M    AKIIOKISVJI. 

1.  A  lli)wc'i'iii^'  lirnni'li.  natural  lizu. 

'J.  I)iii],'riiiii  iif  11  tliiwnr. 

H.  A  tloHiT,  unliirni'd. 

4.  Vcilii'iil  KiM'tioii  (if  II  lIowiT.  I'liliirijeil. 

C.  A  ntaiiivii,  friiiit  iiml  ri'iir  views,  inlar^i'd. 

0.  A  flower,  tliH  rorolla  rt'niuveil,  enliuucil. 

7.  An  nviilt>,  miii-Ii  niai;iutif<1. 

H.  A  (Hirtiun  of  ii  fruit-<'lii'<ti'r,  natural  xixu. 

it.  CroM  ni'otinn  of  a  fruit,  cnlarnLMl. 

I<).  Vertical  »ei'tiiiii  uf  a  fruit.  i'nlar);cU. 

11.  A  sc'i'cl,  i'nlar);('tl. 

1'.'.  Viiticul  Hi'cliiiii  nf  a  aiTcl.  ('iilar);eil. 

13.  An  ovuli',  niui'li  iii,af;nilit'il. 

II.  A  winter  bruiii'lilut,  natural  aiie. 


EmcACEJE. 

I  the  Heedliii)rH  (^row 
austeru  New  Kiigland 


./ 


% 


>       -  >rf 


'\ 


ill  ^ 


I 


Mf 


ii 


I 


I 


ii 


hi 


I 


i        1 


^ 

j 
1 

! 

1 
1 

':' 

'      1 

r 

1 
1 

i> 


m 


■!    il 


;! 


^l 


iii. 


L**l 


l]l>l'- 


F,iium  ,if4 


A  h 


!.:  /rl..i      n: 


0XY1)F:N1)1-:IjM    ARI-OREUM,    l;C 


/"(/• 


if 


',l,'i''iif\    '  'I'r. 


H* 


•y 


I! 


•i-  {• 


EKICACEif;. 


ISILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


137 


KALMIA. 

Flowers  perfect ;  calyx  5-lobcd,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  aestivation ;  corolla 
gamopctalous,  lO-pouched  below  the  5-l()bod  limb,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  aestivation  ; 
stamens  10 ;  anthers  held  before  anthesis  in  the  pouches  of  the  corolla ;  ovary  superior, 
5-celled  ;  ovules  numerous.  Fruit  a  septicidal  woody  capsule.  Leaves  opposite,  alter- 
nate, or  3-vcrticillate,  coriaceous,  persistent,  destitute  of  stipules. 


Kalmia,  Linnieus,  Anurn.  iii.  13  (1756)  ;  Gen.  ed.  6,  217. — 
A.  L.  do  Jussieu,  Gen.  158.  —  Endlicher,  Gen.   759.  — 


Muisncr.  Gen.  240.  —  Itcntham  &  Hooker.  Gen.  ii.  o9fi. — 
liaMlon.  llUt.  in.  xi.  172. 
Rhododendros,  Ailansoii.  F<im.  PL  ii.  1C4  (in  part)  (17C>3). 


Small  trees  or  shrubs,  with  scaly  hark,  terete  or  two-edged  branehlets,  minute  axillary  leaf-buds, 
elongated  iiitlorescence-buds  of  imbricated  scales,  and  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  ojijiosite,  alternate,  or 
rarely  in  whorls  of  three,  ovate-oblong  or  linear,  short-petiolate,  entire,  coriaceous,  persistent.  Flowers 
in  simple  or  clustered  axillary  umbels,  fascicles,  or  corymbs,  or  rarely  axillary,  solitary,  and  scattered. 
Pedicels  slender,  hibi'acteolate  at  the  ha.se,  produced  from  the  axils  of  foliaceous  coriaceous  ovate  or 
subulate  persistent  bracts.  Calyx  tive-parted,  the  divisions  small,  or  large  and  foliaceous,  persistent 
or  deciduous.  Corolla  rose-colored,  purple,  or  white,  crateriform  or  saucer-shaped,  the  tube  short,  with 
ten  pouches  just  below  the  five-parted  limb,  the  lobes  ovate,  acute ;  before  anthesis  prominently  ten- 
ribbed  from  the  pouches  to  the  acute  apex  of  the  hud,  the  salient  keel-;  of  the  ribs  running  to  the  points 
of  the  lobes  and  to  the  sinuses.  Stamens  ten,  hypogynous,  shorter  than  the  corolla  ;  filaments  filiform  ; 
anthers  oblong,  attached  on  the  back,  two-celled,  each  cell  opening  by  a  short  apical  oblong  longitudinal 
pore,  at  lirst  free  in  the  hud,  the  tilaments  then  erect,  later  received  in  the  pouches  of  the  corolla  and 
afterwards  bent  back  by  its  enlargement  and  exi)ansion  and  straightening  elastically  and  incurving  on 
the  release  of  the  anthers ;  pollen  grain  compound,  discharged  by  the  straightening  of  the  filaments.' 
Disk  prominent,  ten-lobed.  Ovary  suhglohose,  five-celled  ;  style  tiliform.  exserted,  persistent  or  decidu- 
ous, crowned  with  a  capibite  stigma  ;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cell,  inserted  on  a  two-lipped  placenta 
pendulou.s  or  porrect  from  near  the  top  of  the  thin  columella,  few-ranked,  anatropous ;  raphe  ventral ; 
micropyle  superior.  Capsules  many-seeded,  globose,  slightly  (ivc-lobed.  five-celled,  tardily  scpticidally 
five-valved,  the  valves  crustiiceous,  ultimately  opening  down  the  middle  by  a  narrow  slit,  and  separating 
from  the  persistent  placenta-bearing  axis.  Seed  obK)ng  or  suliglobose ;  testa  crustaceous  or  membrana- 
ceous ;  albumen  fleshy.  Embryo  minute,  terete,  near  the  hilum ;  radicle  erect,  rather  shorter  than  the 
oblong  cotyledons. 

Kalmia,  of  which  six  species  are  distinguished,"  is  North  American  and  Cuban.  One  species, 
Kulmia  jmlij'oliii,"  inhabits  hogs  from  Newfoundland  and  Hudson's  Bay  to  the  mountains  of  Pennsyl- 


!  I 


m 


>  The  peculiiir  structure  of  tho  flowen  of  Kalmin  makes  their 
gelf-fertilizatiou  ili'ticult,  on  tho  aiithen  arc  not  naturaHy  released 
from  the  eorulla-sackii  until  tho  elnflticity  of  the  ttlaineiits  is  lost, 
and  evidently  provides  for  tlieir  cross-fertilizatiuu  throu|;li  the 
agency  of  humble-bees,  who,  in  searching  in  the  cup  of  the  (lower 
for  honey,  free  the  anthers,  and  receiving  the  pollen  on  their  nlnlo- 
mens  spread  it  on  the  stigma  of  the  next  (lower  which  they  visit 
(Heal,  .Im.  Xal.  i.  257— (!ray,  Huw  Plants  Ilehme,  M,  f.  'JlJ-'JO  ; 
.Imerinin  .igrinillurial,  xmt.  1!62,  f,  1-4;  Ilutaninil  Texl-Book-,  cd. 
C,  229,  f.  45a-l58). 


2  Cny,  .s>>i.  Fl.  X.  .im.  ii.  37. 

'  Wiuigeuheiiu,   Schrirt  Gi.iell.  Nat.  Fr.  Herlin,  viii.  130,  t.  5 
(178S). 

Kalmia  r/lauca,  .\iton,  llorl.  Ken:  ii.  64,  t.  8  (178'.)).  —  Dot.  .lln;;. 
V.  177. —  \ituirau  Ihihamclt  i.  213,  t.  Aa.  —  Guimpel,  Otto  & 
Ilnyne,  .IW.iV./.  Hoh.  10.->,  t.  139.— Dc  C'nudolle,  Pmlr.  vii. 
729.  —  Hooker,  Fl.  Ihr.-.im.  ii.  41.  —  Gray,  /.  c.  ;W.  —  Wiitson  JS: 
Coulter,  (jrai/'a  Man.  ed.  0,  319. 


II' 


'■.f 


'n  si  I 


>  M' 


f 

p  " 

1 

'    f 

138 


SILVA   OF  KOIITII  AMERICA. 


EltlCACEjf;. 


»'( 


vania,  and  in  an  alpine  form  ranges  from  Sitka  to  the  high  niountains  of  California  and  Colorado. 
Two  species,  one  of  which  under  favorahle  conditions  occasionally  becomes  a  small  tree,  are  widoly 
distributed  through  the  eastern  part  of  North  America;  two  are  confined  to  the  coast  region  of  the 
southern  Atlantic  states,  ."nd  one  with  rigid  heath-like  leaves,  Knltnia  ericoidcs,^  has  been  seen  only  in 
Cuba. 

Kalmia  has  few  useful  properties.  The  leaves  of  A'^f/z/aVj  latifolia  and  of  Kalmia  anr/ustifoUit'- 
are  usually  believed  to  be  poisonous  to  animals,  and  cases  of  men  poisoned  by  eating  the  flesh  of  birds 
which  have  fed  upon  the  buds  and  leaves  are  reported.^  The  poisonous  properties  of  Kalmia,  however, 
are  probably  much  exaggerated  by  popidar  fancy,  and  need  scientific  demonstration.  Kalmia  is  slightly 
astringent,  sedative,  and  antisyphilitic,  and  is  occasionally  used  in  medicine,*  although  its  value  ia 
doubted  by  many  physicians.'  All  the  species  bear  handsome  and  interesting  flowers,  and  those  which 
inhabit  the  north  are  much  cultivated.  Whore  they  can  be  successfully  grown  no  other  shrubs  surpass 
these  in  value  or  beauty  as  garden  plants. 

The  generic  name  commemorates  the  scientific  labors  of  the  Swedish  traveler  and  botanist,  Peter 
Kalm,"  a  friend  and  pupil  of  Liuuieus,  who  traveled  in  eastern  North  America  in  the  middle  of  the 
last  century. 


■; '  « 


'  Griscbiuh,  Cat.  PI.  Cuh.  rA  (18C0). 

^  LinniDus,  S/iec.  391  (1753).  — /Jnl.  May.  x.  t.  331.  — Ouimpel, 
Otto  &  Unync,  AI'IM.  Hoi:.  101,  t.  138.  —  De  Caiidnllo,  I'mlr.  vii. 
720.  —  *iniy,  Syu.  FL  M.  Am.  ii.  37.  —  Watson  &  Coulter,  Grtiii^i 
Mm.  1(1.  «,  319. 

»  Kalin,  TrartU,  KDRlish  ed.  i.  337.  —  liiKt'low,  Me,l.  Bat.  i.  13.1, 
t.  13.  —  I'orcher,  Resmrca  of  Southern  Fiildn  and  Forests,  381-383. 


«  G.  G.  ThoniiM,  /nnu^.  Wm.  —  B.  .S.  Harton,  Coll.  od.  2,  1. 18, 
48  ;  ii.  20.  —  lUlincsqui-,  .»/<•</.  Fl.  ii.  18.  —  I'oslon  Mrd.  aud  Surg. 
Jmr.  X.  213.  —  Griffith,  Med.  But.  \'1»,  t.  192.  —  U  S.  Di<pem.  eil. 
10,  1  :ll. 

'  .Jubiisoii,  .Wan.  Med.  Hot.  ff.  Am.  IM. 

•  Sco  ii.  so. 


If; 


HI 


It 


ERICACEJE. 

ifornia  and  Colorado, 
mall  tree,  are  widely 
B  coast  region  of  the 
has  heen  seen  only  in 

'Calmin  angustifoUd' 
ting  the  flesh  of  birds 
I  of  Kalniia,  however, 
)i.  Kalmia  is  slightly 
although  its  value  is 
iwers,  and  those  which 
0  other  shrubs  surpass 

ler  and  botanist,  Peter 
in  the  middle  of  the 


.  S.  Barton,  Coll.  ei.  2, 1. 18, 
18.  —  I'uslon  Mfit.  ami  Stirg. 
H,  f.  liK.  —  U  S.  DL'pens.  eil. 

101 


ElilCACE^E. 


aiLVA    OF  NOltTU  AMERICA. 


KALMIA   LATIPOLIA. 


Laurel.    Mountain  Laurel. 


139 


Flowers  in  clustered  panicles  in  the  axils  of  upper  leaves.     Capsules  depressed, 
glandular-viscid. 


Kalmia  latifolia,  Linna'us,  Spa:  .'491  (n."i3).  —  B./.  Mmj. 
V.  175. — Wungt'iilieini,  ISesi'hri'ih.  yunlam.  Huh,  1115; 
ynnhim.  Jfolx.  (!  1,  t.  L'l.  f.  ."lO.  —  JIiir.tli:ill,  Arhiist.  Aw. 
7-.  —  Ciistifjlioni,  I'inj.  nnj'i  St'ili  I'liitI,  ii.  270. —  La- 
marck, Diet.  iii.  315  ;  ///.  ii.  487,  t.  363,  f,  1.  —  (iii'ilner, 
rnii-t.  i.  30,"),  t.  63,  f.  7.  —  WiilttT,  /■'/.  Car.  138.  —  Al>l)ot, 
Iiisirt.i  i\f  Gfofiji'i.  i.  t.  37.  —  Willdeiinw,  Ikrl.  IIhihii::. 
161;  Spec.  ii.  6110;  I'^niim.  -loO.  —  Sclikulir,  Ilatnlb.  i. 
3r)ll,  t.  116.  —  Schmidt,  (huti:  Jl'iiiiir,:  iii.  42,  t.  166. — 
A'oiivean  Dithamel,  i.  210,  t.  44.  —  Slicliau.'c,  J'/.  Hn,: 
Am.  i.  2i">8.  —  Forsoon,  .S';/«.  i.  477.  —  Tlmi'iilon,  .S'lj- 
Hi/nt.  Linn.  t. —  Desfoiitaiiies,  Ill.it.  Arh.  i.  2211. —  Dii 
Mont  do  Coiirset,  />"/.  Cult.  cd.  2,  iii.  .'>22.  —  Miclmiix 
f.  li:.it.  Arh.  Am.  iii.  147,  t.  .'i.  —  I'nrsli,  /•'/.  Am.  Sf/it.  i. 
2U6.—  Uigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  103.  —  Nuttall,  Gen.  i.  267.  — 


Hnynp,  Ihmdr.  Fl.  54.  —  Elliott,  Sh.  i.  481.  —  Guimpel, 
Olio  &  Hayne,  AhhiU.  Jloh.  162, 1. 137.  —  .Sprengcl,  Si/.it. 
ii.  293.  —  Audiilion,  liirilii,  t.  55.  —  Seriitm  /lotinuciim, 
iv.  t.  —  Mordant  de  Launay,  Ilirh.  A  mat.  iii.  t.  151. — 
Don.  Gni.  Si/st.  iii.  850.  —  Du  CandoUe,  Prodr.  vii.  729.  — 
.Siiach,  lllst.  IVy.  ix.  498.  1. 139.  —  Hooker.  Fl.  l}or..An. 
ii.  41.  — Uietrich,  Sjn.  ii.  1407.  — Torrey,  Fl.  X.  Y.  i. 
440.  —  Uarlington,  Fl.  Ceatr.  cd.  3,  172.  —  Chapman, 
Fl.  264.  —  Curtis.  /iVy-.  Geuluy.  Sun:  X.  dr.  1860, 
iii.  99.  —  Koeli.  Ikmlr.  ii.  152.  —  Knierson,  Trees  Muss. 
cd.  2.  ii.  4-1.3,  t.  —  Lauchu,  Veiilsr/ce  Dendr.  ed.  2.  250, 
f.  loo.  —  The  Garden,  xxii.  6,  t.  343.  —  Cray.  Si/n.  Fl.  X. 
Am.  ii.  .3.S.  — Sargent,  Fnrrst  Trcs  X.  Am.  lOth  Census 
C.  S.  ix.  98.  —  Watson  &  Coulter,  Gray's  Man.  ed.  6, 
319. 


A  tree,  rarely  tliirty  to  forty  feet  in  height,  witli  a  .short  crooked  contorted  trunk  sometimes 
eiglitcen  or  twenty  inches  in  diameter,  and  stout  forked  divergent  l)iantlies  wliicli  form  a  round-topped 
compact  head ;  or  more  often  a  dense  broad  siirub  six  to  ten  feet  liigli,  sending  up  from  the  ground 
numerous  crooked  branches.  The  bark  of  tiic  trunk,  wiiicli  is  hardly  more  than  a  si.xteenth  of  an  inch 
thick,  is  dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  ami  is  divided  by  longitudinal  furrows  into  narrow  ridges  which 
separate  into  long  narrow  scales.  Tlie  br.nicbes,  when  they  first  ,'ippcar,  are  light  green  tinged  with 
red,  and  are  covered  with  .soft  white  glandular-viscid  hairs  ;  they  soon  become  glabrous,  and  in  their 
first  winter  are  green  tinged  with  red  and  very  lu.strous,  turning  briglit  red-brown  during  tiieir  second 
year,  and  paler  during  the  following  season,  wlieu  the  bark  begins  to  separate  in  large  thin  papery  scales, 
exposing  tlie  cinnamon-red  inner  bark,  and  tlie  branches  are  marked  with  large  deeply  depressed  leaf- 
scars  showing  near  the  centre  a  crowded  cluster  of  lil)ri)-va.scular  bundle-.scars.  The  young  shoots  begin 
to  grow  in  early  spring  from  buds  formed  before  midsummer  in  the  previous  year  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves  just  below  tho.se  from  which  the  clusters  of  tlower-buds  are  produced,  and  in  which  they  are 
almost  completely  immersed ;  the  tip  of  the  Ijrancli  dies  when  these  axillary  buds,  two  of  which  usually 
I)roduce  branches,  are  formed,  and  appears  during  the  sinnmer  as  a  small  black  point  between  the  last 
pair  of  leaves.  The  inner  bud-scales  are  accrescent  at  maturity,  often  an  inch  long  and  half  an  inch 
wide,  and  are  ovate,  acute,  light  green,  and  covered  with  glandular  white  hairs,  and  in  falling  mark  the 
base  of  the  siioots  with  conspicuous  broad  scars.  The  leaves  aic  alternate  or  sometimes  in  pairs  or  in 
threes,  conduplicate  in  vernation,  each  leaf  in  the  bud  being  inclosed  by  the  one  immediately  below 
it,  oblong  or  elliptical-lanceolate,  acute,  or  rounded  and  tijiped  at  the  apex  with  callous  points,  and 
gradually  narrowed  at  the  base  ;  when  they  unfold  they  are  slightly  tinged  with  pink  and  are  covered 
with  glandular  white  hairs,  and  at  matiu'ity  they  are  thick  and  rigid,  dark  and  ratiier  dull  green  above, 
lighter  and  yellow-green  below,  three  to  foiu'  inches  long  and  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  wide,  with 
broad  yellow  midribs  rounded  on  both  sides,  and  obscure  immer.sed  veins  not  distinguishable  on  the 
lower  surface  ;  they  are  borne  on  stout  terete  or  slighty  ilattencd  petioles  two  thirds  of  an  inch  in 
length,  and  begin  to  fall  during  their  second  summer.     The  iuHoresceuce-buds  appear  in  the  autumn 


\<i< 


'i 


140 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


EKICACEiC. 


I   ! 


!f 


in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  in  the  form  of  slender  acuminate  cones  of  acute  puhescent  scales , 
they  begin  to  lengtlien  with  the  first  warm  days  of  spring,  and  usually  develop  two  or  several  lateral 
brandies,  the  whole  forming  a  compound  many-flowered  corymb  of  numerous  crowded  fasciclef, 
more  or  less  covered  witli  dark  scurfy  scales,  four  or  five  inches  in  diameter,  and  overtopped  at  tho 
fiowering  time  by  the  leafy  branches  of  the  year.  Tiio  branches  of  the  fascicles,  and  the  long  slender 
pcHlieels,  which  are  red  or  green,  covered  witli  glandular  hairs,  and  furnished  at  the  base  with  two  minute 
acute  bractlets,  are  develo})ed  from  the  axils  of  acute  persistent  bracts  sometimes  a  third  of  an  inch  long. 
The  flowers  open  in  May  or  June,  and  when  fully  expanded  are  nearly  an  inch  in  diameter.  The 
calyx  is  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  narrow  acute  thin  green  lobes.  The  corolla  is  white,  rose- 
colored,  or  i)ink,  viscid-pubescent,  and  marked  on  the  inner  surface  with  a  waving  dark  rose-colored  line 
and  with  delicate  purple  penciliug  above  the  sacs.  The  fruit,  which  ripens  in  September,  is  depiessed, 
crowned  with  the  persistent  style,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  the  persistent  calyx,  three  sixteenths  of 
an  inch  in  diameter,  and  covered  with  viscid  hairs.  The  seeds,  which  are  oblong,  are  scattered  by  the 
opening  of  the  valves  of  the  capsules,  ^vhich  remain  on  the  branches  until  the  following  year,  the  valves 
splitting  through  the  middle  and  generally  carrying  the  placentas  with  them. 

Kalmia  !a(l/vli(i  is  distributed  from  New  Brunswick  to  the  northorn  shores  of  Lake  Erie,'  and 
southward,  generally  in  the  neighboriuiod  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains,  to  western  Florida,  and 
through  the  Gulf  states  to  westerr.  Louisiana  and  the  valley  of  the  Red  River  in  Arkansas.  At  the 
north  it  often  grows  in  low  moist  j;TOund  near  the  margins  of  swamps,  or  on  dry  slopes  under  the  shade 
of  the  deciduous-leaved  forest ;  on  the  southern  mountains,  where  it  is  most  abimdant  and  often  forms 
great  dense  impenetrable  thickets,  and  where  it  ascends  to  elevations  of  three  to  four  thousand  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea,  it  selects  as  its  home  rich  rocky  hillsides.  It  is  usually  a  shrub,  and 
assumes  the  habit  and  attains  the  size  of  a  tree  only  in  a  few  secluded  ferti'e  valleys  between  the  Blue 
Ridge  and  the  Alleghany  Mountains  in  North  and  South  Carolina. 

The  wood  uf  Kaliiiia  lad/olid  is  heavy,  hard,  strong  although  rather  brivtie,  and  close-grained ; 
it  contains  remote  broad  dark  brown  conspicuous  medullary  rays,  and  between  these,  numerous  thin 
inconspicuous  rays.  It  is  brown  tinged  with  red.  with  slightly  lighter  colored  thick  sapwood.  The 
sjiccitic  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  0.71G0,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  44.02  pounds.  It  is  used 
for  the  handles  of  tools,  in  turnery,  and  for  fuel. 

The  earliest  account  of  luibiiia  1ti([foJi<t  appeared  in  1700  in  the  Alitut/jixti  liotnnici  Mmttissa 
of  Plukeni't.-    According  to  Aiton,^  it  was  introduced  into  English  gardens  in  M'M  by  Peter  Collinson.' 

When  it  is  covered  with  its  clusters  of  delicately  marked  white  or  pink  flowers,  the  Mountain 
Laurel '"'  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  plants  of  the  North  American  flora.  Few  shrubs  are  more  desirable 
or  satisfactory  inhabitants  of  the  garden,  which  it  ornaments  at  all  seasons  of  the  year.  It  is  easily 
raised  from  seed ;  the  fine  matted  roots,  which  form  a  compact  solid  ball,  make  the  operation  of  moving 
th'.'  young  plants  easy  and  siife  ;  it  flowers  profusely  when  only  a  few  inches  in  height ;  it  is  perfectly 
hardy  except  in  countries  of  the  most  extreme  winter  cold  or  of  tropical  heat,  and  it  is  not  particnJar 
about  soil  or  exposure,  although,  like  other  plauts  of  its  family,  it  does  not  flourish  in  soil  strongly 
impregnated  with  lime." 


»  Bninet,  Cat.  V!g.  I.>g.  Can.  39.  —  Macoiin,  Cnt.  Can.  VI.  i.  300. 

*  i_*(>/iw  Chfimarhiiiltnteuilros  MtirUttiu,  Lauri/olia,  jityrthus  rj/Wfi- 
»w,  sumnw  ntmuli)  in  nmbrllam  plnrimii,  lU  ;  Amalth.  Bol.  t.  37'.t,  f.  0. 

Ch'inuttlnphne  foliin  Tini^jiuribus  buUatis  umbellatis,  Cuii'shy^  A'a^ 
//u(.  Car.  ii.US.t.  98. 

Andromeda /otiii  ovatis  obUtjdtfCoriMis  corymbonis  infunddiuli/ormU 
6u.i,  genitalibits  declinofi.^,  Clayton,  F!.  Virtjin.  lOO. 

Ledum  jloribus  buUatii  confertitn  in  summis  caulibui  nascentibuSf 
foliii  ex  oUmfio  lanceolalui  integenimis  ylabria,  Trow,  PI.  Ehret,  t.  38, 
f.  1. 

3  I'.ort.  Ken:  ii.  ftl.  —  Loudi-u,  Arh.  lirit.  ii.  lljl,  f.  9.J9. 


*  See  i.  8. 

'  Kalmia  lalifdia  is  nlso  Bomotimea  called  Calicu  Biisb,  .Spoon 
Woo<l,  and  univenully  hy  the  inliabitanta  of  th«  Hoiitliorn  Allcgbauy 
Muuntaint),  Ivy. 

•  A  eui-ious  inonstroits  form  •)£  Kulmin  lalifittia,  in  whicli  tlie 
corolla<4  arc  uU  deeply  dividt'd  into  five  narrowly  linear  ur  sonic- 
tuiies  nearly  thrcad-Hhaped  petals,  the  poncliea  being  rudimentary 
and  represented  by  aliglit  depreaaionfl  on  tho  inner  aurfaec  of  tbe 
division.^  "ff  the  eondia,  was  di.sf<tverod  several  years  agtj  by  Miss 
M.  Itryant  near  Dei'riield,  Massaelinselts  ((imy,  Am.  Nat.  iv. 
373.  —  Sargent,  (lardci  and  Forest,  iii.  401!,  f.  CC). 


i       J' 


EKICACEiE. 

cute  pubescent  Bcales , 

two  or  several  lateral 
ous  crowded  fascicles, 
Hid  overtopped  at  tlio 

and  the  long  slender 
)  base  with  two  minute 

third  of  an  inch  long, 
ich  in  diameter.     The 

corolla  is  white,  rose- 
;  dark  rose-colored  line 
eptember,  is  depicssed, 
yrx,  three  sixteenths  of 
5,  are  scattered  by  the 
lowing  year,  the  valves 

)re8  of  Lake  Erie,'  and 
western  Florida,  and 
■  in  Arkansas.  At  the 
slopes  under  the  shade 
indnnt  and  often  forms 
to  four  thousand  feet 
usually  a  shrub,  and 
dleys  between  the  Blue 

itle,  and  close-grained ; 
1  these,  nu'.nerous  thin 
1  thick  sapwood.  The 
,G2  pounds.     It  is  used 

',s/("  Hotanici  Mnntissa 
'M  liy  I'eter  Collinson.' 

tiowers,  the  Mountain 
rubs  are  more  desirable 
'  the  year.  It  is  easily 
he  operation  of  moving 

height ;  it  is  perfectly 
,  and  it  is  not  partinnl-ir 
lourish  in  soil  strongly 


nc»  called  Calicu  niiuli,  SpiKin 
tnnU  of  tliu  southern  AlK'j,'lmiiy 

Kiilmia  luti/olia,  in  which  tlio 
I  five  narrowly  linear  or  some- 
he  iKjuchea  boiug  rnilinientary 
)ns  on  the  inner  surface  of  the 
■red  sc^veral  years  ap)  by  Miss 
lehusetts  ('Iniy,  Am.  Nat.  iv. 
ui.  461!,  f.  6C). 


m 


If 


i  . 


M 


M 


N. 


A . 


V\ 


EXPLANATION  OF  THK   PLATKS. 


> 

i 

1 

i 

i 

i 

t 

1 
( 

■ 

■ 

I'latk  CCXXXVI.     Kalmia  i.atifolia. 
I.  A  fluweriiiK'  liraiu'li,  natural  aize. 
-.   Diagram  of  a  llower. 

3.  Vertii-al  si'clion  i>f  a  tlower,  oiilargcil 

4.  Front  ami  rear  views  of  a  ptiuiii'ii.  eiitTgiHl. 

B.  Vertioal  nection  of  a  tlowor,  tlic  corolla  removed,  enlarged 

6.  Cross  section  of  an  ovary,  enlarged. 

7.  An  ovule,  mucli  magnified. 


Platk  CCXXXVII.     Kai.mia  latifolu. 

1.  A  fruiting  liraneh,  natural  size. 

2.  A  fruit,  enlargcil. 

3.  Vertical  section  of  a  fruit,  enlarged. 

4.  Cross  section  of  a  fruit,  enlarged, 
n.  A  seed,  enlarged. 

fi.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

7.  An  embryo,  much  magniticd. 

8.  A  cluster  of  intlorescence-huds  in  autumn,  enlarged- 

9.  An  inflorescence-bud  in  early  spring,  natural  si/e. 

10.  The  end  of  a  sterile  shoot  in  winter,  one  of  the  leavM 
removed,  showing  the  axillary  leaf-buds. 


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Tab  '• 'xxxv: 


■/•/w.-;   ,1,-1 


KALMIA     L.ATIKOi.lA,  !, 

A  Hi.:  irt,.r  .liti-.r'  /"•/'  '<    V.iiu'i.r  P.iru 


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KM, MIA    I.ATIFOLIA 


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ERICACEiE. 


SILVA  OF  NORTU  AMERICA. 


143 


RHODODENDRON. 


H 


Flowers  perfect ;  calyx  5-partecl  or  toothed,  tlio  divisions  imbricated  in  aestiva- 
tion, often  much  reduced  or  obsolete  ;  corolla  gamopetalous,  usually  5-lobed,  the  lobes 
imbricated  in  lestivation ;  stamens  usually  8  to  10 ;  ovary  superior,  5  to  2()-celled ; 
ovulen  numerous  in  each  cell.  Fruit  a  woody  5  to  20-celU'd  septicidal  many-seeded 
capsvde.  Leaves  alternate,  entire,  coriaceous  or  membranaceous,  persistent  or  decidu- 
ous, destitute  of  stipules. 

Rhododendron.  Maximowicz.,  Mem.  Acad.  Sri.  St.  Pitcrx-  Rhododendron,  D.  Don,  Edinburgh  New  Phil.  Jour.  vi.  49 

buur(j.  s(5r.  7,  xvi.  \'i  {Rhododendreiv  Ashv  Orieninlis)  (l.S'J'J). 

(1870). Benthnni  &   Hooker.  Gen.  ii.  5'j'.). —  liaillon,  Vireya.  Blunic,  iB/yWr.  F/.  AW.  hid.  854  (not  Rafinesque) 

llUt.  PI.  xi.  171.  ( 1S21)).  —  Don,  Gen.  Sijst.  iii.  848. 

Azalea,  Linnieu.s,  Gen.  53  (17.'57).  —  A.  L.  de  Jussieu,  Gen.  Anthodendron,  Reiclienbach.  Moessler  llandh.  Gewiichsk. 

1,")8.  —  Kndliolier,  Grn.  758.  —  Miisner.  Gfn.  240.  e<l.  2,  i.  30S  {IHL'7).  —  Meisnur,  Gen.  240. 

Rhododendron.  Linmcus,  SijHt.  Xfit.  eil.  10,  1023  (1759)  •,  Rhododendron,  Don,  Gen.  .'li/.it.  iii.  843  (1834). 

Gen.  eil.  0.  218.  —  A.  L.  ile  Jussieu,  Gen.  158.  —  End-  Osmothamn'os,   De  CandoUe,  ProUr.  vii.  715  (1839).  — 

lichor.  Gen.  7."i9.  —  Meisner,  Gen.  240.  Kndlicher,  Gen.  Suppl.  i.  1412. 

Rhodora.  Linnam*,  Gen.  ed.  C,  218  (1704).  — A.  L.  de  Jus- 

nm\.  Gen.  l.VJ. —  Meisner.  Gen.  240. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  sometimes  epiphytal,  glabrous,  pubescent,  tomentose,  or  lepidote,'  with  scaly 
bark,  hard  elo,se-i,'raiiie(l  wood,  terete  branddets,  scaly  leal-l>u(ls,  and  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  alternate, 
usually  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  entire,  coi  i,irt'«:  is  or  membranaceous,  persistent  or 
deciduous.  Flowers  in  terminal  few  or  many-flowered  umbellate  corymbs  or  fascicles  from  separate 
strobilaceous  inflorescence-buds  with  usually  numerous  caducous  bracts,  or  rarely  axillary  or  solitary 
from  leafy  or  separate  buds,  or  terminal  and  solitary  on  leafy  shoots  of  the  year.  Calyx  five-parted  or 
toothed,  disk-shaped,  eupular  or  obsolete,  coriaceous  or  foliaccous.  persistent.  Corolla  usually  funnel- 
shaped  or  caiupanidate,  rarely  tubular,  salver-formed  or  subrotato,  the  limb  more  or  less  oblique,  five  or 
rarely  six  to  ten-lobcd  or  parted,  occasionally  two-lipped,  deciduous.  Stamens  hypogynous,  usually 
eight  to  ten.  rarely  five,  or  twelve  to  eighteen,  more  or  less  ime(pial,  often  decliuate,  ultimately  spread- 
ing; filaments  u.sually  subulate-filiform  or  rarely  short  and  tliick.  usually  pilose  or  bearded  at  the  base; 
anthers  attached  on  the  back,  stout  or  elongated,  rarely  incurved  and  connivont,  entire,  two-celled,  eacli 
cell  opening  l>y  a  terminal  pore.  Disk  usually  thick  and  fleshy,  crenately  lo1)ed.  Ovary  superior,  five 
to  twenty-celled  ;  style  slender,  short  or  elc.igated,  declinate  or  incurved,  crowned  with  a  capitate  five 
to  twenty-lobed  stigma  ;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cell,  attached  in  many  series  to  an  axile  two-lipped 
placenta  projected  from  the  inner  angle  of  the  cell,  anatropous  ;  rajihe  ventral  ;  micropyle  superior. 
Capsule  short  or  elongated,  splitting  septicidally  from  the  apex  into  live  to  twenty  valves  free  from  the 
placentiferous  axis,  many-seeded.  Seeds  scobiform ;  tesU  loose,  reticulate,  produced  beyond  the  nucleus 
at  both  ends  into  short  often  laciniate  appendages.  Knduyo  minute,  cvlindrical,  axile  in  fleshy 
albumen  ;  cotyledons  oblong,  shorter  than  the  radicle  turned  towards  the  hilum.-' 

1  Tl.i.  .luinut.T  uf  tlu'  cov.Tii.K  uf  the  luave.s  nf  Uh.i.l>»U.n.lr.ni  Iron.  m'^u-^Uv  suI.kIuIm.s,.  U-atliss  luul.s  of  tVw  c.a.luauis  l.nutH  on 

hxs  iHTii  fouiul  Hsft.il  in  KronpiiiK  tl.e  speci.-s  and  for  distinguish-  slioots  of  the  invvinns  year;  ooiclhi  lanipanulato  or  salvfr-form,  th,' 

iiiK  th,.m.     (S..e  Vcs,|n,.,  .l-oi.  Sri.  Xal.  sdr.  7,  i.  'JllS.)  tube  iTi'tt  or  slightly  curved,  villous  in  the  throat  ;  sta.uon.s  ,-.  t..  7, 

■'  liv  Maxiuiowiez  (Mnn.  .iaid.  Sci.  SI.  I'Uenhuur.i.  si<r.  7,  xvi.  iuuluilvd;  ovary  4  to  5-ei'lle.l.    Dwarf  graveolont  alpine  shruhs  with 

M)  (HhoiU«lr»dr.,r  .Uia  Orimtalii)  Khododendron  is  divide<l  into  i.ersistent  leaves  tomentose  on  the  lower  surfaee.     Central  Kurope, 

the  following  seetions  :  -  "■""'"l  -^^i".  ■"^•'"'■■i"-  '"»'  """'"••■»  <-'l"'"' 

OsMoTiiAM.NCS.      Klowers   i any-llowered   teruiinal   elust.rs  Kt  kiiodoiik.nukon.    Flowers  in  n.any-thiwcred  terminal  elusters 


<  V  i,< 


J.^h 


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1 

p 

W^ff 

i 

, 

( 

144 


SUVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


EUICACE.T.. 


"I 


Nearly  two  hundred  species  of  Rliododeiidnm  are  already  known  ; '  they  nhound  in  western  Tliibct  ■' 
and  (in  tiic  Himalayas'  and  their  western  j)rol()nf][ation  in  sonthwestern  China;'  through  the  Alalay 
I'l'ninsuia  and  ArL'h!i)ela<j;o,''  where  several  species  inhabit  the  high  mountain  forests,  they  range  to 
New  Liainea,"  and  through  central  and  northern  China  and  Corea'  to  .lapan,"  where  a  dozen  species  are 
found;  of  those,  R/totluiliiidron  Cnnitsf/utfinaii''  reaches  Alaska '"  hy  (he  Kurile  Islands."  Fifteen 
or  sixteen  species,  representing  seven  of  the  nine  sections  into  which  the  genus  h:i.s  i>een  divided, 
inlialiit  North  America,''  where  they  are  ehielly  contined  to  northern  rcnions  and  hin'h  mountain  ranges, 
a  larger  luunlier  occurring  in  the  eastern  than  in  the  western  part  of  the  eontini'ut.  Unlv  h'/ni<l(jili  it- 
(Iran  /,"ji/i(/iiiri(iii^^  crosses  the  continint,  ranging  from  the  shores  of  Norton  Sound  to  Labrador  and 
the  aliiine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains  in  New  Kngland,  and  liy  way  of  (iricnland  reaching  Euro]ie 
and  northern  Asia.  In  the  exti  ine  western  part  of  Kurope  two  other  s]ie('iis  "  are  found,  while  a  third'' 
inhabits  the  high  mountain  ranges  of  the  central  regions  of  the  eontinent.  Five  speeies  are  found  in 
the  Orient;'  tlu'  genus  reappears  in  Afghanistan  with  two  endemie  species,''  juid  raj)idly  iiu'reascs 
in  the  numlier  of  s[)ecies  from  west  to  ea.st  on  the  Himalayas,  lihododendrons  were  common  in  the 
Arctic  regions  of  both  hemispheres  during  the  tertuiry  ]icri()d,  and  traces  of  several  species  are  found 


MmH 


fnun  sriuimti'  fono-Iikf  Imils  cf  nmriy  t-julumus  Itnirt'*  on  sluHits  i»f 
tln'  |lrevil^u^  yoar  ;  I'oiiilla  ."»  ti»  l(l-li>i)i'(l,  jjlalinm.-*  ur  jtilnsc  tn  tlif 
tlii-ttat  ;  htiiau'iis  lU  tn  L'O.  Tr4'rs  m-  >Iiriilw  with  pirsi.sti'iit  Iravi  ^, 
ICaslt-rii  and  I'acilu-  North  Anifrii-a,  Kim>|K',  A»ia  Minor,  Uiina- 
la\a^,  Chiiia,  and  Japan, 

AzAl.l  A.  Fliiwrrs  ill  inatiy-tinut'ml  trrrnina!  clii.stt'r.-*  fnun  ."^rpa- 
rati-  i'oiif-Iiki'  tt-rniinal  lauU  nf  many  eaducous  lirirt-*  nn  s!i..nt.s  nC 
tln'  iiri'viiMi-H  year  ;  'nrnlla  liinnt'I-fonn  or  fampanulatf-rotatf.  tin* 
Itinh  -l-loltnl  or  parti'd,  nircly  liiIoin-d  ;  -.tauii'Us  o  tn  10,  t'X.si-rh  d. 
Shrnlis  with  nicinhnnian'oii,-.  or  rarely  coriari'ons  drtidiUMis  Iravi's. 
Ka>t*'rn  and  wotirn  Noi-lh  Aim  rii-a,  A->ia  Min<ir,  China,  and 
Japan. 

'IVl'SIA.  Klowrr**  ti-rniinal  ii'Min  Icaty  hiids  of  few  caducous 
8C)di'-s  iiii  «hoi.t.>  ot'  tlif  pn-vjou-'  year  ;  c()roIla  rainpanulatc  ;  ^ta- 
int-ns  ,">  to  10  ;  ovary  o-t-clhMl.  (tianihdar  .shruhrt  with  diciiliiout  or 
IKT?*i.stt'nt  K'avcs.     China  and  Japan. 

Kfysia.  Kh»wt'r>.  fascicled  fnun  axillary  hmU  ;  corolla  tiilmlar- 
cylindric,  the  lidn-s  incurved  ;  stamens  lU  ;  iivar\  .Veelh-d.  A  >liridi 
with  persistent  leaves.     Himalayas. 

Uii(>iH)KASTKt'M.  Flo\vci>  Militar\  frotii  axillary  liiids  ;  eorolla 
canipanulate  ;  stainen<>  10.  Shrulis  with  deciduniiii  h'pidote  sli^ditly 
coriaceous  leaves.     Northerti  A>ia,  llinmlayiiM,  tind  ea.iteni  TliilMt. 

.\7.Al.KA!*TRrM.  Flowers  axilliiry  from  the  saiiU'  Imd  an  the  leafy 
shoot  or  from  separate  I  to  IHIowercd  Imds  ;  eundla  nitate  or  huI>- 
CJiujpamdate  ;  stamen.s  "i  to  Ml  ^hnihs  with  coriaceous  or  lueni- 
Iprinaceous  (h-eiduou-s  leaves.  N'oitliwestern  AnuTiea,  t  astern 
Thihet,  China,  and  Japan. 

TiiKKoHHtn»i()N.  riowers  in  1  or '-'-tlowcreil  (lusters  from  hutU 
terminal  on  the  leafy  shi  ots  of  the  year,  their  hn.ct^  pcrMirttetit  on 
the  lia>c  nf  the  hranch  during?  the  season  ;  corolla  rotate,  .VIoImmI, 
divided  on  the  anterttu*  side  to  the  hase  ;  stann-ns  10.  Kuw  HhruhH 
with  dccidiKMi.s  leaves.  Northwestein  Aiuiiiia  and  iiorlln-astern 
Asia. 

To  these  sc'ctioiia  Knmchet  (HuU.  S<«-.  /!<,[.  rntnn;  xxxiii.  '-"JU) 
iidds  a  ninth  :  •— 

CintNiASTIifM.  Klowci-s  in  1  or  li-tlowered  fascicles  from  axil- 
lary huds;  eonilta  iufundihidar;  stamens  lit  to  1 1,  ex.scrted.  l,«i'avi>M 
|H'rsistent.     .Southwestern  China  and  eastern  'riiihct. 

*  Although  liotaiiical  travelers  have  a--  yet  hardly  penetrated 
that  great  central  Asiatic  ngion  where  the  llimahtyan  system  ih 
prolnugi-d  to  the  west  ami  ncuthwest  in  high  mountain  ranges, 
they  have  ruceiitly  umde  known  a  large  iimnhi'i  uf  pruviounly  unde< 


serihed  Khododcmh'ous,  transferring  the  head<pmrterH  of  the  genu--, 
as  repreiented  liy  the  greatest  nundicr  of  species,  from  .Sikk'in  to 
ViMi-riJin  :  anil  a  further  exatiiiiuuiou  of  the  forests  which  co\cr 
the  mountains  id'  wesleri'  and  southwestern  China,  eastern  TlnlH-t, 
and  no.-thcrn  Hurniah  may  he  expeitetl  to  \icld  large  additions  to 
the  nnndter  of  .spci-ies. 

■J   Kraitihet.  /•/.  />./n./.  ii.  KM. 

"  Honker  f.  l:hn,l<hlnulri>i^*  of  the  SiKktm-lUmnhmi ;  Ft.  lint. 
Ii.'J   lii.  ■UV.i. 

*  rrauchct,  Hull.  S'h:  }',.>(.  I'mucr,  xwW'x.  li'.M. 

^  Mi.pu-I,  /■■/,  In.l.  lint.  ii.  lo:,7. 

*■'  Iteccari,  .1/*//.,*.*/,  i.  11»0.  —  Warhurg,  IC'uil.  r  liV  J.thrh.  xvi. 
'J  I, 

'  .Maxiniowicz,  M-'m.  ArwL  S<i.  St.  I'.'tirst>niny,  scr.  7,  xvi.  13 
{lifiixl^liiulrtft:  A.1UP  OrifuttilU). —  KorlK-s  vV  lletushy,  yurjr.  Linn. 
S<M\  xxvi.  10. 

*■  I'raiM  het  \-  SavatiiT,  F.uum.  I'i.  Jnp.  \.  'JS7. 

•'  rail;..,  hi.  /;.M,v.  i.  Irt.  t.  1;:M»7H|).  -  Dc  Candulle,  /V«/r.  vii. 
Tli\.  -  H.M.ker,  /•'/.  nnr...\m.  ii.  \\\.  -  l-edehour.  I'l.  lio.s.  ii.  '.rJl'.  - 
Hegel  &  Tillint:.  Tfut.  t-'l.  Ajnn.  IIO.  —  K.  Schmidt.  .M.>n.  .ir„.l. 
Sri.  St.  PittTshour'j,  scr.  7,  xii.  l.*7  (/■'/.  Siufuii).  —  Maxinu'vu/, 
/.  c.  17. 

Iihn{nthiimun,t  Kiimt.'ohiUtru.*,  Lindley,  Paxtou  lint.  l'L<i'ir>t.  i. 

IIM,  t,  *J'J  (IHTiO). 

**>  (;nt>.  Sfiu.  Fl.  -V.  Am.  ii.  10. 

>'  Mi,Md.c.  .Mr»,.  H'tst.  S'H'.  Xiit.  Hist.  iv.  li-17  {Fi  A'unV*'  hUimi^). 

>^  (;ia>,/.  r.\V^. 

i»  WahleidM-rg.  Fl  htj./'  lol  (IHl'J),  _  /f..r,  .\f„<f.  Iviii.  t.  MUh;,  — 
Honker, /.  c—  l)e  CandoUe.  /.  r.  7J I. —Cniv. /.  c.  lli.  —  Watson 
id,  Coulter.  fir(iy\  Mnu.  ed.  ti,  :VJl, 

Azdhii  htjifumica,  liiiuutMi.s,  Spic.  ITd   (17."j|t).  —  Fl.  /Atn.  vi. 

t.  !KUi.  —  I'allas,  /.  r.  ii.  .VJ,  t-  70.  f.  1. 

'*  Nynian,  dmitpirt.  Fl.  luintf,.  I'Jl.  —  Hooker  f,  Hi>t.  M<t<}.  cxm. 
t.  7M0. 

'''  /iht'KHlrwifim  ffrrutfitit'um,  Lirnia'us,  I.  r.  'M^2  (K.'ill). — Jac- 
(piiri,  Fl.  .\u.itr.  iii.  lU,  t.  2'*'*.  —  Hayne,  /lr;u.  x.  'J."»,  t.  25.  — 
(iuimiH-l,  Willden.iw  &  llayne.  AhhiM.  nrudchv  //"/:.  i.  (W.  t. 
52.  —  NeeH  v<.n  Kneulieck,  Fl.  Mai  t.  217.  —  l>e  CandoUc,  /.  c.  — 
Nyman,  /.  r-,  ll>2. 

'"  Unissier,  FL  Orient,  iii.  071.— Tmutvetter, /1(7.  llort.  I\lro/'. 
ix.  5l:i.  —  fiartrnjlora,  IHHO,  'Ml,  t.  12'JfJ. 

*'  AitehiHuu  &  llunisley,  Juur.  Linn.  Sw.  xviii.  75. 


ERICACE^T.. 

m\  in  western  Thibet " 
; '  fhrony;li  the  Malay 
brests,  they  range  to 
!re  a  dozen  sjieeies  are 
ilo  Islands."  Fifteen 
us  has  been  divided, 
iii;h  mountain  raiij;is, 
nt.  Only  liliuduili  n- 
mnd  to  Labrador  and 
dand  reaeliin^-  Europe 
toiind,  wliih'  a  tliird  '^ 
species  are  found  in 
and  rapidly  increases 
s  were  eonmion  in  tiu' 
-eral  species  are  found 

111'  hi'iiili|narli'r»  uf  tlu'  p'liu^. 
r  iif  r.|ill-il"..  I'l-nlil  Sikkiiii  I" 

II  of   till'    fiirrsts    wllil'll   lovrl- 

rsti'i'ii  I'liiim,  cMiMini  TIiiIk'!, 

III  to  \ii'lil  liiinf  ailiUtiiiii-  t" 

•  S,ibm-llim(tlaiiii .    Fl.  lint. 

liiiij,-,  /i"rii;/-r  lie-    J,thrl..  xvi. 

■it.  I'i'ler.'hvirii,  *i'iv  7.  xvi.  lU 
iirU's  &  1  Ifiiiulf V.  ./uiT    /.'""■ 

i.  ..  -JST. 
il),  —  111'  {'illiiliillo,  /'nx/r.  vii. 
■  I,rilil...iir,  /■'/.  /.'"<<.  ii.  '.••-■-.  - 
(I.  —  F.  Siliniiill,  .l/m-  A'liil. 
(Ft.  Sachiii).  —  Miisiiiu'viii, 

lUi'V,  Piiil'iu  lint.  I'l.  (I'.ir./.  i. 
i>l.  iv.247  (I'l.  Kuril,-  I.H(iml<). 

:),_/i„r  .v,,.,.  lvili.l.;^(l^!,— 
:l.  —  (iniy,  I.  i:  1'.!.  —  Wutsmi 

fc.  l.")l  (IT.'jIl).  —  11.  I'm.  VI 
1. 
ll.  —  lliMjkir  f,  nut.  .l/.i;;.  I'X'.i, 

lunm,  I.,:  VM  (17:.:l)  —  .l:i.- 
I.imi',  /lr:M.   x.  '.'■",   t.  'J.'i. — 

hlnbl.  Drulirhf  //■'':.  >■  OO-  I- 
t.  'jn.  —  1>«  CiiluliilU',  I.  !■■ — 

Trautvi'ttiT,  .1(7.  llort.  I'llrvj:. 
I'J'Jtl. 
M.  .Sue.  xviii.  'o. 


1       I  ' 

i! 


KlilCACK.K. 


aiLVA    OF  NOllTJI  AMEUICA. 


n:, 


in  the  niiucene  rocks  of  centra!  Kurojie,'  where  the  |;eiius  is  now  poorly  represented  by  two  species 
wliiuli  have  iieeli  able'  to  retain  here  oidy  an  alpine  fnotliold. 

IJhododendron  |)ossesses  bitter,  astiinu'eiit,  and  naieotic  properties.  A  decnetiou  of  the  leaves  of 
ItltijihuUitilriiii  rliriisiiiilliiim  ■  is  employed  in  Sil)eria  in  the  treatment  of  rheumatism  and  other  all'ec- 
tions  of  tile  joints  and  muscles,''  and  is  now  used  in  some  European  countries  for  the  same  pur[)Ose.^ 
The  buds  of  Ji/hiiIdiIi  itilniii  j't  rrm/iin  iiiii  art!  used  in  northern  Italy  in  the  preparation  of  an  anti-rheu- 
matic liniii\ent  ;■'  and  in  the  Uniteil  States  a  ileeoction  of  the  leaves  of  Jihuilodi mh-.in  iiiii."iiiiii}n  is 
occasit)nally  useil  domestically  for  the  samt-  purpose.  Tlie  lloweis  of  /i'ltni/oili  ittli'oii  Jhiviim''  are 
believeil  to  be  poisonous  ami  to  have  caused  the  madness  of  Xeroplioii's  Ten  Thousand  ; '  aiu'  in  India 
honey  maile  in  the  sjuinjf  wiiere  liiiododendrons  abound  is  belitned  to  be  daiiu'enms."  The  ilowers  of 
the  Himalayan  h'/iiiilttntl,  i/fn/i  tirhnrm/n,'  wliieh  are  said  to  be  sli;;htly  intoxicatin;;,  are  eaten  fresh 
t)r  made  intt)  a  conserve,"  but  its  llower-biuls  and  yoiuiL;'  leaves  are  tlioiight  to  be  poisonous  to  cattle, 
in  Sikkiiu  <;oats  and  sheep  tlie  from  the  ell'ects  td'  brtiwsiiiL;' on  the  foliaj;e  of  liliuduth itilron  vtiina- 
li(iriiiit)ii"  anil  the  smoke  prtiduceil  by  its  l)urnin>r  wooil  inlianies  the  face  and  eyes.  The  leaves  of 
/i/iDihiili  iiilruii  Al'i/liiiiiit  iiiii  '■  are  injurious  to  browsing  animals  and.  are  coiisiilereil  poisonous  to  the 
touch  liy  the  natives."  The  tirietl  leaves  t)f  Ii'Ikii/hiI,  nilrnii  fnitijiiiiiiiliihiut  ''  are  used  in  India  as 
snuiV,'"  and  tile  leaves  t(f /i'//o(/or/i /((/;'o/(  li/tii/iitiiiii':uu\  of  /iliiiiltidi  inh'an  A/ilhtjjjdi/iiii '•  as  stinui- 
lants.''*     In  China  the  Itsives  of  dilVerent  species  of  Uliodoiiendnin  ait!  employed  to  adiilterati'  tt'a.''^ 

Khododendron    prodliees    hard    clo-.t-giaiiied    cDiiipaet     w 1;    in     India    tliat    uf    lilini/iith  iii'i''in 

iirhiiii  mil  is  iisetl  in  Imiltlinj;',  in  turnery,  and  ibr  fuel  and  eli^'reoal  ;  '  and  in  dapan  Ilhododendron 
wotitl  is  manufaeturetl  into  many  small  artieles. 

Many  speeies  t>f  Hhodiideiidrons  are  ciiltivattMl  in  j^aideiis,  and  diniiii;-  tile  last  fifty  ye.'Us  oifat 
attention  has  been  paiil  to  improvini;'  them  by  selection  and   ei(i»-l)reediMi;.-'     The  natural  species  mtist 


'  /.iiiil,  !!:i'i,lh.  I'liUniiit.iuii.  ii.  7-JS,  f.  :17S. 

•i  I'^illus.  .','ii.«,,  iii.  IKKI ;  Apiix.  7-J',i,  1.  N.  t.  1,  L'  ( 17Ti'.);  II.  /.'mm. 
i.  II,  t.  .'Ml.  —  l.iiiiiii-ii»  r.  Sij»t.  I'll,  la,  Mippl.  •.':17.  —  IIh.mu',  .\r:n. 
X.  'J7,  t.  L'7.  —  (iuimiul,  Oltii  &  llii.mi',  .I'.'.iV','.  //../.-.  1 IH,  t.  VSX  — 
Xci's  vim  KMiilHvk,  I'l.  Mat.  t.  -Jlti.  —  Df  t'iimlolli',  I'niitr.  vii. 
TSA.  —  Lfili'lNmr,  /■'/.  /^«.t«.  ii. '.l*Jt>.  —  Turf/aiiiimw,  Ft.  Httktilru^'t- 
I hltiurit-tt,  ii.  |it.  ii.  'JO.*!. —  Maxilniiwic/.,  /Vim,  Ft.  Amur.  1H1» ; 
.l/.m.  A.iut.  Sri.  St.  I:  Irrflnmri/,  »i'r.  7,  xvi.  "JO  (lihwtt^'l'wlrnt 
.\,i,i  f>ri.'ii/ii/ij).  —  .\Ii.Mil»',  .U,;ii.  /,..,./.  S,.-.  Silt.  Ili't.  iv.  i;l7  (Fl. 
Kuritr  httnt't.^). 

Htf-t'^itt nitriin  niirtfim,  (irnr^i,  lliiir,  'J14  ( 177.'"»). 
]ih<»t,Htt'nttrnn   itjfii'intile,   Suli..iliiin,    Piirtut.  I.tiiut.  i.  i -..  ii.  1. 

80  (ISlHi). 

•  tliiiiliii,  Ft.  Sibir.  Iv.  l'.';i,  I.  .'il.  —  I'lillas,  /.'.iw,  iii.  .-,:)1. 

*  WiMHlvilli',  iled.  Hot.  ill.  lo;),  t.  111".—  Ku^'iitliiil,  .s'./n.  /■/. 
Ihilplfir.  .")'J1. 

'  I.i'  Miimit  &  Di'i'^iisiii',  '/'riiiVt  (Itn.  l!::t.  Mii(,'li»li  iil.  .".W. 

«   Dull,  li,n.  Sij.it.  iii.  R17  (isal).  —  l.oiiiliMi,  .Irli.  Itril.  ii.  II  Id. 

.l;il/«l  /'..n'l.-ii,  i.iliiwii^,  .S';,.,'.  l.-,(l  (17,MI).  —  I'lillii.s,  /■■/.  /,'...<.«. 
Ii.  ."il,  t.  li'.l.  —  /)'"/.  .l/.l;;.  xiii.    laa  ;   I.  t.  I'lLSa.  —  S;ivl,    /■■/..r.l    tin- 

/miKi,  III.  t.  107. — <iiiiiii|n'l.  titiii  i';:  Iliiyiu',  /.  f.  Hi.",,  t.  KUt.  — 
Du  t'liniUilli', /.  .'.  7  IS. 

JUiutii'liiulrim  I'liuticiim,  Si-hri'luT,  .Vol'.  .Ii'/.  I'ii.-.iil.  i.  !I0  (not 
l.iitiiHMis)  (17711). 

Anthi,*t>  nitron  ftnniw,  Iti-ii-hi'iitiitL'li,  .Mm.^.^tir  lliiu<ll<.  tit'ir.nli.^l,:. 

I'll.'.',  I.  ;iu'.i  (is:;7). 

'  Tlif  Fr]irititiiin  uf  C'.i/nu  iii»u  Versiil  tlml  llu-  Hitreul  nf  tli,  Tin 
Thmuitntl  (Iriih,  S|ii'liuuli,  I'll.  M.  I.  Ilimk  iv.  ll.'iH.  —  Pitllas,  I.  c. 
i.  la  ;  ii.  ."il.  —  ('.  Wulli'v  Diul,  Hiinl.  Clinm.  ii.  sir.  xi.  7!ia. 

"   IliHikiT  I'.  Itimitlili/iin  .liinruiii.^,  i.  llKI. 

»  Siiiitli,  Fiui.  Vut.  i.  y,  t.  (i  (1801).  —  llui.k,'!-,  F.i<,i.  Fl.  iii.  t. 


lOS.  -- /;.,(.  I;,, J.  xi.  l..S'.K.l;  XV.  t.  I'Jlii;  xxiii.  t.  l',W2.—  l*.' Ciiii- 
ili.ll.',  /. . .  7'Je.  /''../.  .MiKj.  lxx.\viii.  1.  ."jail.  -  Iviii/,  Furct  Fi.  Ilrit. 
i:ur:n.  ii.  '.111.  —  ll.i.ikil- f.  /•■/.  liril.  hfl.  iii.  Itj.'), 

'     r.l.ili.liN  /■•,..•,..(  Ft.  IWit.  /;,./. 'JSl. 

"  ll.inkil'  f.  Itlio.liptinilrims  i,j' tin  Sdkim-IIiinalai/il.l.S;  Fl.  Brit. 
Iiiit.  iii.  171.  -  /;..(.  .1/(1./.  lx.xx.  t.  47.S,S. 

^'  .XilrliiMin  iV  IK'iiisli'V,  Jimr.  Linn.  Snr.  xviii.  7.'». 

'■'  .\il>'lii.Miii,  J.iur.  Linn.  Sm:  xviii.  1'.',  'Jti  (ISSl). 

"  1).  1 ,   F.lmh.    Wim.  .Nm,'.   .M,m.  Iii.    1011  (l.S'JO).  —  .'Swi'ot, 

linl.  Ft.  (liir.l.  vi.  t.  -.'11.  —  l>i'  I'liiiili.lli',  /.  c.  7'Jl.  — /)'«(.  .l/.iy. 
Ixvi.  t.  a7.V.t.  — lli.i.k.i-  f.  /•■/.  nrit.  In.t.  iii.  I(5(i. 

Itttnit'iitt nitron  iFrn;iiii'i:iiiir,   Hooker   1'.   Iilioilodi.mlrons  of  tlic 

SiHim-Uimutiiyii,  t.  'l-Z  (ISlU). 

"  Hianilis,  /. ,'.  li.S-J, 

"  IK.M.  /.  <•.  iii.  SI.-,  (is:i|)  -  Hoyli',  //;.  'JtUI,  t.  (it,  f.  1.  —  111' 
Ciinilolli', /.  .'.  7'.;1.  — /W.  .1/";/.  Ixxviii.  t.  ■lt>57  ;  Ixxx.  t.  ISii-J. — 
llouk.i-  r.  /'.■.  Ill-it.  Inil.  iii.  171. 

lihintii'li  nitron  miiijnnin,  llookiT  f.  FJnnlihtt-nitri>nii  if  tin-  Sik-xm.- 

Ilimidiniiu  t.  •-':(  .\  (^ISlHi. 

nii.iitoili-niln.i,  rhviigu.ii.trs,  Iliiok.T  f.  /.  <•.  t.  'Jli  H  (I.SIO). 

i:  11.  i> ;.  1'.  (isi^ti).  —  u.nii',  /. .'.  t.  ivi,  r.  L'.  —  1).'  I'iiiiiioU.', 

/.  I',  "•-'.-i.  -  /.'"/.  iluij.  Kviii.  t.  ;!'.H7.  —  Uookt'i'  f.  Ft.  lint.  Ind.  iii. 
17'.'. 

'-   llniiiili~.  /.  .'. 

1*  S[totis.  Fn'-ijitoiiitiiia  of  tin  Initttstriat  .lr^-■,  MiiHufiiitftrcs,  oittl 
liiltc  ('iiinniirriill  Frmtlti  tii^  ii.  'jalO. 

*•  Itfiimlis,  /.  c.  —  (iiinilili',  .Miin.  hut.  rimhcrs,  230. 

'-'  dill'  of  till'  fiirlii-it  lnlii'iil  Ulioiloili'iiih'oii'i  wlioM'  lli^lol'y  is 
ri'i'oitlril  Wiis  pi-DiliiL'i'il  ill  till'  iim-M'iy  of  a  Mf.  'riioniif.oii  of  Mili' 
I'jiil,  lu'iir  I.oliil'ili,  abnut  IS'.'lt,  liy  till'  lU'i'iili'lital  I'l'os.iiii^  of  /i/<  - 
ittnli'nitri<ii  I'luilii-iiin  svitli  somo  sin'^-it's  with  lU'i'iituous  li-avi's  aiul 


\V( 


146 


SILVA  OF  NORTH  AMMilCA. 


EKlCACEyE. 


M 


)l 


{jener'Uy  cultivated  are  tlie  Azalejis  and  Rhododendrons  of  eastern  North  America  and  the  Orient,  and 
some  of  the  Rhododendrons  of  the  Himalayas,  which  display  their  nia<rnitieent  evergreen  foliage  and 
siilendid  tlowers  in  the  temperate  and  humid  regions  of  western  and  southern  Europe.'  Rhododendrons 
of  j;'ar(k'n  origin  and  mixed  blood  are  now.  however,  more  often  cultivated.  These  are  chielly  of  four 
vaci's,  Indian  Azaleas,  Ghent  Aailcas,  Catawhiense  Rhododendrons,  and  Javanese  Rhododendrons. 
The  Indian  Aadeas  of  the  garden  are  improved  forms  of  Jihodudendron  /iiflicKin,'  a  native  of  China 
and  .lnuaii,  which  owes  its  name  to  the  fact  that  it  was  first  sent  to  Europe  from  India ;  in  its  native 
countries  it  is  a  variable  plant  with  persistent  or  deciduous  leaves  and  small  and  usually  brick-red 
flowers ;  for  centiwies  it  has  been  cultivated  by  the  Chinese  and  .lapanese,  who  value  it  as  a  chief 
ornament  of  their  gardens,''  although  improvement  in  the  si/.e,  form,  and  coloring  of  its  flowers  is  duo 
to  the  skill  of  European  gardeners,  who,  especially  in  Belgium,  have  devoted  much  attention  to  this 
plant.  The  race  of  Glient  Azaleas  has  been  produced  by  crossing  the  yellow-Howered  Oricntid  lilaidu- 
dindriiii jhiri'iii  with  the  North  American  lihoilnduidron  cidinduhti-ium*  Ithodudtiulron  ciscomm^ 
and  liliodddi  ndrim  nvdijhiruiu^'  and  then  by  crossing  their  hybrid  progeny  with  each  other  and 
with  the  eastern  Asiatic  Rhiidndcndron  JSiiKimi.,'  and  later  with  the  Californian  lihododotdrun 
occldentuh  '  and  with  lihododendron  arboresccnn '  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains.  The  product  of 
these  crosses  and  of  years  of  careful  selection,  carried  on  principally  in  Belgium  and  England,  is  a  race 


fnij^miit  Hiiwcrs.  Tliis  plant,  knunii  as  Ilhtntoileii'irnn  .izalftiiifn 
ur  us  lihittloiltwlrtin  iMiomtiim  (Aiulrpws,  Rtt.  lUp.  vi.  I.  ;i"0.  — 
CiiiiiilU'l,  Otto  i:  lliijiu',  MbiU.  Huh.  1,">,  t.  15.  —  Swi'ct,  Jlnl.  Ft. 
Garil.  V.  117,  t.  117.  —  I.uiiil.m,  Arb.  lint.  ii.  1131.  —  Siilil  & 
HpynhoM, llfii.iforare(T, 87.  —  Rand,  The  HfitntiHlttulrnn,  58.  —  Giinl. 
Cftron.  n.  8i*r.  xii.  'JOO.  —  W.  Watson,  (rant.  Chrnti.  .sor.  3,  xii.  7*»1), 
i.s  ^-till  valnt'd  in  j^anlt-ns  a.-*  a  liimly  frf»'-How,Tinj;  dwarf  sliruh. 
iJtlifP  l;_vl)riils  },rtvvi'fn  spci-ifs  of  ililTcn'nt  .siu-titin-*  of  the  ^'fim.s 
havu  iM'i-a^itinally  ai»|tfan'd.  (Si-o  /Jof.  lieg.  iii.  t.  llt."i ;  xxviii.  t. 
i;5. —  IIcriMTt,  Tniny.  Hnrt.  Sue.  Lontt.  iv.  Vi\  Jour.  Hurt.  S'>c. 
J.uU'l.  ii.  S(i  ;  AnmrijU'utwiKt,  WAt.  —  liul.  Maij.  xlii.  t.  'JIKIS. — 
i'axt'in,  .^ttiij.  Hot.  ix.  79,  t.  — Aii(UTs,ui-Hi*nry,  .four.  Unijal  Ilnrt. 
Sue.  n.  her.  iii.  lUO.  —  Anilr<*,  Trtiil-  dt.<  /Vdn/e*  tie  Terre  lU  Iiruif<  rt's, 
Ifrl  ;  Her.  Hurl.  1803,  3011.  —  HiirbiilBi-,  Cultimleil  riiinit,  llil, 
297.  —  Foiki',  Dif  I'jIameri-MiiMinge,  243.  —  Mnstirs,  linrd. 
Chron.  MT.  3,  xiii.  GtJ5.) 

'  I.Uwi'ljn,  Gani.  Chnm.  n.  sit.  xvii.  .ViS,  7U0.  —  \V.  Watson, 
/.  c.  G9.S. 

»  Swn't,  /.  e.  V.  HiS,  t.  I'JS  (1833).  —  Do  Can.lollc,  /Vo./r.  vii. 
7-t».  —  Maxiniowii'z,  M''m.  Arml.  Sri.  .Si.  /'I'lindiu'irff,  *it'r.  7,  xvi. 
37  (lil,i>'l("tendretr  Asuc  Oritulnlis).  —  FnuK-het  &  .SavatitT,  Enum. 
PI.  Jttp  i.  291. —  Korljt's  &  Ilfnislcy,  Jour.  Linu.  Sm-.  xx\i.  25 
(with  synonymy). 

.I;m/i(1  Iwlira,  I.innicus.  Sper.  l.")0  (1753).  —  Hot.  Mnq.  xixvi. 

t.  1181)  ;  Ii.  t.  2509;  liii.  t.  •Mai.  —  llnl.  He;/,  x.  t.  811  ;  xx.  t. 

niHi.t.  171ti;  xiviii.  t.  .50.  —  f/.  .;«  AVrrM,  iii.  t.  239,  242  ;  viii. 

t.  7iKJ.  —  Savi,  Flurn  Italitma,  ii.  t.  07. 

■•  Kacinpfer,  /l;n<tn.  845,  t.  —  licin.  /wlii.<trie.i  u/  Jii/mi,  203, 
270. 

♦  Torroy,  /V.  T.  .V.  i.  4l'5  (ISlM).  —  Chapman,  I'l.  20.-..  —  (irny, 
Syii.  yi.  S.  Am.  ii.  41.  —  Wiitson  ifc  t'oullor,  fr'niy'.v  Man.  oil.  0, 
320. 

(')  Azalfd  hiten,  l.iiiniens.  .S/^r.  l.'iO  (in  par')  075.3). 

.l.-u/xi  rali-iiilitlac'a,  Miiliniix,  Fl.  Ilor.-Am.  i.  151  (1803).— 

l:i.t.  May.  xli.  t.  1721  ;  xlvii.  t.  2143.  —  I'nrsh.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i. 

151.  —  Klliott,  Sk.  i.  238.  —  l).-  CandoUc,  /.  c.  717.  —  Cray,  Man. 

2fi8. 

»  Torrr-y,  (.  f.  (1821)  ;  /.';.  .V.  }■.  i.  139,  t.  00.  — (iray,  .Syn.  Fl. 
.V.  Am.  ii.  10.  —Watson  &  Cuultcr,  /.  c. 


A:aka  viirufa,  LiniiH^us,  /.  c.  151  (17.^1).  —  Miehaiix,  (.  c. 
1,V).  —  Klliott, ;.  f.  241.  — Savi,  /.  e.  il.  t  40.  —  Uiiiinpil,  Otto  & 
Ilayno,  (.  ,-.  38,  t.  32.  —  De  Candollp,  /.  c.  71.5. —  (iray,  .1/uii. 
/.  ('.  —  Knii-rson,  Treei  Masn.  vA.  2,  ii.  438,  t. 

•  'I'orrcy,  Fl.  I'.  S.  i.  424  (1824).  —  Chnpinan,  I.  c.  —  Gray,  S^ri. 
Fl.  \.  Am.  ii.  41.—  Watson  &  Coiiltcr,  I.  c. 

(')  .4:u/ni  ;ii/«i,  I.inna'us,  (.  c  I.IO  (in  part)  (17,53). 

Azalta  utiftiffura,  I.iiiiiirns,  Sf>ec.  vil.  2,  211  ( 1702).  — />of. 
Mai/.  V.  I.  180. —  /,W,  Up,/,  ii.  t.  120;  xvi.  t.  1307.  —  .^lordaiit 
df  {..anility,  Ilerh.  A  mat.  iv.  t.  213.  —  Kllioit,  /.  c.  —  (iiiiiii}H'l,  CUto 
&  llayno,?.f.  KV.,  t.  110.  —  Dc  Candollc, /.  c  710.  -  (iray,  .l/<iii. 
/.  <•.  —  Kim-rson,  /.  <•.  440,  t. 

A:atta  ctineHren.M,  Miclianx,  /.  r.  1.50  (1803).  —  Piirsli,  t.  c*. 

Azalea  p'rich/mertoulat,  Miclmux,  (.  c.  1,51  (1803^.  —  I'lirsh,  I.e. 

Azalea  bicMr,  I'lirsh,  /.  <■.  1.5;i  (1814). 

UhnliHlmilrm  hi,;,l,ir,  Don,  fiVii.  Syst.  iii.  847  (183-1). 

hh*fliHlrUiirou  canesreit.*,  Don,  /.  c.  iii.  848  (1834). 
'  .Swoct,  /.  c  iii.  2\K),  t.  2iK)  (1829).  —  Maiiiiiowiiz, /.  r.  28.— 
Franehft  &  Siivuticr,  (.  c.  289.  —  Korlies  &  Ilt'insli'y,  /.  c.  30. 

Azalea  Sifieiifif,  I.oihlij;i'»,  />'o(.  Cah.  ix.  t.  885  (1824). 

.4;'i/,n  rnalli,,  Ulnnie,  llij<lr.  Fl.  Xeil.  Iwl.  85;)  (1820).— De 
Ciindollc,  I.  c.  718. 

Azalea  I'aitlicUf  var.  Sineiisi^f  I.iiidloy,  />Vrf.  lieg.  xv.  t.  1253 
(1829). 

Ithi'liileuilroa  mo/Zf ,  Siebohl  &  Znociiriiii, /IMan.i. /liUi'/.  Munch. 
iv.  pt.  iii.  131  (1810). 

.lc*i/ffi  Jaj>i>ttiea,  (iniy,  Mem.  Am.  Acail.  n.  sor.  vi.  400  (1859). 

•  (iray,  Hrewer  /y-  \i'al.<on  {lot.  Cal.  i.  458  (187li)  ;  Syn.  Fl.  N. 
Am.  I.  e. 

Hhotlotlenilrtm  cnleivlulaetam.  Hooker  &  Arnott,  Hut.  Vuy, 
lieeehey,  ;«i2  (not  Torn'y)  (1841). 

Azalea  ralendutacea,  Rvuthain,  I'l.  Harticeg.  321  (not  Michaui) 
(18.57). 

Azalea  ueculenlali.1,  Torrry,  Pacijie  It.  It.  Itep.  iv.  110  (1857). 

•  Torrey,  /•'/.  V.  S.  i.  425  (1824).  — Chapman,  /.  r,  — (liny,  Syn. 
Fl.  S.  Am,  ii.  41. — Sargi'iit,  Garden  and  y-'ort'.*/,  i.  4(X),  f.  01. — 
Watson  &  Coulter,  /.  r. 

.l;.,/.vi  arl,urr>eeus,  I'lml.,  /.  c.  152  (1811).- Cray,  Man.  208. 
Azalea  J'raijrant,  Iiullucsi|iit',  .Inn.  Sat.  12  (1820). 


i 


iti 


EBlCACEyE. 

.  and  the  Orient,  and 
vergreeii  foliage  and 
pe.'     Rhododendrons 
f  are  ehieHy  of  four 
nose    RhodocUnidrons. 
/(,'  a  native  of  China 
11  India ;  in  its  native 
and  usually  hrick-red 
10  value  it  as  a  chief 
T  of  its  flowers  is  due 
luch  attention  to  this 
•ercd  Orientfd  IUhhIo- 
hdnnlron  cit^cusian," 
with  each  other  and 
rnian    lihododendron 
lins.     Tlie  product  of 
[ind  England,  is  a  race 

151  (1753).  —  Michaiii,  ;.  c 
•.  ii.  t  40.  —  Ciiiiiiipil,  Otto  & 
luUe,  ;.  c.  715.  — (irav,  .Wan. 
ii.  438,  t. 

-  Clminnan,  I.  c.  —  Gray,  Syn. 

IT,  I  C 

«( (ill  jmrt)  (1753). 
c.   I'd.  1!,  -M   (n02).-/3o/. 
I'JO  ;  jvi.  t.  1307.  -  Mnnliuit 

-  Kllioit,  ;.  c.  —  (iuiiiiiMl.fmi) 
imlulle,/.f.  718.--   (iniv,  -lA'in. 

130(1803).  — I'ursli,  /.  f. 

I.e.  151  (1803;.  —  I'ursh, /.c. 
1814). 

A>(.  iii.  847  ( 1831). 
c.iii.  818(1831). 
,'JO).  —  MiixiiiiDwivz.,  /.  r.  28. — 
rlies  &  lli'iiisli'v,  /.  f.  30. 
:',i^.  ix.  t.  885(18'J4). 
I.  AV,/.  lu,l.  853  (1820).- Do 

Lindley,  /i.rf.  Keg.  xv.  t.  1263 

luccorini,  AhhanJ.  Abid.  MUnck. 

m.  /l«i(/.  11.  wT.vi.  100(1859). 
•al.  i.  458  (1870) ;  .Syn.  Fl.  N. 

Hooker   &   Aniott,   llnl.    Voy. 

I. 

Pi  Uartwtg.  321  (not  Michaui) 

•ifieR.  It.  ««•;).  iv.  no  (18.->7). 
I.  — Cliapnmn,  /.  r.  —  Cmy,  Si/n. 
rden  and  FurrsI,  i.  400,  f.  01.  — 

1B2  (1811).  — (imy,  Afan-  208. 
nil.  A'aM2  (1820). 


EUICACEiE. 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


147 


of  liardy  shruhs  with  fragrant  flowers  in  colois  passing  from  white  through  yellow  and  orange  to  pink 
and  red.'  The  Catawhiense  Rhododendrons  have  heen  produced  hy  crossing  JihodudciidroH  Catuirbl- 
tiiscj'  a  native  of  the  high  summits  jf  the  soutiiern  Alleghany  Mountains,  which  it  sometimes  covers  with 
vast  tlnckeU,  with  R/iodi>d<ndron  J'ontiatm,^  the  offspring  being  again  crossed  with  i?/(0(?o(/t/(r/)Vj/( 
arbort'itm  and  other  Indian  species  with  hriglit-colored  flowers,  or  with  the  North  American  Rhodii- 
dendron  viK.rlminii.  Tiio  race  of  Javanese  Rhododendrons,  conspicuous  for  their  brilliantly  colored 
flowers  and  their  habit  of  flowering  continuously,  has  been  obtained  by  English  gardeners  hy  intei- 
i)reeding  R/iododotdron  Jnmnintin,^  Bhododtudron  jusmui!jloni)ii,^  and  other  Malayan  sjjecies  with 
persistent  foliage  and  yellow,  orange,  and  scarlet  flowers." 

The  different  species  of  Rhododendron  in  North  America  are  sometimes  injured  by  insects  which 
bore  into  their  trunks,  and  are  occasionally  disfigured  by  fungi.' 

The  generic  name,  from  p6hov  and  iev^poi;  was  adopted  by  Linmeus  for  the  species  with  persistent 
foliage. 


'  Linilloy,  Bol.  Reg.  xvi.  under  t.  1300.  —  W.  Watson,  Card. 
Cftrim.  stT.  3,  xii.  712. 

■'  MicliHiii,  AY.  llur.-.lm.  I.  258.  —  l!nl.  .Mm),  xl.  1. 1071.  —  F.lliott, 
.SI.  i.  IS.'..  ~  I)c  randiillij,  Prrdr.  vil.  723  -  riiupiiian,  Fl.  200.  — 
(iriiy,  .S'VM.  Fl.  A'.  .Im.  ii.  42. 

»  LimuiMia,  S/m:  cd.  2,  ."i<'_  ll'"-) I'allxs  Fl.  linns,  i.  43,  t. 

20.  —  lliil.  Mag.  xviii.  t.  O."i0.  —  .Sflimidt,  Oealr.  llaumz.  iii.  1,  t. 
122.  —  Kiiiierau  Duhiimrl,  ii.  1 10,  t.  41.  —  Savi,  F/nra  Ilalinna,  iii. 
t.  101.  -CiiiiiiiHl,  Otto  &  Ilayiio,  .IMiild.  II,:!:.  130,  t.  111.  —  Du 

Caihlollf,  /.  .-.  721.  —  I,<iud< Irh.  Ilril.  ii.  1131,  f.  '.131.  ~  lloissicr, 

Fl.  Orieul.  iii.  971. 

lihrnlndrndrim  sj^eitmum,  Salisbury,  I'mdr.  287  (17'.H>). 

'  Hi'mictt,  /'/.  .Iiir.  llar.Xi.t.  19  (183S).  — /;..(.  .Mag.  Iixiii.  t. 
43;iO.  —  I'axton,  .Mug.  Hot.  xv.  217;  Fl.  da  Serrct,  iii.  t.  293,  291.  — 
.Miipi'l,  /•■'.  Iiul.  lint.  ii.  U).")7. 

'  lliHjlii'r,  Hot.  .Mag.  Ixx>i.  t.  4521  (IS.'A)).  —  Miqiiil,  /.  <•. 


"  Ct.  Ilenslow,  Jnur.  Roii.  Hort.  Sik.  xiii.  pt.  ii.  210.  —  V,'.  Wiit- 
.son,  /.  c.  (')'.W. 

"  Frohmdinm  ,l;a/'7p,  I'l-i-k,  t'i)riiis  irivpiiliir  globose  *;ri.'i'iii.^li 
hwt'lliui^s  at  tlu"  tips  of  tiic  lu-ancliK'ts  of  liliododindron  vUennum  and 
i>l'  llhi^iiiMUndron  nudijloruiu  wliicli  art'  souiotiiiics  t'aten, and  in  those 
parts  nl'  tlio  t'ouutry  wlieri'  tlir  triii'  May  Apple,  Podojiht/tlum  peltii' 
t'tiii,  I.itinieus,  dues  tint  ni'oiir,  an-  fallfl  may  apples.  On  lihodothn- 
dron  rUrosum^  FroUl^idiiiiil  <l tsroid^-iiin,  Kllis,  Jtroduci'S  I'liriuus  (lisk.s 
or  Clips  iisiijilly  oil  llii'  uiiilfr  surface  of  the  Iciues;  and  .Sgurhytriutn 
I'df-i'i'ii'/',  Thoiiias,  wliich  i-ailses  a  serious  disease  anioiijr  Craiilierries 
and  otlier  small  Mriiaieje  in  the  middle  states,  nUo  appears  on  this 
species.  The  leaves  uf  the  cvelf^ri'en  Uhododelidroiis  are  often  dis- 
cnhireil  cir  killed  in  l.ir;,'e  spots  hy  tin-  ^ruwth  oi  a  nunilierof  differ- 
*'iir  fiiiij^i.  like  i'esiahi/.zia  and  lleiidersonia,  and  in  eastern  Mas.sa- 
ehiisetts  are  not  iiifreipiently  aiYected  by  a  leaf    '  seasu  cansi'd  by 

tile  j;ru\vlll  of  yViy/ius/iCfa  Sucivrdot,  Tluiellien. 


V<i( 


1  i 


ii 


^  it^ 


li  i 


148 


iijLi'A  or  yuitrii  ameiuva. 


KltlLACK/»;. 


Si 
i 


-i  I 


Sill 


t    ! 


M 


RHODODENDRON   MAXIMUM. 
Great  Laurel.     Rose  Bay. 

Fi.dwrns  in  tormiiiiil  umhils  fVoiu  coiK'-likc  iiiflorcscciicc-biKlri  of  iiiimcnMis  iiiil)ri> 
i;it((l  ciKliu'oiis  hriict^  ;  corolla  campiiniilatf,  nw-colorcd  or  •vliiti'.  Liincs  laiiccolalc- 
oliloiiy;  or  laiux'olatc-obovatt'. 


Rhoiiociendron  maximum.  I.iiiiia'm,  ."T/dv.  ;ii12  (l"."i3). — 
.AI;ii-liall.  .!/•/.„>/.  Am.  IL'T.  —  IJiiprtiifi-.  /■V"(•^  I.  ;!ll4,  t. 
(i;i.  f.  ll.  ~  Warii,'.'iiliiini.  .V./r./iiw;.  H<'h.  (i.i.t.  -'.'?.  f.  4'.l.  — 
M.KMirh.  Muh.  I,"..  —  WiUiliMiow.  /.'.)•/.  liiiiimx.  '-'.SH  ;  N/..-. 
ii,  I'ldti;  HiiHiii.  I."il.  —  I'liin-t.  l.'iiK.  />;■■(.  VI.  J(')."i;  ///.  ii. 
•J8.S.I.;!04.  f.  1.  — S.liiiii.lt,  (>..</r.  /.'./"/»:.  iii.  ,i,  t.  IL'I.— 
.\:.„r..,.,  D.ihiin.l.  ii.  141.— MioliHUx.  Fl.  Jl'ir.-Ani.  i. 
2,V.l.  —Sclikiilir.  //.I//.M.  i.  .'!ti'.'.  —  IVi-<o.iii.  Si/n.  i.  ITS.  — 
nc»fc)iil!iiniM,  /list.  IrA.  i.2'2U  — /!:'t.  .!/./;/•  xxi\.  t. '.".'il. — 
l)il  Jloiit  ill'  C'..m  -el,  /!:•!.  <  'nil.  f,l.  •.',  iii.  ,".'Jll.  —  Mi.haux 
f.  ///.</.  Ai-h.  Am.  iii.  144.  t.  I.  —  I'liisli.  /7.  .Iw.  .SV/.^  i. 
2'.I7.  —  Hip-low.  Fl.  Ii;sl;ii.  \\yj,.  —  .Nult:ill.  '/.  '/.  i.  •Jli.S.  — 
Kllii.tl.   S!;.  i.    IS."..—  lliuii,'.  /»./,./'/•.  /■'/.  .■.7.— Nits  voii 


KsiMiIii'cki^- Siiinint;,  Siiminl.  Srhmili.  tii',riirli.  l.'lH.l.riO, — . 
(;uini|.il.  ()I1...V;  lliiyni'.  .M>l,i/,l.  Il„h.  l.'iT,  I,  1 1'.'.  —  Ail- 
(lulioii,   /(ia/.i,  I.    lo;!,  —  Dull,   tliii.   Si/Hi,  ill,  Mi;i,  —  |)i. 

Cniul.iUe.  /'»W/-.  vii.7'."J.— ILiiikiT,  Fl.  //"-•.,(/».  II,  CI 

Spn.li.  ///.«,■.  I',;/,  ix,  .Ma.  -Toiivy.  AV,  .V.  ».  i,  4.'17,— 
Diilriili,  ,S'y».  ii.  14114,  — Hill lliiijl. Ill,  /■'/,  );.tr.  i-il,  ,'l, 
171. — Cliiiinimii,  Fl.  'Jt;,"i — Ciiiiis,  I,',/,,  liiuliiij.  Siii'r. 
.V.  ( 'tii:  1S(J(I,  ill.  117.  —  Kciili.  Ih  II, If.  ii,  1()',».  —  Kiiii'iniin, 
7V....  .l/.',«.  cl.  '.',  ii.  I,l,"i,  I,  —  l.iiuc'lic,  IIiiiImi'Ii,-  /hnilr. 
cil.  '.',  L'."i7.  —  (H-ay.  ,S'///i.  AV,  .V,  .1///,  11.  I'.'.  —  Siiriji'iil, 
/'w.«^  7';vr.«  .V,  Am.  U>llt  Ciii.miih  / '.  ,S',  l«.  '.(',1,  —  Wal.nii 
&  CiMiltir.  <lriii/'H  .M'lii.  I'll,  11,  ,'l'.'l, 
Rbododendrou  procorum.  .Salinl  my,  I'r.nli: '.im  (WlHl). 


A  Im^liy  tree,  rarely  thirty  to  Inrty  t'ctt  in  iicioiit.  witli  a  slmrt  croukcil  nllcii  |irii»tiMl('  Iniiik 
ociM>ioii:illy  tfii  or  twolvc  iiiclu-^  in  dianu'ti'r.  ami  stout  coiitortcil  liranrlic-.  wliicli  I'oriii  ,i  roinul  licail  ; 
or  more  ol'tcn  a  liroaii  .sliriili  with  many  divcrufnt  twistcil  slenrs  ten  or  fwi'JM'  I'crl  tall.  'I'lic  haili  ol' 
the  trnnk  is  one  sixtci'iith  of  an  inch  tiiick.  liL;;ht  ri'il-hrown.  ami  liroki>n  on  tlii'  sin  lai  r  into  sm.ill 
thin  .nnirisM'il  scales.  Tiie  Iiranehlets.  wlien  liiev  lirst  appear.  ,ire  j,'reeii  liii;;ei|  \silh  rcij.  aiiij  ,irc 
eovi'ivil  with  (l.irk  red  or  slij^htly  l'errii|4;ineons  i;landnlai'-his|iid  tnmentiim  ;  in  their  (il'Kt  wiiil'T  liiey 
are  dark  jjreeii  and  j^lahroiw ;  at  the  t'nd  of  the  seeoml  year  tliey  j^radiiaHy  turn  liri;;lit  recMiro«ri, 
and  nltimately  are  i;ray  tiiieed  with  red,  the  thin  Ip.irk  se|iaratiiijj;  on  liranehes  four  or  live  M'ars  old 
into  irre;.;nlar  persistent  scales.  'I'lie  leaf-hihU.  which  are  formed  at  laiilsiimnier,  are  eonicd,  dark 
ijrein.  ixillarv,  or  terminal  on  liarreii  shoots,  ami  are  covered  with  many  (losidy  inilii  iealed  scalcM. 
The  -.cales  of  the  (inter  rank>  are  Marions  and  remain  on  the  hise  of  ti.e  jriimij,^  shoot  nnlil  il  in 
nearly  half-j^rown,  ami  in  falling;'  maik  it  with  nnmerons  crowded  rin'j;-lil..'  .-.cars.  'I'jie  hcale^  ni  I  he 
inner  ranks  are  accrescent,  and  are  carried  np  on  the  fjrowinjf  siioot,  which  they  cover  nnlil  it  Ih  several 
inches  lonj;' ;  they  increase  in  leimlh  from  the  outer  or  lower  to  the  inner  or  npper  r.ildiH,  iind  at 
niatinity  are  an  inch  and  a  half  loni^,  a  (jnarter  of  an  inch  wide,  ami  are  iriadnally  narrowed  al  the 
lia>e  and  at  the  ;»iiex  which  tcriinnates  in  a  loiii;  slender  jminl  ;  they  ,iie  lii;ht  ^rrcen  and  ),daliions, 
and  are  closely  lielil  aifain--t  the  shoot  hy  a  resinons  exndation  i'rom  the  i^landiilar  hairs  which 
(iivi  r  it,  and  in  fa!lin<r  mark  the  liranehes  with  iiumeron.s  eonspicnnns  narrow  remole  neiir.s  which  do 
not  entirely  disappear  for  three  or  fonr  years.  Thu  leaves  are  ovate-lanceolate  or  ohovale-lMiieciolate, 
acute  ()!■  short-pointed  at  the  apex,  narrowly  \vedi^e-slia|)ed,  or  rounded  at  the  lia-.e,  and  icvolnle  in 
vernation;  at  first  they  are  coated  witli  prland-tippcd  hairs  whidi  are  p,ile,  iii  leiin^ilieoiis  on  the 
midrilis  and  ]ietioles.  ami  form  a  thitdt  tomentose  covering;  at  maturity  they  ,ire  ^jlalirons,  lliick,  and 
coriaceous,  dark  e;ieen  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  usually  pale  or  whitish  on  the  lower,  four 
to  twelve  inches  loni;  and  an  imdi  and  a  half  to  two  inches  ami  ,i  hall'  wiile,  with  thickened  slightly 
nvolute  margins,  hriiad  pale  midrihs  impressed  on  the  upper  side,  and  oliscure  reliciil.tle  vcinlets; 
they  are  borne  on  stout  petioles   ridi^ed  above,  rounded  below,  and  an  inch  or  an   inch  and  a   half 


BIHCACKA.. 


KUICACE/K. 


srLlW    OF  XOUTII  AMKUICA. 


140 


of  niimcrouH  iiiibri- 
l.iiivc-  Innccoliiti'- 


/,/,    llnh.    I:t7,  I.   II'J.  —  All- 

,  tii'ii.  Si/hi.  ill.  nn.  —  I'll 
,„,u.T.  /•■/  //"/■.-.("'.  ii.  i:i.— 

l„rny.   AV.    .V.    ».  i.  i:!".— 
iiii  linnlipii,   /■'/.   '  ■"<'C.   I'll.   •''. 

-  Ciii'tis,   III  I'.  Ilinln'j.  Siirr. 
I,  Ihii.lr,  II.  IIV,»,  —  KiMi'i" 

—  Liiui'li.'.  /'."'<'■/-■  /'.»'//■. 

I  .V.   .1"'.  ii.  1'.'.  —  SiirKciil. 
,;i»ii»  r.  S.  it.  i.tll,  —  \Viil«(iii 

;,  ii'.'l. 

iiIIkI  Miy,  /'/■."//■,  '.'hT  (ITlMi). 

(1  (il'ti'ii  |iiiiKtrali'  tniiiU 
icli  form  ;i  louinl  Iii'MiI  ; 
,.  IVrl  lilll.     'I'lif  liiuk  ol 

II  (III-  hiiiriiiT  iiilii  Miiiilt 
ii^vil  willi  nil.  mill  Mi'f 
II  ilicii'  lii^i  Willi"!-  llwy 
,■  till II  lirinlil  rnl-liiiiuii. 
■s  I'mir  iir  iivr  VrillH  nlil 
iiiiiifi-,  nil'  nuiii'iil.  ilarU 
cliPhcly  iiiiluii'iilt'il  M'iilfi*. 
iiiiiwiiiH'  hliiiiil  iiiilil  il  i'*  ' 
fcaiM.  'I'lii'  M'ali's  III  till' 
y  ciivi'i   iiiilil  il  In  wvi'ial 

III'    ii|>|irr   raiiliM,  ami   at 
(lailiiaily  iiari'iiwi'il  at   tiic 
ij;lit    t;rii'ii    and  ^;la!iriiiH. 
ii.    ulaiiilillai'    liaiiH    wliirli 
iiw  ii'iiioli'  Mcars  wliirli  ilii 
hill'  III'  olMivali'-laiii'i'iil.ili'. 
till'   liMM'.   aiul    I'l'Miliiti'   ill 
c.  111-  ii'i'iii;;iiii''MiN  nil   till' 
>y  ai'r  (^lalil'iMlH.  liiirK,  ami 
A'iiitisli  nil   till'  liiwri'.  Iiiiii' 
il...  with   liiicld'iinl  f-liulitly 
ilmumi'  riitii'iilali'  vi'iiili't« ; 
ell  1)1'  all   iiK'li  anil   a   lialf 


in  ien^tii,  anil  remain  on  the  liraiu'lirs  two  or  tlufo  years.  The  inllort'scence-hiids  are  formetl  in 
Slimmer,  anil  at  tirst  are  suiroiinili'il  ly  several  loose  narrow  leaf-like  scales;  when  fully  f^rown  in 
."^eiitemher  they  are  fone-like.  an  inch  ami  a  half  Ion;;,  half  an  ineh  hroail,  and  eovered  with  many 
imiirieated  oviitu  b-acts  runnded  and  I'lintiaeted  at  the  apex  into  liin<j  slender  jioints ;  they  licf^in 
to  open  late  in  June,  after  the  shoots  of  the  year,  whieli  develo|i  iniiuediately  lielow  the  intloreseenee- 
Inids  from  Inids  in  the  a.xils  of  upper  leaves,  have  re.uhed  their  full  leii<;th.  The  tlowers  are  produied 
in  sixtee.i  to  tweiity-foiir-Hiiwered  miiliellate  cliistei's  four  or  live  ini'iies  in  diameter  and  are  home  on 
siemler  pink  |ie(lii'els  ;  these  are  covered  with  j-laudular  white  hairs,  fiiniislied  at  the  liase  with  two 
linear  searious  lirai'tlets,  and  are  developed  from  the  axils  of  tiii;  lirarts  of  the  inner  ranks  of  the 
intloreseenee-liuds.  As  the  llower-ljiids  open,  the  liiacts  <;'i'adiially  fall ;  they  are  accrescent,  scariuus, 
very  resinuus,  and  puherulous,  especially  on  the  outei  surface  near  the  base  ;  when  fully  <jrown,  those 
of  the  outer  ranks  are  an  inch  loiijr  and  one  third  of  an  inch  liroad,  and  in  falling-  mark  the  base  of  the 
stem  of  the  intlorescence  with  many  ciiiis[)icuous  rinj^-like  sears  ;  those  of  the  inner  ranks  are  an  inch 
and  a  half  liiiijf,  a  ipiar;er  of  an  inch  wide,  lanceolate,  and  coiitracti'd  into  hiwj;  slender  points.  The 
calyx  is  lijrht  fjreen  and  puberiilous,  with  rouii  led  rather  lemnte  lolics.  and  in  the  bud  does  not  entirely 
inclose  the  corolla,  which  is  campaniilate,  f;-ilil)(ius  on  the  postcriia-  siilc.  piilienilous  in  the  throat,  linlit 
rose-color,'  piu'iilisli,-  or  white,'  an  inch  in  Irimtli,  cleft  to  the  middle  into  oval  rounded  lobes  with 
conspicuous  central  veins;  the  upper  lobe  is  marked  on  the  iiiiier  face  by  a  cluster  of  yellow-green  spots; 
and  on  the  outer  surface  at  the  bottom  of  each  sinus  there  is  a  coiis|iiciious  dark  red  gland  ;  before 
anthesis  the  corolla  is  prominently  live-angled  or  ridged,  white  below  and  marked  above  with  five  pink 
bands  concspondiiig  with  the  lobes.  The  stamens  vary  from  eight  to  twelve  in  number;  they  are 
piiitcrandroiis,  white,  inserted  on  the  bright  green  di>k.  ami  v.iiy  in  leiigtli  i'rom  the  anterior  to  the 
posterior  part  of  the  tlower  ;  the  tilamcnts  arc  cnl.irged  and  tlattciied  at  tlic  base,  slightly  bent  inward 
aiiovc  the  middle,  and  bcaidcil  with  stitV  white  li.iirs,  the  four  or  live  slmrter  ones  at  the  back  of  the 
llower  for  more  than  half  tiicir  length  .iiid  the  linigtr  ones  nnlv  near  tiic  base.  The  ovary  is  ovate, 
green,  coated  with  short  glandular  pale  hairs,  ;ind  crowned  with  a  long  siemler  glabrous  white  declining 
style,  which  is  club-shaped  and  iiilbxcd  at  the  apex,  and  ternrniatcs  in  a  five-rayed  scarlet  stigma.  Tiic 
capsule  is  dark  led-iirown,  ovate,  h.ili'  an  inch  in  li'ugth.  glandular-hispid,  surrounded  at  the  base  by 
the  persi>tent  calyx,  and  crowned  with  the  style;  it  has  pa]iciy  walls,  and  the  thin  eiidocarp  is  se[iarabie 
from  the  light  Inown  slightly  thinner  exocarp;  it  ripens  and  sheds  its  seed  in  the  autumn,  although  the 
clusters  of  open  capsules  remain  on  the  branches  until  the  following  summer.  The  seed  is  oblong, 
llatteiied.  and  covered  with  a  loose  coat  proloiigi'd  at  both  ends  into  searious  fringed  appendages. 

li'lmi/iiili  iii/rdii  iini.fiiiiiiiii  is  disti'ibuted  from  Nova  Scoti.i  to  the  northern  shores  of  Lake  Erie  in 
the  province  of  Ontario,*  and  southward  throiigli  New  York  and  New  England  and  along  the  Alleghany 
.Mountains  to  nortlicrn  Georgia.  At  the  north  it  is  raie.  inhabiting  deep  cold  swamps  in  a  few  isolated 
situations;  on  the  iiioiintaiiis  of  western  I'cunsylvaiiia  it  is  moie  abundant,  and  lai'thcr  south  becomes 
exceedingly  common,  occupying  the  stce[i  rockv  banks  of  streams  to  an  elevat'on  of  about  three 
thousand  feet  above  the  sea,  and  reaching  its  greatest  size  on  the  lower  slopes  of  the  high  mountains 
of  Tennessee  and  the  '"irolinas,  where  i(  often  forms  thickets  hiimlreds  of  acres  in  extent,  impassable  to 
111. Ill,  and  the  seciiie  retreat  of  the  bear,  the  fox.  and  the  wild-cat. 

The  wooil  K)i  lihudinhiiilriin  }ii(ix'uiiiiiii  is  heavy,  hard,  strong,  although  rather  brittle,  and  close- 
grained  ;  it  contains  numerous  thin  meduUary  rays,  aud  is  light  clear  brown,  with  thin  lighter  colored 

'   /i4«/ni/,  ii,/r.,n  miirmmm,  v:ir.  romim,  I'ursli, /'i'.  .tm.  ^'i/.l.  i.  •J.'M  '  /.'4<i(/()</.  lu/nm  maximum.  \:w.  iilhum,  Vm>h,  I.  c.  (ISII).  —  KUi- 

(ISll).  —  i:ili„tt,  St  i.  I.S-t.  ult,  /.  c.  LSI. 

'  A7i.»/.«/fii./rim  niiinmnm,  viir.  jMrjiureum,  I'ur.sli,  /.  i.  (ISM).  IlluKlmleiuinm  I'urfhii,  Don,  t.i:  (IS;tl),  —  I,i>uiliiii,  /.  c.  1  lICi. — 

Klliott, /.  ,■■  Di.'tii.h, /.  .'. 

/i'/n«A"/fii./r.>'i   inirjiureum,    Don,   Grn.   Sijft.   iii.    S  13  (l''^')  —  *   liluii.  1.  Cilf.  I'.;/.  /,i;.'.  Oci.  10.  —  I.;i\vsc)n,  /  V... .  .V  'l')-:iuf.  .V./w 

l...iuli)ll,  Arh.  ISnI.  ii.  Il:U.—  Dietrich,  .S''/ii.  ii.  1  llU.  ScoIm  Insl.  Xiil.  Sri.  iv.  pt.  ii.  IT'J.  —  M^li'nlni,  Cut.  (.IN.  rt.  i.  liOJ. 


UlC 


I     ! 


M 


tti 


(I' 


1  ! 

Inv 

n 

Nil 

■■'-bi   ■ 

I   I 


i,-,o 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


v.\nc\cv.Jf.. 


,     ?    I 


siipWdiHl.  Tho  spccillc  (gravity  of  the  al)»olutt'ly  dry  wodd  is  O.CiltOU,  a  cubic  foot  \Ycigliin((  tlD.'JS 
jioiiiids.  It  in  o('('ii.si()niilly  made  into  thu  haiidlt's  of  tools,  and  lias  l)i'i>n  used  as  a  substitute  fur  boxwood 
in  ciiLjravin}!^,  A  dofoi'tion  of  the  leaves  is  oeeasiunally  used  in  domestic  practice  in  the  treatment  of 
rlicuniatisui.'  ' 

The  earliest  account  of  R/Kiddilindroii  mii.vlminii  appears  in  the  Appendix  to  C'ateshy's  iV^/ifm^ 
Jlislnri/  iij  Ctiro/inii,-  pnhlisheil  in  17 IS.  Accordiii;;  to  Aiton.^  it  was  iirst  cultivated  in  Kiirope  twelve 
years  earlier  hy  Peter  Collinstin  in  his  garde'i  near  London. 

As  a  jfiirdeii  \>\ni\i  Ji/iiiilii(lniilnin  )iiii.riiinnii  is  one  of  the  hardiest  and  most  easily  cultivated 
of  all  Uhododendrons,  although  the  young  liranchlets,  rising  above  and  partly  concealing  the  Hower- 
chisters,  make  it  less  .showy  when  in  lilooni  than  those  species  which  ilo  not  make  their  annual  growth 
until  after  the  ilowcrs  have  ladeil.  It  ilourishcs  in  all  soils  not  impregnatecl  with  lime,  which  is  fatal 
til  lihododendruns ;  it  is  easily  raised  from  .seeil  and  easily  transplanted,  and  it  produces  its  clusters  of 
lovely  slightly  fragrant  Ilowcrs  at  midsummer,  long  after  those  of  tli"  other  species  have  faded.  Heforo 
tile  general  introduction  into  gardens  of  the  hybrids  of  the  ("atawbiense  race,  with  larger  and  more 
brilliant  Ilowcrs,  lUiodtiihiiilriin  iniij-iinum  was  more  valued  and  more  freipiently  planted  than  at 
present,     its  bluoJ  can  bo  traced  in  several  distinct  and  beautiful  hybrids.' 


'  li.  ,S.  Hurtim,  Cull.  nl. -J,  i.  IS.  —  lti;r,.|„w,  Mnl.  r.ot.  ill.  lill, 
t.  CI.— (iliflidi,  Meil.  Ilol.  -IL'S.  —  I'.inhir,  llismma  .:/  Simlhini 
t'lilU  wt,l  Fon.tl.i,  ;W(I.  —  r.  S.  llupem.  .'il.  Hi,  lltoT. 

^  ChtlnurrhniltHtmitrits^  liviri -/ulin  utmprr  virtit.'',  jlorihux  huUntii 
ciiri/ml'iisiy,  ii.  Apin.  17,  t.  17,  f.  'J. 

Kill  milt  /"Ui"  litfireifUtlih-t>rtttii  niliili,*  ituhlu.i  /trritifintiit  cort/mlnisLt 
Itriiimitihi^^,  Miliir,  Hul.  lom.  ii.  l.'.;!,  I.  -Jl'S. 

I.tilum  lnurih^crasi fitliOf  LiiiiiiPiLH,  Amtm.  ii.  'J(il. 

Hhoiltnieniiron  fuUis  nitidis  nvatifntji,  twirginr  ivuto  rr/Zms  C'liiytmi. 
/•■;.  I'ir</i>i.  id.  ■>,  tiO.  —  Tn'W,  /'/.  Khrrl.  .TJ,  I.  tti. 

"  Hurt.  Ken:  ii.  67.  —  Luiulou,  Arb.  Brit.  ii.  1134,  f.  uyj. 


*  (>iu>  of  the  iiinst  tliitiiict  of  t)ii-Ht>  hybriiln  wha  uliiunifi)  in  Kii|;- 
laiiil  iniiiiy  yt'iii's  n^o  hy  u  t-riiH.^  \vith  I'lii-  of  the  \vliiti--tio\M'i'iMt 
.\iiii-rii-aii  .\/.jiI''iis  (/.'../.  /,'/«/.  iii.  t.  lie*.  — lint.  Mttij.  Ixii.  t.  Ill.M. — 
.S'iili'l  &  ll.jiiliol.l,  A7,.«/.)ni.v.r,  S!l)  ;  allot liiT,  /i7m./.)./.ii./roM  Ihir 
lit  llriihtitit,  U'lLi  ol)taiiir<l  liy  a  Hi-I^nali  iiiirHriyliiuii  in  18.~ia  from  a 
iTo>H  with  lihfulo*!'  ndnm  i  'iltttu-fiiriijir  (  Ft.  itin  Strrr.*,  vili.  *J:.*t),  L*'J7,  t. 
811*5, h;17).  Till'  MoihI  of  lihii'ttntrtiitnnt  miiriiuiim  rati  U'  trai'i-ti  aNo 
ill  till'  Wfll-kiiowii  ("titawIiifii.Hf  liyliriil,  thlifutiminiutn,  in  lihfuliulnf 
dron  WflUitmum,  raiwil  at  tlu'  Ktiapliill  Niir^tTifi  at  Wokiiij;  in 
Kii^laiiil,  and  in  Jihintuiii-nitrun  Maitnmi  ritn  //ou/.'c  (/-V.  'Itn  .S'.rrf.t, 
XV.  l'J9,  I.  lliOi;). 


KXI'I-AXATION   (IK  TlIK    I'l.ATKS. 

I'l..\Tl;   C'CXXXVIII.       UlliilMlDKMlUllN    MAXIMUM. 

1.  A  llinvcriiii;  lirainli,  iiatiirnl  sizr. 

2.  Dia^'rani  of  a  flower. 

.'i.  A  flower,  till!  eoriilla  removcnl,  natiirnl  size. 

•I.  A  staineii.  eiilartriil. 

.I.  Vertical  seelinii  of  a  (lower,  the  Corolla  rcmovctl,  enlaru'ed. 

C.  All  ovule.  iiiiK'li  luagiiiliud. 


I'l.ATK   CCXXXIX.       RlKIDODRN'riRON    .MAXIMIM. 
1.  A  liranrli  "it!,  a  cluster  of  ripe  fruit  and  intloresrem'u-liuil,  natural  »i/.e. 
li.  Cross  seilion  of  a  fruit,  ciilari;ud. 

.f.  A  fruit.  HliiiwInL;  the  open  valvct  and  the  placcntiferous  cvutrol  culuiuii.  enlarged. 
■I.  A  seed,  enlarged. 
Ct.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 


(i.  All  enilii 


iiuch 


iiiagi; 


lilied. 


EIUCACr.X 


)StitUtl'  I'tif  IioxwkcmI 
in  tliu  trciitiiit'iit  ot 


m 


)  C:itcsl)y'H  XtiliiriiJ 
I'd  ill  Kiiroiie  twelve 

ost  easily  eiiltiviitetl 
iiicealiiijf  the  llower- 
tlii'ir  jiiiiiual  jjiowtli 
li  lime,  which  is  fatiil 
(luces  its  clusters  of 
iiavc  faded.  Hefore 
■ith  larger  and  more 
Illy   jdauted    than  at 


vbriils  was  nlitnLni'il  in  KiiK- 
li  iirii'  of  Ihc  nhili'-ll"«iri'il 

—  /;,.(.  .u.iy.  Uii.  t.  :tiM — 

iiiiiitlu'i-,  IViUilwIi'i'Irim  l>w 
iiiirwryniiui  in  lS."ill  fmni  a 

Fl  .In  Semt,  viii.  'J:;",  'i-l,  t. 

1  miiri'mum  Min  U'  triU'i'il  nN" 
IhUfiili'nmiim,  in  lihiHliultu- 

lill  Xniwn.-<  lit  Wckiut;  in 

I,-  1(111  //.>i(((.'  (/■'/.  .;<'.«  Srrre), 


% 


r 


nun.  enlarged. 


tt( 


n 

n 


V 


m 


I'i         '! 


ilv.«  "I  N'lifh  Ani'Ti 


/■«;..,.;.,  /.■/ 


RHODODENDRON    MAXIMUM. 


'U.:  'vv,./-   ■i4/%-.t 


Vdl 


IJ 


fi 


I   J? 


i 


iiiir 


iij 


!       I 


'>-, 


V. 


V\H 


^    I     i" 


n 


».■ 


ii  ■  ' 


M 


I 


i  V? 


I     !h|: 


■.ll,/.> 


■ 


l^HODUDKNOf-JON    MAXIMUM    1, 


.•/   /ftiUfftui    '!"i 


\\i( 


if 


^  < 


ih 


kii 


i   !  i 


!    f'p 


1 1 


'K 


-iii<«»St*s«  w****-'  ■ 


myksineace^t;. 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


151 


ICACOREA. 


Vm( 


Flowkus  perfect  or  polygamo-dicreious ;  calyx  free,  5  or  rarely  4-lohetl  or  parted, 
the  divisions  contorted  or  imbricated  in  iKstivation ;  corolla  ganiopctalous,  5  or  rarely 

4  or  G-parted,  the  divisions  dextrorsely  or  sinistrorsely  contorted  in  &;stivation ;  stamens 

5  ;  ovarv  superior,   1-celled ;  ovules  lew  or  numerous.     Fruit  a   dry  1-seeded  drupe. 
Leaves  simple,  alternate,  membranaceous  or  coriaceous,  destitute  of  stii)ules. 

Icaoorea.  Aublet,  Fl.  Guian.  ii.  Suppl.  1  (1775).  —  liailloii,  Ardisia.  Swiiit/..  /';•<«//•.  48  (1788).  —  Kmllicher,  Geii.  736.  — 
Hist.  PI  xi.  331.  Meisiiui',  (>V«.  -."i3.  —  Ik'iitliaiii  &  HdokiT.  Gtn.  ii.  045.  — 

Bladhia.  Tlmnl."rg,  Xoi:  Gen.  i.  C  (1781) ;  Fl.  ,I<ii,.  7.  —  KiikIlt  iV  l'r;iMtl,  lyl.i>i.'<:      m.  iv.  pt.  i.  93. 

A.  L.  do  .Jussicii,  Gen.  421.  PyrBUs,  Lwiriiio,  /V.  Vurhhi.  IL'O  (17'J0). 

Small  trees  or  shrubs,  .sometimes  partly  lierliaceoiis.  <;lalin)\is,  imbesceiit  or  rarely  tomentose. 
Leaves  ulternate,  sessile  or  petiolate,  entire  or  raiely  dentate  or  creiiat",  nitniiliranaeeous  or  coriaee()us, 
i)unctate  with  immersed  re.siiious  dots  or  short  lines  at  tiist  [lellucii!.  ultimately  dark.  Flowers  in 
terminal  or  rarely  iu  axillary  hranehed  panicles,  resinous-iiunrtate,  pedierllate,  the  pedicels  bibracteolate 
at  the  base  or  ebraeteolate.  Bracts  and  braetlets  minute,  searious,  deciduous  or  caducous.  Calyx  five 
or  rarely  i'our-lobed  or  parted,  persi.stent.  Corolla  rotate,  live  or  rarely  four  or  six-parted,  the  se<>uieuts 
sliort  (U-  elonjjated,  white  or  rose-colored.  Stamens  live,  exserted  ;  tllanieuts  short  or  nearly  obsolete, 
rarely  scmiewhat  ehuigated,  free,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla  o[)[)o>ite  its  divisions;  anthers 
usnallv  sagittati'-laneeolate,  acute,  acuminate  or  a|iiculate.  attached  on  tiie  back  just  above  the  base, 
introrse,  two-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally  sometiMics  nearly  to  the  base.  Ovary  globose,  one- 
celled  ;  sti>nna  short  or  elongated,  simple,  tipped  by  a  minute  undivided  .style  ;  ovules  few  or  numerous, 
immersed  in  a  free  central  globose  rcsinous-pniu'tate  placenta,  peltate,  amphitropous  ;  raphe  ventral  ; 
mieropvle  superior.  Fruit  gl(d)ose  or  rarely  obovoid,  naked  or  irowned  at  the  apex  with  the  remnants 
of  the  stvle,  black,  blue,  or  scarlet;  exocarp  thin,  usually  dry  ;  endocarp  usually  erustaceous  or  bony, 
one-seeded.  Seed  solitary,  globose,  eoiu'.ive  and  more  or  less  lobed  at  the  base,  inclosed  with  the 
abortive  lower  ovules  by  the  thin  mcnd)ranous  rcnuiants  of  the  placenta  adnate  to  the  interior  surface 
of  the  endt)earp  ;  testa  thin,  resinous-punctate ;  hilnm  liasilar,  concave,  conspicuous.  Embryo  cylin- 
drical, transverse,  in  copious  corneous  or  cartilaginous  albunu'U  ;  cotyledons  Hat  on  the  niuer  iace, 
roinided  on  tlie  back,  shorter  than  the  slender  radicle. 

About  two  humlred  living  species  of  Icacorea,  inhabitants  of  tropical  ;uk1  subtropical  regions  of 
the  two  hemispheres,  are  distinguislied,'  and  traces  of  many  others  appear  in  the  tertiary  rocks  of  central 
Europe.- 

Tho  genus  has  few  useful  properties  ;  the  fruit  of  .some  of  the  species  is  said  to  be  edible.^  and 

'  A.  do  Ciimlollo,  Vr„lr.  viii.  Vi.0,  070.  -  \V,i1|ht.,  A'./.,  vi.  \:,'l;  l.a.  i.,  Ft.  lint.  If.  In.l.  ;W1.  -  Franchct  &  .Saviuier.  Eunm.  I'l.  Ja/K 

A,m.  m.  10.  -  Miiiu..!,  I-I.  Iml.  Hat.  ii.  pi.  i.  lui:. ;  SuppL  ,57 1.  -  I  )r-  i.  ;104.  -  llnn.sU.y,  /;..(.  /;.../.  .1  ■«.  ( V/,,'.  ii.  litll.  -  Uoolior  f.  Fl.  lint. 

st,.,l,  Vi,l»,.^M,.  .\M.I.  fr„  S„t.  For.  Kj„l„„l,.  ISOl,  (!,  t.  L'  (.■xvl.  Iwl.  iii.  .-.IS.  -  K.ivli.'S  &  llonislry,  .!mr.  Linn.  Sm:  x.svi.  03. 
»,',■.  i.).  -  IWiitlmm,  Fl.  Ilomjk.  'JOI!;  Fl.  /I  rum./,  iv.  l!7(l.  -  t  Hivcr,  '  Zitl.'l,  ll,mlh.  Fabumlulmj.  ii.  737. 

Fl.  Tn,,,.  .ilr.  iii.  4a->.  -  Mi.pi.l,  .l/(ir(iu,«  Fl.  Ihmil.  x.'.'Sl.  -(iiisc-  »  Li-  .Miiout  &  Decuisiie,  TniiU  Got.  Hot.  English  id.  r,3l. 


II' 


/        ''I 


K,'> 


SILVA   OF  NOliTII  AMERICA. 


myusuneacea:. 


tluit  of  othi'is  is  occasioiiiUly  iwetl  iiu'dicinally  in  tlu-ir  native  countiit's.'     A  number  of  species  iuv 
eultivated  for  liie  lieantv  of  their  liandsoine  everj^reen  foliage  and  lirijjiit-colored  fruit, - 
Tlu-  jjenerie  name  is  of  Carii)  oriijin. 

'  i;,)senthal,    Sku.    I'!.    Umphor.   MX—  It.iilloii,    ///..(.    /'/    »i.  '  /.../.   Mmj   il.  I.  10)77.  1. 1078  ;  xlv.  t.  laW  ;  1.  t. 'JWI.  — /...'. 

;!.JS.  /I'lV-vii.   I.";i;l;    viii.  t    IWS  ;   x.  t.  S'J7  !   nii.  I.  IS'.hi.  —  Xii'lliilsoll, 

/(!,•(.  tiiirj.  1.  Ids 


\\ 


ll      • 


W 


M 


!'l 


Vi 


myusunuacka; 


MYIiSINEACE^. 


siLVA  OF  ixoirni  America. 


1S3 


mher  of  species  iiic 
lit.- 


t.  19.")0;  1. 1. 'JWI— /.v. 
x\ii.  t.  IS'^J.  —  Xuliiilson, 


lOACOREA   PANICULATA. 

Marlberry.     Cherry. 

Flowers    in   broad   tcrmiiiiil   maiiy-Howeroil    piiuiclcs ;    oorollii-lobcs   sinistrorsclv 
contorted  in  iL'stiviition 
obovatc. 


Fruit  black.     Loaves  ovate  to  lanceolate-oblong  or  lanceolale- 


Icacorea  paniculata.  Sudworth,  Garden  mul  Forest,  vi.  324 

(I.S',)H). 
CyriUa  paniculata.  Nuttall,  Am.  Jour.  S,-:.  v.  '_",)!)  (18'J2). 
PickerinKia  paniculata,  Nuttall.  ./uur.    I'liil.   Actil.  vii. 

|it.  i.  '.Ci  (1H;;|).  —  Dc  CamlolW,  /'/■«//•.  vii.  7X',. 
Ardiaia  Pickeringiti,  NuttuU,  Si/lru.  iii.  ti'J,  t.  102  (lH4',t).-— 


A.  lie  CamloUe.  Ann.  Sri.  Xut.  •>6r.  2,  xvi.  0'>:  Prxlr. 

viii.  121 Clia|iiii:iii.  Fl.  277. — Gray.  .S.v".  Fl.  X  Am. 

ii.  fi.l.  —  Sargfiit,  Forest  Trees  \.  Am.iOth  CensKS  C  .S'. 
ix.  loii. 
Bladhia  paniculata,  .Sudwurtli.  Gorden  and  Firest,  iv.  2G9 
(ls;il,. 


A  slender  tree,  in  Florida  rarely  more  than  twenty  feet  in  iieinlit.  with  a  short  trunk  four  or  five 
inelies  in  diameter,  many  thin  iijiri^lit  hranelies  which  form  a  narrow  formal  head,  stout  terete  of*eu 
eontorted  hranchlets,  and  (ihrotis  roots.  The  hark  of  the  trunk,  whieli  is  an  eighth  of  an  ineh  thic'; 
and  is  lijrht  jj;ray  or  nearly  white  and  ronj;hened  with  minute  ientii-els,  seiiarates  into  larfju  thin  [laperv 
jilates  disclosing  tl;e  dark  hrown  inner  hark.  The  hranchlets,  wIumi  they  first  apiiear.  are  rusty  brown 
or  dark  oranire-coloied  and  slijihtly  jinhendoiis,  and  in  their  second  year  are  dark  red-hi'  ,vn  or  ashy 
ffray  anil  marked  with  many  minute  circular  lenticels  and  with  thin  nearly  orhicidar  flat  leaf-scars  which 
di^^|llay  in  tile  centre  a  fjrcnij)  of  fihro-vascular  hundle-scars.  The  leaves  are  ovate  to  laneeolate-ohlung 
or  lanccol.ite-ohovate,  icnte  or  ronndcd  at  the  narrow  aiiex.  wedi;'e-siia|ied  and  gradually  contracted  at 
the  base  into  stout  grooved  jietioles,  and  entire,  with  thickeneil  and  sligiitly  revolute  margins;  they  are 
three  to  six  inches  long,  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  hroad,  thick  and  coriaceous,  glalirous  and  marked 
with  minute  scattered  hlack  dots,  dark  yellow-green  on  tiie  u[iiier  surface  iind  (lale  lielow.  with  hroad 
niidrihs  yellow  and  conspicuous  on  the  under  side  and  .sligiitly  grooved  on  the  miper,  slender  obscure 
jirimary  veins  and  reticulate  veinlets;  they  apix'ar  late  in  the  summer  or  in  early  autunui  and  fall  hefore 
the  trees  flower  in  the  following  year.  The  fragrant  (lowers  are  produced  in  terminal  rusty  brown 
jmherulous  panicles  three  or  four  inidies  in  length  and  hreadth,  the  hranches  being  often  develo])ed 
from  the  axils  of  the  u[iper  leaves;  tliey  are  horiu'  on  sleniler  elongated  pedicels  without  bractlets  ami 
develoiM'd  from  the  axils  of  linear  acute  ca<lucous  bracts  ;  in  PMorida  they  usually  open  in  November, 
although  sometimes  as  early  as  ,bdy.  Tile  calyx  is  ovate  and  is  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  five  ovate 
acute  lohes,  scarious  and  ciliate  on  the  margins  and  marked  on  the  hack  with  dark  lines  The  corolla  is 
live-parted,  with  ohlong  rounded  divisions  sinistrorsely  overlapping,  ov  with  one  lobe  wholly  outside  aiul 
one  inside  in  the  bud,  whicli  is  oblong,  ovate,  acute,  and  marked  with  longitudi  1  black  lines,  and  near 
the  apex  with  a  few  minute  bright  red  spots;  afti'r  ojieiiing.  the  lohes,  which  are  conspicuously  marked 
with  red  spots  on  the  inner  surf:i'  near  the  hase,  hecome  retlexed.  The  stamens  consist  of  short  broad 
filaments  contracted  by  a  geniculate  fold  in  the  middle,  and  of  large  sagittate  orange-colored  anthers 
longer  thai,  '.he  filaments,  their  cells  opening  longitudinally  almost  to  the  hase.  The  ovary  is  glandular, 
glohose,  and  gradually  contracted  into  a  long  slender  style  Jpped  with  a  simple  stigma,  and,  before  the 
opening  of  the  corolla,  exserted  from  its  apex.  The  fruit,  which  ripens  in  early  spring,  is  glohose,  a 
quarter  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  surrounded  at  the  base  hy  the  persistent  calyx,  tipjied  with  the  remnants 
of  the  style  and  roughened  with  resinous  glands  ;  when  fully  grown  it  is  at  first  dark  brown  but  ulti- 
mately becomes  black  and  lustrous ;  the  ilesh  is  thin  and  dry,  and  adheres  to  the  thin  criistaceous  light 


V'n 


III 


.; 


k^ 


1J4 


i>JL\'A    VF  SORTII  AMKIilCA. 


MVIiMlNI.All;-f. 


•  ^  1 

'  '      1 

l| 

ill 

|i 

±^■4 

P| 

brown  stone.  Tlic  seed  is  conspicuously  lobed  nt  the  base  and  covered  with  a  tliin  bright  riMl-l)rowii 
resinou.s-jninctate  coat. 

IcucdVKi  /itiniculiita  is  distributod  in  Florida  from  Mosijuito  Inlet  to  the  Noutliern  keyn  on  the  caHt 
coast,  and  from  the  shores  of  the  Caluosii  River  to  Cape  Romano  on  the  west  coaiit.  liHiially  a  HJirnb, 
on  the  shores  of  liay  Hiscayne  and  on  some  of  the  southern  keys  it  occasionally  uttaiuM  the  w/A!  and 
haiiit  of  a  tree.     It  also  inhabits  the  Bahama  Islands,'  Cuba,^  and  southern  Mexico.' 

The  wood  of  Jidcardi  jiuniculdta  is  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  and  susceptible  of  r 'iving  a 

beautiful  polish  ;  it  contains  numerous  conspicuous  medullary  rays,  and  is  rieh  brown  lie,iutifiilly 
marked  with  darker  medullary  rays,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sjipwood.  The  specilic  gravity  of  the 
absolutely  dry  wood  is  ()..S(!()"J,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  .")l{.(il  pounds. 

Icdconii  jinnirulnta  was  first  discovered  early  in  the  present  century  in  eastern  Florida  by 
Nathaniel  A.  AVare.* 


'  Kpi;.T<.  \...  lino. 

•  GrUebach,  Cat.  PI.  Culi.  163. 


'   lIlMllsll.V,  Hot.  Ituil.    \m.  I 'rill.  ji.  'JIH. 
•  Si'.'  i.  HO. 


m 


I  i 


f  I 


i  1 


!  ,' 


1 

^f 


M 


^\\m 


EXPLANATION   OF  THE   PLATKS. 

PlaTR   CCXI..       icVM'lu.l    I'AMi  IL.VTA. 
1.   A  lluwi-iing  liraiH'li,  iiiiliiral  si/f. 
ii.   Diagram  nf  ii  tUiwcr. 

3.  A  tloWT,  riilarjji'il. 

4.  Vcrtii'iil  Hi'ctiini  of  a  tlowor,  tnlnrgcil. 

5.  A  curolla,  tlis|ilayc<l.  enlarge.!. 

C.  A  (lower,  llif  rorciUn  removed,  enlarged. 
7.  All  'jvulc,  much  iimgnitietL 

Platk  CC'XI.I.     Iiacokk.v  I'Anhi'LATA. 

1.  A  fruiting  liranch,  natural  si/e. 

2.  A  fruit,  enlarged. 

3.  Vertical  sectiim  of  a  fruit,  enlarged. 

4.  A  sit'd.  enlarged. 

!).  An  embryo,  much  maguilied. 


MVUHlNKACi;^; 

1  liri(;lit  ri!il-lii(iwii 

'II  keyH  on  tliv  <-iiNt 

llHimlly  It  Hliriili, 

ttaiiiH  till'  mI/c  iinil 


ti 


jlilit  of  r iviii^  II 

brown   lii'iiiitil'nlly 
•ilic  (;ravil)'  of  tlic 

'iiHti-rn    Florida  liy 


(Vtii.  ii.  'JIM. 


II 


Jlku»™...__ 


th 


I) 


» 


( ■  K  Fmvh  :lil 


lU.AlMllA    I'ANlciU.A'lA 


7  h'ithtrn.i    Jur.i  ' 


/ni/'  />'  fitnt'ui-   /V//7.. 


il 


4   . 

■ 

ii 

1 

"■**&.. 


li 


H 


Ih 


i  'i 


^  f 


I'      i 


rii 


w 


% 


■:a    ■•-xii 


^~/ 


I 


C'  ."l*  Fit.!,'-!    ..•'(■'' 


BLADHIA     PANICULATA 


If 


A..^iti,T,-it.r  Jfffu-' 


J*'^'  .■?.  '"ir.fi^r  .'"■;^.v 


hi 


f  'r 


■  I '    I 


11 


t 


r  1 


hf 


ilf  till   I' 
'•I 


mvksineacea:. 


SUVA    OF  NORTU  AMERICA. 


155 


JACQUIXIA. 

Flowers  perfect ;  calyx  5-piirted,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  aestivation ;  corolla 
gamopetalous,  5-lobcd,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  a-stivation ;  stamens  5 ;  ovary  superior, 
1-celled ;  ovules  numerous.  Fruit  baccate,  lew  f)r  many-seeded.  Leaves  opposite  or 
subverticillatc,  entire,  persistent,  destitute  of  stipules. 

Jacquinia,   Jacquin,    Hist.   Stirji.  Am.  r>3  (I7G3).  —  I.iii-  it  Hooker. 'Voi.  ii.  fiuO.  —  Eiigler  &  Prantl.  P//aHsen/a»i. 

iiipiiB.  Gen.  c(l.  G,  101.  — A.  L.  de  Jussieii,  Oeii.  ir.l.—  iv.  pt.  i.  S'.l.  f.  .V.',  K.  —  liuilloii.  I/lsf.  M.  xi.  329. 

Kiidlichor,   Gen.  I'M.  —  Meisner,   Gen.  ■2'>'J.  —  Uuntliain      BonelUn,  Mtiriurt),  Cvllu  Jlort.  Ilijuil.  21  (IS'2-I). 

Trees  or  ahrubs,  with  terete  or  sliy;htly  inany-augluil  liraiiclilets,  and  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  opposite 
or  siibverticillate,  obovate-cuneate  or  lanceolate,  rouiiileil  and  sometimes  emarginate  or  acute  or  cuspidate 
at  tlie  ajjcx,  entire,  coriaceous,  often  punctate  witli  polhicid  or  ultimately  dark  glands,  persistent. 
Flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary  racemes,  corymlis,  or  fascick's.  Pedicels  slender,  produced  from  the 
axils  of  minute  ovate  acute  persistent  bracts,  ebracteolate.  Calyx  free,  five-pju'ted,  the  lobes  sligiitly 
ciliate  on  the  margins,  rounded  at  tlie  apex,  persistent.  Corolla  bypogynous,  rotate  or  campanulate, 
yellow  or  purplo,  the  lobes  of  the  limb  olitusi'  and  spreading,  furnished  in  the  throat  opposite  the 
sinuses  of  the  limb  with  five  petal-like  ovate  obtuse  spreading  staminodia.  Stamens  five,  inserted  on 
tlie  corolla  opposite  its  lobe,  near  tiie  base  of  the  short  tube ;  filaments  complanate,  broad  at  the 
bottom  ;  anthers  oblong  or  ovate,  attached  on  the  back  above  the  base,  extrorse,  two-celled,  the  cells 
opening  longitudinally.  Ovary  ovoid,  gradually  contracted  into  a  cylindrical  or  conical  style  crowned 
by  a  slightly  five-lobed  stigma  ;  ovules  peltate,  attached  to  a  free  central  ovoid  fleshy  placenta,  ascend- 
ing, amphitropous ;  raphe  dorsal;  micropyle  inferior.  Fruit  ovoid  or  g]ol)ose,  crowned  by  the  remnants 
of  the  persLsteiit  stylo,  thin-walled,  crustaceous  or  coriaceous.  Seeds  innnersed  in  the  thickened  muci- 
laginous placenta  filling  the  cavity  of  the  fruit,  ovoid,  compressed  ;  testa  mendiranaceous,  punctate. 
Embryo  eccentric,  surrounded  by  thick  cartilaginous  albumen  ;  cotyledons  ovate,  shorter  than  the 
elongated  inferior  radicle  turned  towards  the  broad  ventral  hilum. 

Jaccpiinia  is  tropical  American  ;  the  five  or  six  spijcies  which  are  known  are  distributed  through 
Mexico,'  Central  America,"  Brazil,'  aiul  the  West  Indies,  one  species  reaching  southern  Florida. 

The  genus  has  few  useful  properties.  The  branches  of  the  West  Indian  species  are  said  to  have 
been  used  by  the  Caribs  to  poison  or  stupefy  tisb  in  rivers.'  The  fruits  of  JKcijuiiiiii  uniiUlaria  are 
sometinu's  strung  into  bracelets  and  necklaces,  and  the  leaves  have  been  useil  on  the  Bahama  Islands 
as  a  substitute  for  soap.' 

The  generic  name  perpetuates  the  memory  of  the  distinguished  botanist  Nicolaus  .Joseph  Jacijuin,'"' 


*  llciiiHley,  li'it.  lliiil.  .\m.  Cetit.  ii.  U&t.  — Oray,  Mem.  Am.  .icttd.       a  piijtil  m  I'iiris  of  liiTiiiiril  lU'  .lussicii,  was  .^^cnt  by  tlu*  .Vustri.iu 

II.  SIT.  V.  irj.*!  (/v.  Tfiurber.).  gnvfrimu'iit  to  ^jitlior  iiluiit.-*  in  trupioul  .-Vinci-ioa  for  tho  iUitanic 

"  Iluiiit>olilt,  Itonpluiul  &  Kiinth,  \ov.  (irn.  et  5/»tr.  iii.  *J51. —      (ianli-ns  of  Vit'ima  iiml  .Si'inH'iiiirumi.     Hi' rt'iiiuiiu'd  in  tlio  Wt'st 


Orsti'il,  Wiiltwhih.  Mr.U./ra  .V<i/.  luir.  Kjohmh.  1801, '.!. 

•  .Miqiii'l,  .MartiM  I'l.  lirimt.  x.  'JfiO. 

•  Marliii.i,  /■'/.  lirmil.  x.  3'."J.  —  Ko.si'iitliiil,  .S;/ri.  J'i.  /.Jiii/iA.n-.  ,'>04. 
—  Huilloii,  //i.«(.  ^V.  xi.  3'J8.  —  Tmi.iiiri/  of  HuUiiuj,  CM. 

'  Cuti'.sby,  ym.  Ili.ll.  Cur.  i.  IKS. 

•  Niuulatia  Juui'pli  Javijuiu  (17-7-1818),  a  iiaiivo  of  Lt-yilou  ami 


Iiulii's  aud  South  .Vmerii'a  from  17.jo  to  17t!3,  ami  returninj^  to 
Kuntpo  bi'eanio  profi-ssor  of  botuiiy  at  eiifiimitz  and  tiu'ii  at 
^'itMina.  In  IStMi  Jai-ipiiti  was  oreati'd  Haroa  by  tlio  Austrian 
^ovi'rruntMit.  Hi' is  tin- atitbor  of  many  i-lassiral  works,  iiu'bnliiijj 
tiioso  in  wliii'li  hi:'  important  Ami-rioau  dLsiovLTics  aro  di'SLTibt'd. 


»l' 


h  . 


\ 

I     ! 


f 


.MYHSlNEACEiE. 


SILVA    OF  NORTU  AMERICA. 


167 


JACQUINIA   ARMILLARI8. 
Joe  Wood. 

Floweks  straw-colored,  in  terminal  and  axillary  racemes.    Loaves  cuneate-spatulute 
or  obovate-ohlong. 

Jacquinia  armUlari8,.Iarquin, /Thhw. />/.  OinA.  15  (17f)0);  fifi.  —  Sargent,  Forest   Trees  X.Am.  \Oth  Census  l'.  S. 

Hist.  Stir/,.  Jill.  :>;).  t.  ;>".>;   ///.^^  .Sc/cW.  Slir/i.   Am.  31,  ix.  tOll 

t.  5G — Linnajus,  S/'tr.  eel.  L', '.'"'J.  —  MIUit, /'iV^  e<l.  8,     Jacquinia  arborea,  Valil,  Krloij.  i.  2G  (179G),  —  Willcle- 

iiciw.  ,S/,ir.  i.  ]it.  ii.  llMJl.  —  I'ersooii,  Si/ii.  i.  2'.U.  — 
UiiiiiuT  iV  Scliultes,  .s,/xt.  iv.  .(90. — Sprengel,  Si/st.  i. 
COS.  —  Dun,  (,V«.  .S,/st.  iv.  24.  —  Diclricli,  Si/ii.  i. 
<;;iH.  _  A.  ,le  Can.IoUc.  Proilr.  viii.  14'.».  —  Miquel,  JA(r- 
tlrs  Fl.  liriKiU.  X.  '.'.S'J.  t.  LT,  f.  2. 
Jacquinia  armiUnris.  ji.  arborea.  Grisebadi,  Fl.  Urit.  TV. 

iiiii. ."'.»;  (i.sGi). 


Ni).  2.  —  Iriiii.  .{ill.  lleirarli.  i.  1."),  t.  4'.(.  —  Alton,  Ihirl. 
Kfir.  i.  2,">7.  —  I.aniarck,  D'ut.  iii.  19,"i ;  ///.  ii.  U\.  t.  121, 
f.  1.  —  WiUclonow,  Sjiiv.  i.  |it.  ii.  lOtVJ;  h'liinii.  24(i. — 
Peraoon,  Si/n.  i.  2.'i4.  —  Uocnier  &  ScliultL's,  .Si/st.  iv. 
490.  —  Sprcngcl,  Si/st.  i.  (iCS.  —  Don,  (ien.  Si/st.  iv. 
24.  — Dlftrich,  .Si/ii.  i.  ('..'fK.  —  A.  ilu  Candoll.^.  /Vw//'.  viii. 
149.  —  Cliaimian,  /•'/.  2"(>.  —  Gmy,  Si/n,  !•'!.  A'.  yl/«.  ii. 


A  tree,  twelve  to  fiftoen  feet  in  lieij^ht,  with  ;v  straijiflit  trunk  six  or  seven  inches  in  diameter,  stoat 
rii^iil  spreadinjj  l)ranelies  which  form  a  comi)act  repilar  roiiii(l-to[i|ieil  lieail,  ami  slij^htly  many-angled 
hranchU'ts.  The  hark  of  tlie  trunk  is  tliin,  Hntuoth,  Idne-f'-ray.  and  usually  more  or  less  marked  with 
pale  or  nearly  white  hlotches.  The  hranches,  wlien  they  lirst  ajijiear,  are  vellow-i;T;?en  or  lio'ht  oran_n'e- 
colored  and  are  coated  with  short  soft  pale  or  ferrniiinieoiis  piiljcscence ;  in  their  second  year  thev 
hecome  terete,  darker  and  sometimes  reddish  hrowti,  and  are  marked  with  the  nearly  orhicular  depressed 
conspicuous  leaf-sears  aiul  with  m.iiiy  scattered  hlack  dots ;  in  their  third  year  they  turn  red-hrown  or 
ushv  grav  and  heconu>  glal)rous.  The  leaves,  which  are  alternate  and  crowded  near  the  ends  of  the 
hranches,  are  cuneate-spatuhite  or  idiovate-ohlon^,  rounded  or  emari;inate  or  often  ajiicnlate  at  the  apex, 
gradually  contracted  lielow  into  short  stout  jiulierulous  petioles  ahruptly  enlarged  at  the  hase,  and  are 
entire,  with  thickeue(l  slightly  revolute  margins  ;  they  are  thick  ,ind  coriaceous,  yellow-green,  nearly 
veinless,  with  very  ohsciu'e  midrihs,  and  covered  on  the  lowir  surface  with  pale  dots;  they  are  from 
one  to  three  inches  in  length  and  from  a  cpiarter  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  lireadth,  and  remain  on  the 
hranches  until  after  the  appearance  of  the  new  leaves  of  the  following  year.  The  tl')wers,  which  a})pear 
in  Floriila  from  Novemher  until  .luiu',  are  produced  in  terminal  and  axillary  many-llowered  glahrous 
racemes  two  or  three  iiu'hes  huig,  on  slender  cluii-shaped  pedicels  half  an  inch  in  length  and  produced 
from  the  axils  of  minute  ovate  coriaceous  reddish  hracts  which  are  .slightly  ciliate  on  the  margins  ;  they 
are  one  third  of  an  inch  across  when  expanded,  with  pale  straw-colored  corollas.  The  fruit,  which 
ripens  in  the  autunui,  is  ne.u'ly  glohose,  one  third  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  orange-red  when  fully  ripe, 
with  thin  crustnceoiis  walls  inclosing  the  thick  enlargecl  nuu'ilaginous  placenta  in  which  are  imnierced 
the  ohlong  nmnded  seeds  covered  with  light  reii-lirown  punctate  coats. 

In  Florida  ■/urijiiiiila  (iriiiil/nri.i  is  distrihuted  from  Sauihel  island  to  the  southern  keys  and  to 
the  neighhoring  horders  of  the  Everglades;  it  grows  close  to  the  shore  on  dry  coral  soil,  and,  always 
exceedingly  rare,  is  most  almndant  and  attains  its  largest  si:;e  on  the  Manpiesas  Keys.  It  iidiabits  the 
Hahamas'and  is  scattered  along  the  Antilliau  coasts"  to  those  of  southern  Mexico,' Central  An'.erica, 
Venezuela,'  and  northern  liruzil,' 

'  IliLlii-mk,  .Ui,«.OTi.ri />'-/.  r.Viri/.  iv.  lai.  "  liiMitliani,  Iii,>.  \'n;.  .S'ri//.Aiir,  fJI).  —  Ilcnisloy,  Hot.  Biol    ..m. 

'  Viilil,  Krlmj.  i.  'JI.  — Swiirtz,  aVi.  S.-).  -    I.uniiii,  Ihrl.  Jam.  i.  Ct'il-  ii.  -".'I. 
;i(H),  —  Cris.'liai'li,   Fl.  Ilril.    I!'.   Iwt.  [ml .  —  V.ggft^,   Hull.  U.  S.  *  Si.cinauii,  .'".r.  /,',./.  iii. 'JTO. 

.Viii.  .Urn.  No.  13,  (i7  (Fl.  St.  Cruii  iml  llu  Vinjin  liUmh).  »  Mieiurl,  .Marliun  Fl.  Unuil.  x.  L'8'.',  t.  27,  f.  1. 


^l 


R. 


fl 


1-jS 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


mvksinkacea;. 


The  wood  o£  Jacffdnin  (irwi/liiris  is  lioavy,  Imrd,  very  close-grained,  and  susceptible  of  receiving 
a  beautiful  polish ;  it  contains  numerous  conspicuous  medullary  rays,  and  is  rich  brown  beautifully 
marlvcil  with  darker  nie<l'.illary  rays.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  alisohitely  dry  wood  is  0.(J!)48,  a  cubic 
foot  wt'joiiing  l.'J.IJO  pounds. 

./(irijidiiia  (tniiil/(tris  was  discovered  on  the  island  of  Jamaica  by  Sir  Hans  Sloaiie,  and  the  first 
account  of  it  wiis  published  in  his  Catalogue  of  Jamaica  Plants  in  1G9G.'  In  the  United  States  it  was 
lir.-.t  noticed  on  Key  West  by  Ur.  J.  L.  IModgett. 


'  Arhor  liaeci/cra,  tauri/olm,  fmet»  cnralUnn  riliium  iiular  riirrmnfn 
t'itiiji''i!atn  veiieriato.  Cnrmm-trett  107  ;  Sfit.  Iliit.  Mini.  ii.  8l»,  t.  190, 
f.  'J.  —  Uiiv,  HIsl.  I'l.  iii.  Demlr.  M. 

Fnttn  liitxi  ylf/iw  ofihiit/ut,  hitfrtA  jHiUitU'  vir'uliJnut  tijiur  tloitatis. 
tiilisby,  A'u(.  Iful.  Car.  i.  U;t,  t.  03. 


Chrysop/iijUum.  r.tirha.icii,  Loctliiig,  Ittr,  *J(>1. 
('hrif.iojilt!jltf>  /rucUi   ttiltiuig,  fotiiji  jiHU<ientthii.i ;    t'ulijo   Hart a»co, 
Lot'tliiig,  /.  V.  277. 


KXPLANATION   OK  THK   PLATK. 

I'l.ATK  CCXLII.      .lAKil'IMA    AHM1I.LAK1>. 

1.  A  flon-criti);  brandi.  natural  si/.e. 

-.  ni.tf^aiii  o{  n  tliiwrr. 

^f.  Vprtii'al  >prtiiiii  iif  a  IIowit,  I'nlarj^ed. 

4.  A  fliiwcr.  tho  <-(>rolla  rt'iiioveil,  fiihu'^ed. 

.').  A  rciriill.i  ilis|ilaj«l,  tlio  aiitliers  ri'iiioved,  enlarged. 

(').  A  staiiii'ii,  front  and  rear  views,  enlarged. 

7.  An  oviili'.  much  niai,'nitii'd. 

K.  A  fruiting  l>r:inrli.  natural  s\i.\}. 

0.  Vorlifal  section  of  a  fruit,  eiilarged. 

10.  Vortical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

11.  An  embryo,  much  niagnifie<l. 


MVIlSINEACE.t:. 

iptible  of  receiving 
I  brown  beautifully 
d  is  OXMS,  a  cubic 


iloane,  and  the  first 
United  States  it  was 


■,  'JO  I. 

iijenlthiLt ;    vttttjo   Harfasi'o, 


II 


T 


l! 


'.,.:( 


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f 


i 


't. 


^^! 

If!' 

f  1 

1 

r   i 

1 
1 
1 

1 1 ' 

SUil  II 

i 

liJ 

k 

Hilvi  i)f  Niirth  AmfTK 


Tdb.  ccxu: 


/"/.'  .''u.ri'i  lift 


f^apu 


Hi 


JACQUINIA    ARMILLARIS.  l.:| 


.-/  .'h'Ufi'it.v   u'lrc.r^ 


!rnf}   n    /tlftt'Uf 


IitfltUtf     //. 


'•< 


I 


I    I 


ll  t 


II 


u 


ill 


Hi 


hn 


HAnrvACKA:. 


81LVA    OF  NOllTU  AMERICA. 


liV.i 


CHIIYSOPIIYLLUM. 

F'LowKltH  pcrfi'ct ;  ciilyx  5  or  riir«ly  <»  or  T-partcd,  the  divisions  nearly  equal, 
imbricated  in  lestivation,  deciduous ;  corolla  ganiopctalous,  5  or  rarely  6  or  7-lobed,  the 
lobes  imbricated  in  sestivation  ;  stamens  as  many  as  tiie  lobes  of  the  corolla  ;  disk  0 ; 
ovary  sui)crior,  ')  or  rarely  (i  to  lO-celled;  ovules  solitary  in  each  cell.  Fruit  a  fleshy 
or  coriaceous  I  or  few-seeded  berry.  Leaves  alternate,  usually  clothed  on  the  lower 
surface  with  brilliant  golden  or  copi)er-colored  pubescence,  persistent,  destitute  of 
stipules. 

Cbrysophyllum,   UnnnjiiH.  '»V//.  urd    (17.'!").  —  A.   I.,  de  &  I'rntitl, /fA«H.V'"/;;wi.  iv.  jit.  i.  147.  —  Baillon, //wi. /V. 

JmsU'ii,   Ofii.   l.VJ. —  Mi'Uncr,    U'li.   'I'A. —  Kudliclic^r,  xi.  'J'.t.'t. 

Gen.  7311.  —  lluiitliuiii  iV  lliiuker,  dm.  ii.  OrKi.  —  KiiKlur      Cainito,  Ailiinscni,  /••/(/«.  /'/.  ii.  l(ji>  (17G3). 

NyctoriMition,  Uiii/.  iV  I'avon,  Prodr.  Fl.  Verm:  30  (1794). 

Tii'i's,  with  tcroU'  uiiariniMl  hraiiclili't.H,  anaiilly  cDutiil  wliilc  yonni;  with  duiise  tonu'iituin,  naked 
buds,  and  iniiUv  juit't-,  Leaves  sliort-putioiate,  entire,  eoiiaceims,  |ieMniveiiied,  tlie  veins  usually 
numerous  anil  areuate  near  the  niari^ins.  or  remote,  eonneeled  liy  transverse  reticulate  veinlets,  luii;lit 
Hreen  and  jflalirous  on  the  upper  surface  and  eoated  on  the  lower  with  hriliiant  silky  golden  or  cop))er- 

eolored  puhesct o  or  tianentum,  or  in  siuue  Old  World  speeies  naked  on  the  lower  surface,  persistent. 

Flowers  jiedicellate  or  snhsi'ssile,  minute,  in  denso  niany-ilowered  t'ascieles,  axillary  or  from  leafless 
thickened  nodes  of  previous  years.  I'edicels  ehr.'U'teolate,  produced  from  the  axils  of  minute  acute 
decidiuius  liracts.  (Jalyx  •;enerally  deeply  p.irted.  tiie  divisions  olitnse,  almost  one-ranked,  persistent. 
Corolla  iiypof^ynons,  tuliular,  eampanidate,  or  suhrolale,  white  or  tjreeuish  white.  Stamens  inserted  in 
the  throat  or  towards  till' liase  of  the  corolla-tuhe  opposite  its  lolies  ;  tilaments  short,  suhulato  or  fili- 
form, enlar};iMl  into  a  hroad  ccnneetive  ;  anthers  ovate  or  trianf,ndar,  attached  on  the  hack,  extrorse 
or  rarely  partly  introrse,  two-ceUed,  the  cells  spreailiiij,'  lieiow.  openinj.;  longitudinally.  Ovary  usually 
live  or  r.irciy  six  to  ten-celled,  villose,  contracted  into  a  jrlahroiis  short  or  elongated  style  crowned 
hy  a  tive-lohcd  stigma;  ovules  solitary,  attached  helow  the  middle  of  the  cell  to  an  axile  placenta 
projected  from  its  interior  .ingle,  ascending,  .inalropous ;  ra|du'  ventral;  niicropyle  inferior.  Fruit 
glol)o.se,  ovoid  (,i  ohloiig,  apiciilate,  tleshy  or  coriaceous,  usually  one  or  few-seeded  by  the  abortion  of 

several  of  the  ovides.     ,S Is  ovoid,  terete  when  solitary,  or  compressed   Iiy  mutual  pressure  when  more 

than  one;  testa  coriacemis,  dull  or  lustrous ;  hiltnu  sulihasilar,  elongateil,  conspicuous.  Embryo  eiect. 
surrounded  hy  nn)re  or  less  abinidant  fleshy  alhumen  ;  cotyledons  oblong,  foliaceous  or  tleshy ;  radicle 
terete,  inferi(U'. 

Chrysophyllum,  a  tropical  genus  with  fifty  or  sixty  s[iecies.  is  jirincipally  conilned  to  the  New 
Worhl,  whcii'  it  is  distriliuteil  from  southern  Fh)rida.  where  one  sjiecies  is  found,  to  Brazil'  and  Peru,-' 
althougb  it  also  occurs  with  a  small  nuud>er  of  species  in  western  and  southern  tropiccal  Africa,^  southern 
Asia,*  Australia,'  and  the  Sandwich  Islaiuls." 


'  .Miiiiii'l,  MiirliHi  I't.  Unitit.  vil.  H7. 

■'  liiiiz  iS:  I'.iv /v.  /'.nil',  u.  17  (S'ljiifrmlion). 

'  SiiucliT,  Linnim,  xxiii.  7'J.  —  Ulivvr,  /■'/.  7V.</).  .\/r.  iii.  lOH. 


'  Mi(|Ui.|,  /■'/.  Iwl.  Hal.  S»\>y\.  .")7S.  —  lioipkcr  f.  I'l.  IWit.  Ind.  iii. 


I( 


'  liinlliiiiii,  fV.  .\iialml.  iv.  •.i7S. 
•  llillcl.riiiiil,  H.  Iliw.  h.'rn. 


\    t. 


J,  . 


I 


Uvi 


SILICA   OF  NOirni   AMKUWA. 


SAl'DTAIK.K 


TIh'  liiKHf  valilalilu  species  of  tile  j^eiiiis,  (7iri/siiji/ii///inii  Cniiiili),'  ii  native  of  tlie  Went  Indie,-,  and 
MOW  riiltivated  in  all  ti'o|iieid  eonntiies  and  wiilely  naturali/eil  in  many  parts  <d'  (.'untrul  and  Sunth 
AliM'iica,  prodiU'CH  the  so-calleil  star-apple,  a  sueenlent  I'diMe  Idue  or  pnrple  and  j^reen  fruit  of  the  si/e 
and  •li/ipe  of  a  Hinall  apjde.  which  owes  its  name  to  the  seven  to  ten  larn;e  cells  re^jularly  arranj;ed 
iiioiind  the  centre  ami  presentin<r  the  appearance  of  a  star  when  the  fruit  is  cut  open  transversely.  The 
fruit  lit  several  of  the  Siuith  American  species  is  edihie,-'  althont;h  none  are  so  pMid  as  the  star-apple, 
ttliich  contains  less  of  the  milky  juice  pecidiar  to  many  plants  of  this  family.  In  India  the  driud  fruit 
of  <'/iri/Miifi/ii///)nii  /i'ii.ilii(ri//iii '^  is  eaten  hy  the  iidiahitaiits  of  Khasia.  Several  of  the  species  [irculuce 
li  lid  handsome  and  valuahle  wood.  The  lar<re  leaves,  ^r|'(.(>ii  and  shinin;;'  on  the  upper  surface,  and 
le^pll<nll*■llt  on  the  lower  with  <^^)lden  or  copper-colored  puhescenee,  make  many  of  the  American 
"pcciei  desiralde  oriianu'iital  trees  for  tiu'  decoration  of  j;,irdens. 

The  generic  name,  from  ;|;)jiito,-  and  </n'>./.or,  alludes  to  the  {joldeii  covering?  of  the  under  surface 
tit  llie  leaven. 


!i       I 


.  t    ' 


|H 


lli'l 


•  l.llinimn,  .*/.<■.'  llfj  ((He)  v.ir.  B.)  (U.'kl)'  —  ■lui'i|iiiii,  lli'l.  Siir/i. 

Im  M,  (  ;i7,  f  1;  llitl.  Srliri.  Slir/i.  Am.  30,  I.  .">!.  —  D.^ourlil^ 
/'/  1/../.  ,\iihll.  li.  1.1, 1,  70.  IliiiiilM.Mt,  I!oii|iliiiiil  &  Kimlli,  .V.r. 
Iif,  .7  .V'  >ii  '.';i'l  —  MiiMock,  /■'/.  Il>hh  KPH.  —  l:„l.  Mo'i.  Iviii. 
t    :UiTJ    -,\.iI|.  C \(,\]i;  /v.„/r  viii.  t.i7.  —  •  i liM'liach,  /'/    l:ni. 

tt'  /'.//  JKm,  _  Mic|iii  I,  .\/iir(ii«  Fl.  liratU.  vii.  IM.  —  tiruj,  .Syii. 
I'l  S  Am   „  (17 


I'liiiiilii immi/i.tim,  Tiishiu',  /•';.  AiiliU,  iii.  11,  i   '•>  (ISJl), 
'  Mnrtiiis  I'l.  Ilrii-'il.  \n.  113. 

"  !>i>M,  'i.ri.  Siiil.  i\.  ;i;l  (1M;W).  — A.  cl.-  Caiidolli'.  /  r    lt!J.— 
Kiirj!,  I'arrfl  h'!.  liril.  It'trm   n    US.  —  llimkcr  I    11.  Ilril.  Iml,  ill. 


'i'l 


li 


SAl'dTACKX 


SAPoTACKiK. 


.S7/JM    OF  NOimi  AMElilCA. 


101 


111'  iiiuli'r  surt'aii' 


0HRY80PHYLLUM   OLIVIPORME. 

FuriT  ovoid  or  su1)k1oI)osc',  dark  piirplo.  1 -seeded.     Leaves  covered  on  the  lower 
surl'iiee  with  lustrous  copper-colored  pubescence. 


ChryHophyUum  oliviforme,  Liuimiok,  IHft.  i.  5."'.'  {\',X'.\)  i 

III,  ii.   11.  —  A.  du  Ciiiidulli',   I'r-'-.  viii.   l.VS. — (jriy, 

Syn.  Fl.  N.  A  m.  ii.  ((7.  —  Cliapiiiiui,  Fl.  td.  2.  Siippl. 

(UM.  —  Sargi'iil,  Furml  Tnvn  X.  Am.  UHli  CiiinKi  I'.  S. 

ix.  10(1. 
ChryHophyUum  Cainito,  Miller.  Did.  cd.  8,  No.  1    (not 

l.iiiiiitMi...)  ( ITti.**). 
Chrysophyllum     monopyronum.     Swartz.     /"rw/r.     !',» 

(17.S.S);    /v.    /»./.  Or,:  i.  .|,Sil.  —  Will.lcnow,  Si.ri:  I.   pt. 

ii.  lll.Sli.  —  IV'i'sooii,  Sijn.  i.  2IiO.  —  Luuun,  liirt.  .Imn.  i. 


'.'."lil.  —  Roi'mcr  (i  .Scliultpi.  Sijst.  iv.  70,^.  —  Sprengcl,  Sytt. 

i.  OCti.  _  /;  .t.  ,)l,„j,  ixi.  t.  3;)0;i.  —  Don,  llai.  .S>r.  iv. 

32.  —  Dielridi,  ,Sy«.  i.  038.  —  Mi.piel,  Martina  Fl.  llnuil. 

vii.  yi  Ci'si'l.  vnr.  mli i-"/:/i;i!/iim). 
Chry3ophyllum  Jorruaineum.  (iwrtner  f.  Fnict.  iii.  122. 

I.  '.'112  (l.sil,-,). 
Chryaophyllum  oliviforme.  v.-ir.  monopyrenum,  f  iri«c- 

i.aiii.  /■/.  /;/•,'.  ir.  /,„/.  :;m  (isoi);  Oit.  I'l.  Cui,.  ids. 

ChryHophyllmn   microphyllum.  C'liapiimii,  Hot.  Ufurtli; 
iii.  ;•  (nut  A.  ilf  C'uiidolli.|  ( l,S7,S). 


A  trtr,  twiiity-fivo  to  tliirty  feet  in  lu'ijjht,  with  .i  tall  straijjlit  trunk  sonu'tinu's  a  foot  in  diameter, 
iipri^lit  Iprant'lii's  which  form  a  compact  oblong  head,  and  sk'nJcr  tcrcti'  Nli>;htly  zij?zajf  hranclilcts. 
The  l)ark  of  the  trunk  is  a  (piartcr  of  an  incii  tliick.  lii;ht  lirown  slij^htly  tin;^cd  witli  red,  and  hrokcn 
hy  sliallow  fissure i  into  lar;^i' irregularly  siiaped  plates,  the  siufaee  of  which  separates  into  small  thin 
scales.  The  hrunchlets,  when  they  first  appear,  are  coated  with  ferrugineous  tomcntum,  and  in  their 
second  year  are  light  red-hrown  or  ashy  gray  and  covered  with  small  pale  elevated  circular  lenticels. 
The  leaves  are  revolute  in  vernation,  oval,  acute  or  contracted  into  short  l)road  points  or  sometimes 
rounded  at  the  apex,  and  aluuptly  wedge-siiaped  iit  the  iiase ;  they  are  thick  and  coriaceous,  two  or 
three  inches  long  and  an  inch  and  a  half  or  two  inches  wide,  bright  blue-green  on  the  upper  surface, 
and  covered  on  the  lower  and  on  the  stout  petioles  with  brilliant  (upper-colored  pubescence  ;  they  have 
iiroad  jirdniinent  niidrilis  deeply  impressed  on  the  up[ier  side  and  numerous  .straight  veins  arcuate  near 
the  margins,  and  are  l)orne  on  petioles  which  vary  from  one  half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  in  length. 
The  flowers  are  raised  on  stout  pedicels  .shorter  than  the  petioles  and  covered  like  the  calyx  with  rufcuis 
tomentum.  and  produced  in  few  or  many-flowered  fasi'icles  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year,  or  at  the 
base  of  lateral  brancblets  in  those  of  the  previous  year.  The  calyx  is  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into 
broad  roiuided  lobes  and  is  rather  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  subrotate  white  corolla,  the  short 
spreading  lobes  of  which  are  rounded  at  the  apex.  The  ovary  is  five-celled  and  pubescent,  and  is 
gradually  contracted  into  a  short  style  crowned  by  a  broad  fivi'-lobed  stigma.  In  Florida  the  flowers 
appear  irregularly  thrinighout  the  year,  and  are  often  found  on  the  same  branch  with  ripe  or  half-grown 
fruit.  The  fruit,  which  is  ovoid  or  sometimes  ne.uly  globo.se.  dark  purple  and  roughened  with  occa- 
sional excrescences,  hangs  gracefully  on  stems  an  inch  long.  usuall\  only  a  single  fruit  being  produced 
from  a  cluster  of  flowers.  It  is  covered  with  a  thick  tough  skin  inclosing  the  juicy  sweet  mawkishly 
flavored  flesh,  and  is  light  purple  on  the  exterior,  lighter  tow.irds  the  interior,  and  quite  white  in  the 
centre  ;  it  is  usually  only  one-seeded  by  abortion,  the  seed,  which  is  half  an  inch  long,  narrowed  at  both 
ends,  and  covered  with  a  thin  light  bruwn  coat,  being  closely  invested  with  a  white  glutinous  aril-like 
pulpy  ma.ss. 

In  P'lorida.  where  it  is  always  local  and  nowhere  common.  Cliri/sophi/lhim  oUfifiirnu  is  found  on 
the  east  coast  from  Mosipiito  Inlet  to  the  soutiicni  keys,  and  on  the  west  co.ist  from  the  shores  of  the 
Caloosa  River  to  Cape  Sable.     It  also  inhabits  the  Bahamas'  and  many  of  the  West  Indian  islands.-' 


!(■ 


*  Uitclicuck,  iiffi.  .Mtistiun  lint,  iianl.  iv.  104. 


•  IlfMMiiilib.  /v.  .1/../.  .InliU.  ii.  17,  t.  ITl.  — (iri=i.l«clj,  Fi.  IJrtl. 
11'.  1ml. 'MS;  Oil.  I'l.  Cub.  103. 


/  :•.;    \ 


11? 

Wif 

Wt' 

1 

I  1  ^ 

' 

\  M 

I 

U.i 

«''!           l\ 

If     - 

n 
'        1 

1       1 

162 


.'^/zrj  OF  xoitrii  America. 


SArOTACEii;. 


The  wood  of  C7ir>/soji/i>/fhiiii  n/irl/dnin'  is  very  heavy,  hartl,  strong,  and  close-grained,  containing 
numerous  inconspicuous  medullary  rays,  and  is  light  brown  shaded  with  red,  with  thin  lighter  colored 
sapwood.  The  sjiecilic  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  O.'.tlJGO,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  58.33 
pounds. 

CIiri/soji/u//!ii>ii  olivifiirmi:  ajipears  to  have  been  first  distinguished  by  Plumier,  who  described  it 
in  his  Xova  P/niitariau  Amo'icunurum  Genera,'^  published  in  17U3 ;  it  was  first  noticed  in  Florida 
bv  Dr.  A.  P.  Garber.- 


'  Ciiinito  jhiio  suhtui  fiurvo,  fnictu  oliva-formif  10  ;  PL  Am.  cd.  Chrt^<ophyl!um   sj^lvcstrr,  folih  majin  auriL<  fniclu  miuimo  suhm- 

Httnniinii,  57,  t.  Ol>.  t}r>>,  I'unppt*  l)rs|Hirt*'S, //«/m>e  des  MalaUies  de  6'.  I Joiniru/ut ,  lii. 

i'hry.*opkyllnm  jructn  minnri  tjlahro,  j'oliU  subtus  /crnujtna^.     The  --10. 

Dainson  Plumb,  lintwiii',  .^'(//.  V/unV.  Jam.  171.  •  St-u  i.  Gu. 


ih'    I 


EXPLANATION  OF  TH?;  PLATE. 

Plate  CCXLIIL    CiiuvsoriiYi.i.i'M  (u.iviforme. 

1.  A  flowciini;  liniiirli.  ii;iturul  si/.u. 

2.  I)iiii,'ram  nf  a  tlcivvor. 

3.  A  tliiwiT,  ciil:iri;iil. 

4.  A  lliiwiT.  tlio  I'lUdlla  (li.iplayeil,  i'iilarj,'cd. 

5.  Ki'iir  vifw  of  a  st.nncn,  t'iilar);i'(l. 
tt.  Front  vii'w  of  a  stamen,  t'nlar^cil. 
7.  An  ovan'.  unlai^'id. 

S.  Vortical  si'ction  of  an  ovary.  enUirj;eJ. 

9.  An  nvnli'.  nnicli  ni.a);nilie(l. 

10.  A  fruiting  brani'li,  natural  me. 

11.  Vortical  soolion  of  a  fmit.  natural  size. 

12.  A  fruit  cut  transvorsoly,  natural  size. 

13.  Side  view  of  a  seed,  natural  size. 
It.  Front  viiw  of  a  seed,  natural  size. 
\o.  An  enibrvo.  nmt,'nilied. 


SAl'OTACEiE. 

frained,  containing 
liin  lighter  colored 
it  weighing  58.33 

r,  who  described  it 
noticed  in  Florida 


nil  fruclu  minimo  subni- 
idici  (le  S.  Dominifir,  iii. 


w 


'    ■ 


I 

f( 

1 1      1 

1 
i 

i 

i 

: 

r       • 


!     I 


»|i 


I 


i       t 


f 

1* 

:  i'  ^ 

i 

!'    i 

'    1 


•■4t 


.11 


1)1    i.'nrti,  Awt 


CHRYSOPHYLLUM     OLIVIFORME 


.i  :iu>t  fiu.f   (ft" 


,.  ■■■rv.v-,  /',;/V.t 


I     ! 


hi'- 


iA 


I    f 


ili 


■   f 

"1   :, 

ii' 

m 

M     '  1   . 

SAPOTACE^. 


aiLVA   OF  NOllTU  AMERICA. 


1G3 


SIDEROXYLUM. 

Flowers  perfect ;  calyx  5  or  rarely  (i-parted.  the  divisions  ipil)rieated  in  aestiva- 
tion, persistent ;  corolla  }j;aniopetalous,  I'lirnished  ^\  ith  5  or  (J  staniinodia,  5  or  rarely 
(>-lol)ed,  the  lohes  imbricated  in  aestivation  ;  stamens  5  or  (5 ;  disk  0  ;  ovarv  superior   5 


or 


rarelv  2  to  4-celled  ;    ovules  solitarv  in  each  c( 


Fruit  a  drv 


or 


fleshy 


usually 


1-seeded  berry.    Leaves  alternate,  coriaceous  or  sul)niembranuceous,  jjcrsistent,  destitute 
of  stipules,  or  rarely  stijjulate. 


Sidoroxylum.  Mnna'us,  Gi'ii.'t^  (17.'i7).  —  Ailanson,  /•' 


/v. 


171.  —  A.  L.  de  JuHi 


SU'U,    lifll. 


ir.l.  —  M.. 


143.  — Hailloii,  nut.  PI.  xi.  277  (excl.  A 


fiiania  ami 


1  Cul- 


(ien.  -51.  —  Kiiilliilicr.  >ii-ii.  739.  —  Hrntliaiii  i\i  Hooker,      Robc-tia.  Scoiioli,  Iiilrmliict.  154  (1777). 

Gen.  ii.  ()55.  —  Kiiglcr  tSi  I'niiitl,  I'jhnr.'njUm.  iv.  |it.  i.      Spiniluma.  Hailldii,  Ihdl.  Sor.  Linn.  I'ai-is.  1)1:3  (1891). 

Glabrous  or  pubosct'iit  trt'os  or  slirulis.  witli  iiakeil  Imils.  TiPavcs  altenuite.  jiotiolate.  ])eniiiveiiied, 
the  vi'iiis  ri'iiioto,  coiinci'tiMl  liy  rcticulati'  vcinii'ts,  rarely  ajijirDxiiiiato  and  olisi-ure.  or  nitidoiis  and 
nearly  veinles.s,  without  sti|iul('s,  or  stiiudatc  in  some  .' .  lean  h|i('(ii's.'  Kluwi'rs  usually  minute,  subsile 
or  jiedici'Uate  in  crowded  inauy-tlowereil  axillary  faseicles  often  from  leafless  nodes.  Pedieels  ebraeteo- 
lato,  produced  from  the  axils  of  minute  deciduous  bracts,  (.'alyx  funnel-shaiied  or  rotate,  the  divisions 
orbicular  or  ovate,  obtuse  or  rarely  acute,  luiarly  ei|ual,  not  distinctly  two-ranked.  Corolla  hypogynou.s, 
broadly  canijianulate  or  subtid)ular,  white  or  <rreenisli  white,  the  lobes  <ibtuHe  or  acute,  longer  than  the 
tid)e.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  inserted  ojiiiosite  them  in  the  throat  of  the  tube; 
filaments  short,  or  elonjjjated  and  bent  outward  at  the  apex  ;  anthers  ovate  or  lanceolate,  attached  on 
the  buck,  two-celled,  the  cells  openinj^  loiifjitudinally,  at  lirst  extrorse,  .sometimes  becoming  subhiteral. 
Staminodia  linear,  scilc-like  or  pet.ihiid.  entire  or  dentate,  iiiMTted  under  the  sinuses  of  the  corolla,  or 
in  the  .same  rank  and  alternat(dy  with  the  stamens.  Ovary  live  or  rarely  twi  to  four-celled,  "glabrous 
or  viUo.se,  contracted  into  a  subulate  short  or  eloiifjated  simple  style  ti[)ped  with  a  minute  sliij;htly  tive- 
lobed  .stigma  ;  ovules  solitary,  attaeiied  to  an  axiie  placent.i  projected  from  the  inner  angle  of  the  cell, 
a,scending,  anatro|Kins  ;  raphe  dorsal ;  microjivle  inferior.  Fiuit  ovoid  or  globose,  small,  with  a  thin 
coriaceous  jicricarp.  or  large,  globose,  witli  thick  pidpy  fruit,  usually  one  or  sometimes  two  to  five- 
seeded.  Seed  oliovate  or  oblong  ;  te.ita  lu.strous,  light  brown,  thick  and  bony,  and  folded  on  the  inner 
face  into  two  obscure  lobes  rounded  at  the  .'ijiex  ;  hiluin  elevated,  snbbasilar  or  lateral,  oblong  or  linear. 
End)ryo  erect  in  thick  llesh,  albumen  ;  radicle  terete,  short  or  elongated,  turned  towards  the  hilum, 
much  shorter  than  the  oiilong  tlesliy  cntyledons. 

Sideroxyluu.,  with  about  sixty  species,  is  widely  distributed  through  the  tropics  of  the  two  hemi- 
spheres ;■'  it  occurs  also  in  Australia,' one  species  reaches  the  sln)res  and  i.slands  of  southern  Florida, 
and  the  tloras  of  Madeira,*  southern  Africa,''  New  Zeahuid,'"  and  Norfolk  Island  each  include  a  single 
species. 


'  OliviT,  Fl.  Tro/i.  .\jr.  iii.  TM. 

•  A.  ill'  eaiidolli',  Vralr.  viii.  117.  —  WiilptTs,  liiii.  vi.  l.V). — 
Mi.|iiil,  Ft.  hill.  ISiil.  ii.  1030  ;  Supiil.  080  ;  .Marliiu  Fl.  Ilraiil. 
vii.  -IS.  —  Hciitluun,  Fl.  llomjk.  'JC,).  —  OliviT,  /. . .  —  (irisilimli.  /•'.'. 
Bnl.  W.  hid.  3Vf.>.  -^  linker,  Fl  Mimr.  iinil  Sti/ch.  lie.'.  —  11.  iii.4iy, 
t;„l.  Hiul.  Am.  Cmt.  ii.  'JiHi.  —  Huoker  f.  /•'/.  lint.  Iml.  iii.  ."jIM!. — 
llill,l)niiia,  /•■;.  Il.iw.h.  ii'li.  —  Korln's  S:  Ui'UisIlv,  Juur.  imn.  i'uf.      (18HL').  —Kirk,  FonM  Fl.  AVic  /.euhiml,  Til,  t.  133. 

xxvi,  OS.  Ai-hraa  cusliila,  lliullii'lier,  /'ri«/r.  /•'/,  A'or/'.  49  (1833)  ;  /. 

•  Ueiitluiiii,  /•'/.  Aiutrai.  iv.  'J80  ( Ailinis).  OVii.  I'l.  I.  83. 

A'li/.uW  ai.ilata,  A.  de  Caiulolle,  /.  e,  17.")  (ISH). 


*  Si.lfriiTijlum  .\ftrmutami,  Lowe,  Trtvi.^.  Ctimh.  Phil.  Soc.  iv.  '2- 
(1.S31)  I  .Wu».  Fl.  .Vd'/.  ii.  18.  —  A.  ile  Caudolle,  /.  c.  181. 

'  SiilrroTjiliim  incrmt,  I.inriieus,  S/)«'.  llh!  (17.")3).  —  Jiicciuiii,  Co//, 
ii.  iVI.  —  Willdeuow.  .S'/w.  i.  (it.  ii.  1089.—  Luniarek,  ///.  ii.  41,  t. 
I'JO,  f.  1.  —  .V  de  eiiiulolle,  /.  c.  18'.'.  —  I'liinie,  Siilnt  Cupensis,  'J'J. 

"  .Sifhrfirt/lum  ci'Sliitum,  K.  Mmdler,  Cm.-:  .iiLttral.  PI.  |)t.  i.  V.! 


l^t-    'J 


ll 


IW 


577.  r. I    OF  yOUTII  AMEUirA. 


SAI'dTACK-K. 


Several  sjieeies  (if  Sideroxvlmii  air  larj^e  and  valiialde  timber-trees,  jirodiicin}^  hard  liandsome 
durable  wood.  The  sweet  fruits  of  Siih  ru.njbiiii  iliilcij/'finn,^  tlie  ^nraeiditus  Berry  of  the  Eiii^lisli 
colonists  on  the  west  eoast  of  Afriea,  are  eaten  to  eoiinteraet  aeidity,  and  are  an  article  of  trade  anionj^ 
the  natives.-'  From  the  milky  sap  of  >'(W<  ro.ri/hdii  (itlcinuituiii;^  a  native  of  southeastern  Asia  from 
Biirmah  to  the  I'liiliiipine  Islands,  jjutta-jiereha  of  inferior  <|uality  is  obtained,'  and  the  saj)  of  other 
species  is  [iroliably  utilized  in  the  sanu'  way. 

The  <;e'ierie  name,  from  crifVjjo,-  and  siXor,  relates  to  the  hardness  of  the  wood  produced  by  the 
different  species  of  this  jrenus. 


'  A.  cU'  Ciimlollc.  Prnlr.  viii.  1S,T  ( ISll).  —  <  "livir.  /-V.  Tr,,/,.  A/r. 

i.  ,-)0;i. 

BumtVm  (luMlicn,  Silniniai'liiT,  Dans),.  Vulenfk.   Sr!sk.  Skri/l. 
iii.  l.-iO  ( r,-«m.  /■;,)  (1S-J8). 
'  Trcaiunj  .;/' Ilnlan^,  lO.'J". 


'  A.  ill'  fiiiiilolli',  /,  ,-.  17H  (IH+IV  — Miqui'l.  /v.  /"'..  '.Vir  ii. 
10:K'..  —  K»n,  Forrst  Fl.  Ilril.  Ilurm.  ii.  117. 

'  Spoils,  Fxnjrl'i/nr'lltl  of'  tht'  Imtttstnill  /Ir/.t,  ^fltnHJflrlurr:l,  ami 
titiir  CoiiwirTcuil  Pr'ttlurt.<,  ii.  Hi-7,  lO.'rJ 


H'i 


■  t 


SAI'llTACr.-K. 

Ivii'tl  liandsonic 
of  tlic  Eiifilisli 
of  triult'  iiiiKiiij^ 
tern  Asia  from 
It'  sap  of  otliiT 

roiliiri'd  l)v  tlic 


il.  /-v.  Inii.  Hal.  ii. 


sapotacea:.  aiLVA   OF  NOIiTlI  AMERICA.  \^'> 


SIDEROXYLUM   MASTIOHODENDRON, 

Mastic. 

Flowers  in  crowded  fascicles  shorter  than  the  petioles.  Fruit  oblong,  pulpy, 
1-seeded.     Leaves  oval,  long-j)etiolate. 

Sideroxylum  Mnstichodendron,  .lac(|iiiii,  full.  ii.  S'pH,  t.  Achras  pallida,  Point.  Lam.  Diet.  vi.  533  (1804). 

17.  f.  ">  (IT.SfS).  —  LiiinaiTk. ///.  ii.  tl,  t.  IL'U.  f. 'J.  —  CiiTt-  Bumelia  Maatichodendron.  Koiimr  i^  Si'lmltis.  .s')/.^•^  iv. 

ner  f.  Fruet.  iii,  lL'."i.  —  Sprciij,'i'l,  Si/ft.  i.  tidO.  —  Uicti icli,  I'.Ki  ( ISl'.l).  —  Uoii,  lien.  .'^i/st.  iv.  '-".I.  —  Couper.  .Smith- 

S;/)).  i.  (>!.".'.  —  A.  lit  Caniliilli',  I'mili:  viii.  l.Hl.  — Grise-  soiil'iii  A'./,.  l.SCO,  t.'iO. 

l>aoli,  /•'/.  llrit.  IC.  Iiii/.  :v.)'.i. — Gray,  Si/ii.  /■'/.  .V.  .!«/.  Sideroxylum  pallidum,  S|ireni;el,  .%»/,  i,  CiliO  (l.S'.',"|. — 

ii,  tiT.  —  Sargent.  Forest  Trees  X.  .im.  10'//  Census  I'.  .S".  A.  do  C'aiuluUf,  J'ri«lr.  viii.  ISO,  —  A,  UicliarJ,  Fl.  Cnli. 

ix.  101.  ili,  81,  —  Cliapman,  rl.  '.'71, 

Bumelia  pallida.  Snarl/.,  Prmlr.  10  (I7.SH)  ;  Fl.  Im/.  Ore.  Bumelia  fcotidissima.  Nuttall.  Si/le-i.  iii.  30,  t.  04  (ixel, 

i,  l.sy,  —  WiUiIt'iiuw,  .*>//('(•.  i,  pt,  ii.  1U8.').  —  Lunaii, //or<.  syn.)    (imt    Will.luuuw;    (IS  10).  —  Cooper,   Smit/isonltin 

.J.nn.  i,  ,-„S.  Uei,.  18u8,  'JG5. 
Bumelia  aalicifolia,  WilKlenow,  ^';".  ■.  i.  pt.  ii.  lOKC,  (in 

part)  1 1707). 

\  trci",  in  Florida  sixty  or  seventy  feet  in  liei;;lit,  with  a  massive  straitjlit  trunk  three  or  four  feet 
in  di.inieter,  stout  ui)ri^!it  branches  wiiieh  form  .i  dense  irrey;idar  head,  thick  terete  I)ranchk'ts,  and 
naked  huds.  The  hark  of  tlie  trunk  varies  from  one  tiiird  to  one  lialf  of  an  inch  in  thickness  and  from 
a  dark  jjray  color  to  a  lii^ht  brown  tiiifjed  with  red,  and  is  broken  into  thick  plate-like  scales  which 
separate  in  thin  plates.  Th;  iManchlets,  when  iliey  lirst  appear,  are  oraiii>c-colored  and  sli;;litly  puberu- 
lous,  later  becominfj  liiflit  red  to  ashy  ufiay  and  ipiite  Ljl.ibnms,  and  in  tiie  second  year  they  arc  brown 
moie  or  less  tniu^ed  with  red.  niarki'd  with  the  consjiicuous  ncarlv  orbicidar  leaf-scars,  displavinjj 
threv!  larjje  lil)ro-vaseular  bumlle-scars.  and  conspicuously  rouj^hened  liy  the  thickened  persistent  b  ises 
of  tlie  fruit-stalks.  The  leaves  are  oval,  acute  at  the  apex,  or  rounded  and  then  occasionally  sliLfhtly 
emarfjfinate.  and  acute  at  the  base,  witli  thickened  cartilaj;iii(ms  slin'Iitly  undulate  inarj];ins ;  when  they 
inifold  they  are  silkv-canescent  on  the  lower  surface,  and  at  maturitv  are  thin  and  tirm,  <v]abrous,  bri<;ht 
jrreen  and  lustrous  above,  lustrous  and  ycllow-i^reen  below,  three  to  live  inches  loni;'  and  an  inch  and  a 
lialf  to  two  inches  broad,  with  broad  pale  conspicuous  midribs  lU'eply  impressed  on  the  upper  side  and 
inconspicuous  prim.iry  veins  arcuate  near  tiie  marnins  and  connected  by  prominent  retieidate  veinlets  ; 
they  are  borne  on  slender  pale  petioles  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in  lcut;th,  and  are  mostly  clustere(l 
near  the  ends  of  the  branches,  and,  luifoldini^  irreijularly  from  early  spriiij;-  until  autumn,  fall  at  the 
close  of  the  year.  The  flowers  usually  a]ipear  in  Florida  in  the  autumn,  but  al.so  open  in  early  sprinif  and 
dnrini;  the  sununer ;  they  are  tive-parted,  produced  in  niany-tlowered  clusters  from  the  axils  of  yonnj;' 
leaves  or  on  the  Inanehes  of  the  previous  vcar  from  Italless  noiies,  and  are  borne  on  stout  orange-colored 
puberidous  pedicels  develojied  from  the  axils  of  minute  acute  scarioiis  bracts  which  usually  fall  before 
the  openiii'j  of  the  flower-buds.  The  calvx  is  vellow-L';rceu.  puberidous  on  the  (>\iter  surface  and  deeply 
divided  into  broadly  ovate  rounded  lobes  rather  shorter  than  the  lij;ht  yellow  corolla,  the  divisions  of 
which  are  ovate-oblon};  and  rounded.  The  staminodia  are  lanceolate,  nearly  entire,  tip[ied  with  subulate 
points,  and  nnu'li  shorter  than  the  stamens,  which  have  elongated  lilaments  and  lanceolate  anthers.  The 
ovary  is  oi)lonij-ov,ite,  glabrous,  and  gradually  contracted  into  ,in  elongated  style,  stigniatic  at  the  apex. 
Usually  only  one  flower  in  a  fascicle  [iroduces  a  fruit ;  it  develops  in  about  six  months,  in  Florida  the 
principal  crop  ri|ieniug  through  .\pril  and  .May.  The  fruit,  which  is  one-seeded,  oblong,  surrounded 
at  tlu'  l)ase  by  the  persistent  calyx,  apiculate  at  the  apex  with  the  renuiants  of  the  style,  and  an  inch 


m 

^  f 

1 

i 

'% 


III. I 


Ui ;  i 


Kid 


SILl'A    OF  XoirrU  AMKRIVA. 


hAll>|A(  K/V; 


loiii;-,  lias  a  tliicls  t((Ui;li  floar  yellow  skin  and  tiiin  drv  llrsli  of  a  i)liasant  tiuliiifid  llavoi' ;  it  Htandn  erect 
or  nearly  at  ri^lit  angles  to  the  hraneli  on  a  nineli  tliiekened  woody  stem,  and  in  Calling  M'|iiir.iteH  I'roni 
tlie  ealvx.  Thu  seed  is  obovate,  rounded  aliove,  narrowed  at  tile  liase.  half  an  ineli  \un\^  and  a  third  of 
an  iueh  hroad.  Prochieed  in  great  profusion,  the  fruit  of  thu  Mastic  is  an  ini|iortant  article  of  food 
for  many  hirds  and  animals,  who  deyour  it  eagerly. 

In  the  I'nitod  States  Siili  rdxi/hnii  Musliihiiih  iiilnm  iidiahils  sonthern  Florida,  where  it  is  (lis- 
trihuted  on  the  eastern  coast  from  Cape  r:i;„iveral  to  the  southern  keys  and  on  tlii'  weHtcrn  coast  from 
Cape  liomano  to  Cape  Salile,  usually  growing  on  rich  hummocks;  on  the  keys  it  is  found  with  the 
Cuiiiiio  I.imlio,  the  Marlherry,  the  Hiistic,  the  Black  Calahash,  the  Ironwooil,  the  I'igcon  I'luni,  and  the 
Kngenias.  and  on  thu  mainkind  with  the  Live  Oak,  the  Palmetto,  the  Mulherry,  and  the  ('uhan  I'ine. 
It  is  also  common  on  the  Hahamas  ami  on  many  of  the  West  Indian  islands. 

The  wood  of  Suh  rn.i-iihnn  Mdslicliiuli  ulriin   is  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  and  close- 
grained;  it  contains  small  scattered  open  <lucts    ind  numuruus  iiieonsiiicuouh  medullary   rays,  and   is 
bright  orangi'-colored,  with  thick  yellow  sap^iuod  composed  of  <''■■■*'■  ■>■■  '"j^f-  '^.^— ^..jj^^I^*w^)^i~' 
The  specific  gravity  of  the  ahsolutel-  v<",)>i  is  l.dlOlt,  a  euhic  foot  weighing  <>;(,<KI  pmindi.      It   is 

not  injured  hy  thu  teredo.  an<l  in  soutiu  -     '■•lore   .  '■■  largely  used  in  ship  and  lio.it  Imilding, 

Sii/i  rari/linn  Miiiilirhiiili  iidrini  wa:  .'•■  t  (iisli.i;,'  ^shed  by  Catc-liy,  who  founil  it  in  the  Ma!,  una 
Islands,  and  in  17II5  published  the  earliest  di'scrip.  of  it  in  tlu'  second  \oliiiiie  of  his  .\iitiirnl 
JJi.'ildri/  (if  C'tirol'iHn}      It  was  discovereil  in  Florida  on  Key  West  by  Dr.  .1.  I,.  itlc)d;;cll. 

Th"  Mastic  is  the  largest,  tlu  most  valuable,  and  one  of  the  most  licaulifid  of  the  Iropir.il  trees 
whicl-  liit  thu  coast  of  Florida;  and   no  other  North  American  tree  which  ecpials  it  in  si/.i'  produces 

sue'         .vy  wood. 

'  CornuSi/otiis  L(iurtnvt,/rwtu  mtij'irt'  lulen,  li.  73,  t.  75. 


EXPLANATION   OK    IIIK   I'LATKS, 

Pl.ATK   CCXl.IV.       SIPKKOWI.CM    M.\>TI1  IIHUKMiUhN. 

1.  A  tliin'i'riii){  brunch,  iintiiral  li/.c. 

L'.  I)i,it;rani  of  a  Hinver. 

,'!.  A  Hdhit.  eiiliiiijuil. 

4.  A  HowtT,  till'  c(injll.i  (ll8i]layiil.  cnlar^jed. 

5.  A  stanivn.  ciilar^jed. 

(i.  Vertical  soctimi  of  a  H.)wcr,  the  corolla  removed,  eiilarijecl, 
7.  All  ovule,  iiiucli  iiiagiiiticd. 

PlATK  CCXLV.     SlDKRIlXVI.rM   Masticiiodkndrii.v. 

1.  A  {ruitinj;  branch.  iiatur.tl  si/.c. 

2.  Cross  section  of  a  fruit,  slightly  enlarj;ed. 

3.  Vertical  section  of  u  fruit,  sliglitly  enlarged. 

4.  A  seed,  slightly  iiilarp'd. 

"i.  All  eiiilji'\o,  9li''htlv  I'lilariri'il. 


ii 


!    I 

m 


''.  t 


!■ ;  it  MtiilidH  cii'Cl 
m  Hi-|iiit'iiU'N  frotii 
11^  ami  a  tliinl  iif 
lit  artirlc  III'  I'iiikI 

,  wlicrc  it  it  (lit- 
I'tli'l'li  riiaNi  I't'dlii 

n    I'lMllnl   willl    tllf 

III  I'liiiii,  anil  tllf 
I  till'  (Julian  i'iiic. 

ttt'iiii);.  ami  iliisi" 
liiry   ia_v».  ami   is 
4»'^WWf  fl1"JfW^in^ 
N)  ImiiiiiiIm.      It    is 
lilill^. 

t  ill  tli)>  llal.itim 
I'  of   IiIn   .\iiIhi'iiI 
;ilt. 
till'  tiii|iiiMl  trt'i's 

it   ill  »i/r  liliiillll'Ci* 


*■  !| 


fl 

1  r 

1            : 

1 

^ 

\:' 

f 

■  i.///   .1  /. 


MW 


l|l.( 


I  ot  tai^ 


I 


iP 


'Hill 

'  ..f 


/  / 


I    if,  F.i.n".  J< , 


r.iDEKoxYLUM  ma;;tichodendron,  '..  ! 


A  Hi,:  '  .■•..^    ,/<>■■:• 


■*/'  /;    .\i/;»'ttf  /.//". 


fj        1 


I,    ' 
''  i 


t      I 


m 


i 


■  .  '  Hi 

: 

(       1                   .        ■■ 

lii 

i 

I 


t/ 


^ 


i,        ! 


if! : 


■        i 


ill 


{ 

. 

1  r  :  : 

r 

( 
1  (ij 

■  1 

i  ! 

;;  1 

M 

i''     If 

0 


) 


}{^tKtflu 


SIDEROXYL.UM     MASTICHODENDRON 


..-.*       i'    ,'.'j/'^f./-    .'  <.■'■■-■ 


< 


y 


I  ■ 


/ 

* '  i 

\ 

i' 

\ 

! 

■      1 

'■ 

1 

If 

1' 

'/    i 

:        ! 

1  'i 

.     ( 
I . .. 

;        1 
1       i 

f 

1 

sapotace;e. 


SILVA   OF  NORTU  AMERICA. 


1(37 


BUMELIA. 


Flowers  jjcrfbct;  eiihx  5  or  G-lolicd,  tho  lohcs  imbricated  in  aestivation,  persistent ; 
corolla  ^aniopetalous,  5-l()bed,  tlie  lobes  furnished  with  petal-like  appendages  and  stami- 
nodia,  imbricated  in  cestivation ;  stamens  5 ;  disk  0 ;  ovary  superior,  5-eellcd ;  ovules 
solitary,  ascending.  Fruit  a  fleshy  1-seeded  berry  ;  seed  exalbuminous.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, membranaceous  or  coriaceous,  destitute  of  stipules. 

Bumelia.  Swiut?,.  I'mh.  49  ( 17S8).  —  Meisner.  (ii'ii.  '.'.".l.  —  .-eiijhm.  iv.  jit.  i.  Hr>.  —  Haillon,  Hht.  PI.  xi.  277  (excl. 

KiuUii'lier,   (kit.  Till    (excl.  JiMtflhirin).  —  \\^-nx\\:m\   it  Iiiji/iali'.^). 

Hooker,  Gni.  ii.  tif.O.  —  I{iiillkofiT,  Sifz.  Mmh.-l'ln/^.  CI.  Solerocladus.  l{a(iiiea(iue,  Siili;i  TMiir.  35  (1838). 
AenU.  Milnr/i.  xiv.  pt.  iii.  lO'i.  —  Kngler  A;  I'raiitl.  I'jinn- 

Small  trees  or  shrubs,  with  hard  close-grainod  wood,  h'rcte  often  spiiieseeiit  <;labrous  or  tomeiitose 
branches  with  short  spur-Hke  lateral  brancldets.  sualy  buds,  and  filiroiis  roots.  Leaves  alternate,  often 
fascicled  on  tlie  spur-like  lateral  brancldets,  con(hi|ilicatc  in  vernation,  ((uiaceous  or  nienibranaceoiis, 
sliort-petiolate,  small,  obovate,  obtuse,  or  sometiuies  lander  and  el!i[)tical,  clothed  on  the  lower  surface 
with  silky  or  tomeiitose  pubescence,  or  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  penniveined  with  rather  inconspieuons 
veins  arcuate  lu-ar  the  entire  niari^ins  and  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets,  deciiluous  or  persistent. 
Flowers  small,  pedicellate,  in  many-ilowered  crowded  fascicles  in  the  axils  of  existinj;-  leaves  or  from 
leafless  nodes  of  previous  years.  Pedicels  slender,  clavate,  ebracteolate,  produced  from  the  axils  of 
lanceolate  acute  scarious  deciduous  bracts,  t^alyx  ovate  to  sul)campanulate,  tomentose  or  glabrous, 
tive-lobed.  the  lobes  in  one  series,  ovate  or  oblong,  rounded  at  the  apex,  nearly  e(|ual.  Corolla  hypogy- 
nous,  campanulate,  short-tubed,  white,  with  spreading  broadly  ovate  lobes  rounded  at  the  apex  and 
furnished  on  each  siile  at  the  base  with  an  acute  ovate  or  lanceolate  petaloid  appendage.  .Stamens  five, 
inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  tube  of  the  corolla  opposite  its  lobes;  filaments  filiform,  short  or  elon- 
gated ;  anthers  ovat{>-sagittate,  attaclied  on  the  back  bdow  the  middle,  two-celled,  the  cells  opening 
longitudinally  by  sulii'Xtrorse  slits.  Staminodia  petal-liiic,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  entire  or  obscurely 
denticulate,  eomplanate  or  keeled  on  the  back,  sonietinies  furnished  at  the  iiase  with  a  (lair  of  minute 
scales,  inserted  in  the  sanu'  rank  and  alternately  with  the  stamens.  Ovarv  hirsute,  ovate  to  ovate-couieal, 
gradually  or  abriiiitly  contracted  into  a  slender  short  or  elongated  simple  style  stigmatic  at  the  acute 
apex  ;  ovules  solitary,  attached  by  the  l)ase  to  an  axile  placenta  projected  from  the  inner  angle  of  the 
cell,  ascending,  anatro;  lus  ;  raphe  dorsid  ;  microjivle  inferior.  Fruit  an  oblong  obovate  or  globose 
black  one-seeded  berry  tip[ied  with  the  remnants  of  the  persistent  stvle  and  inclosed  at  the  ba.se  by  the 
calyx,  solitary  or  in  two  or  three-fruited  clusters;  pericarp  thin  and  fleshy.  Seed  ovate  or  oblong, 
apicnlate  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  ilestitnte  of  albumen  ;  testa  thick,  crustaceoiis,  light  brown,  smooth 
and  shining,  folded  more  or  less  conspieuoiislv  on  the  l)ack  into  two  lobes  rounded  at  the  apex.  Embryo 
filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed  ;  cotyledons  thick  ami  fleshy,  hcuiispherical,  usually  consolidated  ;  radicle 
terete,  very  short,  turned  toward  the  basilar  or  subbasilar,  (ubicular,  or  elliptical  hilum. 

Humelia,  with  about  twenty  species,'  is  confined  to  the  New  World,  when'  it  is  distributed  from 
the  southern  United  States  through  the  West   Indies  to  Mexico.  Central  America,  and  Brazil.     Five 

'  A.  lie  CnmloUp,  Prnir.  viii.  IKO.  —  (irisi'ljacli.  I'l.  linl.  W.  Iwl.      .Ira,  ed.  2,  ii.  07.  —  lleuisloy,  lUii.  Ikul.  Am.  ('ml.  ii.  L'07.  —  Eiiitlii-, 
tol,  —  .Miijuel,  .l/iir(mt  II.  llnml.  vii    1(3.  —  (iniy,  .Vj/n.  I'l.  X.       Vol.  .Inhrh.  xi'i.  oVi. 


1 

1            i!   . 

i 

1    *M 

iiri'. 


KiS 


5//,ry1    O/i'  NOIiTJI  AMHRICA. 


sAronc'i  iT. 


sprrics  ii.li.ili'*^  the  Unitt'd  States;  of  tliijse  four  are  .small  trees  and  the  fifth  is  a  low  siiruli '  wf  th^- 
south  Ailaulie  coast  region. 

Runielia  iiroduees  hard  heavy  stroiif!;  wood  whieh  in  the  North  Anicriean  s))ecies  contains  hands 
of  niiincruiis  larjje  open  duets  whieli  detine  the  layers  of  annual  ;jrowtii  and  are  connected  liy  consjiieu- 
ous  l)ran(he(l  grouiis  of  similar  duets  presenting  in  cross-section  a  handsome  reticulate  appearance. 
It  is  not  known  to  possess  other  valuahle  properties. 

The  generic  name  is  formed  from  ■^oiufXlx,  the  ancient  classical  name  of  an  A.sli-tree. 


1  IhtiHfHit  rrdimttti,  \'rlit*'ll<'lt,  C/inis^t.  --  (lS(i;t). —  I*»T«iocni,  .S'v'i. 
i,  i;37.  —  I'lirsli,  l-'i.  Am.  Se/il.  i.  !.").">.  —  Hchiiht  A:  Sliulii^,  .s>f. 
iv.  4!K;.  —  Kllintt,  Sk.  i.  'JS7.  —  l)ii'lriili,  Siin.  i.  CrJl.—  Don,  (Irii. 
Sii<'.  iv.  :«).  —  I.mulon,  Arh.  llrit.  ii.  I  I'.Hl  —  .\.  ili'  I'liuli.llf,  /'r..,/r. 
viii.  I'.KI.  — C'liiiiMiiiiu,  /'■'.  •J7,-).  —  (iniv,  .s'/zii.  Fl.  S  Am.  .-.l.  'J,  ii.  tlS. 


Siilirnrijltm  rtrlinittiim,  Mit-lmux.  Fl.  l!nr. -.int.  i.  I'JJ  (ISIKJl.  — 
l»ii  .M.iiil  ill'  ("m-cl,  /.'";.  Cull.  I'd. '_',  iii.  liil-. 

I'lHiittlUt  lifriiiiilfn,  viir.  rt'rlitiala,  Ciray,  Stfit.  Fl-  \-  .\iii  ii  'is 
(1H7S).  — ,Sur(;,.iit,  Fiirml  Tma  .V.  Am.  lOlli  C,h.'u.<  I'.  S.  h. 
leu. 


f       . 


."'iVNOrsiS   OK    TIIK    NOIMIl    AMKKKAN    AUIi()Ui:S(  T.N  I'   STKCIKS. 

IV'ilii'ols  ami  calyx    clutluul   witli  silkv  ttr  tmni'ntnsi'  ipiil'i'scciirr.      lyi'.'ivr?.  ^ilkv  or  li)iin'i.ln';r-jMil)i"*rt'iit   nn  tl'r  Ikwci-  surMcc. 
Miiiilusi-nlii'ulatc  on  ihu  iip]ier. 

Li'avirs  oMaiireolati'  or  s|>:itiilato-ciliii'ati'.  cuatnl  on  tin'  lowiT  smfarc  nilli  jjoMimi  or  frrni;,'inL'- 

oll'-  pulll'Sl'C'In'i' 1.   H.    TKN'.W. 

Ia'.-im'S  (»lil*)iii;M(l»)vatL'  or  cunL-atc-oltoxato.  sHky-pulu".('i'iit  on  tin*  lowiT  Mirfact' 'J.   IJ.  i,AM'<ilN<»N.\. 

l*i-ilii-t'ls  atul  ralyx  plalirous.      I.cavs  ^laUnnis  or  lu'arly  .so. 

lA'avr.'*  oMain'i'olate  to  oliovate-oMoni;.  iiiii'ly  vi'iinlosc-ri'tictilate.  thill .'*.    IV    i.v<  li'iriF*.. 

Lcavi's  spatiilatc  or  linear-olilanccolatt'  to  liroailly  oliovalrciiinali'.  olitu.'.r.  roriacrons.  ol>-i'niily 
Vfnulo'd-ri'lii'ulau' ■!.    II.    ^Mtisri!'  i  i.\. 


SAI'dlACr^F, 

low  shrub'  <'f  th»^ 

I's  contiiins  l)aiuls 
ctt'd  l)_v  conspii'U- 
•uliite  appt'iiraiice. 

■tree. 


r..,lm.  i.  I'.'J  (IHOIll  — 

■M)-2. 

Si/ii.  Ft.  .Y.   .\m    ii.  US 

.    ll)(/i   Cmus   r.  S.  is. 


,11  i|ic  liiHiT  siiri'ilci'. 


i.    TKSAX. 
!.    I.AM-i.IM 


!.    I.V(  Ii'll'K'i. 


SAl'OTACE^E. 


W.) 


SUVA   OF  Nor.Tli  AMEhlC.i. 


BUMELIA   TENAX. 
Ironwood. 

Lkavks  ol)liin('oolnto  or  sputuliitc  to  cuiH'iitc-obovatc,  ol)tusc,  coated  on  tlic  lower 
siiriiiee  with  golden  or  t'errui;iiu'<)iis  pubeseeiioe. 

Bumelia  tenax,  WilUlnmw.  .S'/"'-  '•   I''-  "•   '"'<■"'   (IT'.lTl;  0/,.s-. '.I2.— Dcsfontaincs. //wr.  .Irf.  i.  i'().l.  —  Du  Mont  <U' 

Eiiiim.    '.'IS;    /;,■)■/.    Ildiim.-:.   rd.    2.   117.  —  Ait Ihn-t.  C.mi'si'l.  /.'.,r  r«/r  cil.  '.'.  iii.  .'J(M). 

A'.ic,  cd.  2,  ii.  12. —  I'l'isoiin,  .S';/h.  i.  2.".7.  —  Uciciiiui'  A:      Chryaophyllum   Carolinense.  .laciiuin.  (ilis.  iii.  ;i,  i.  ."il 

(i7(;si. 


S.lmlles.  i>'/.  iv.  lUC.  —  Klliutt,  Sk.  i.  2H8.  —  Iliiviif, 
lini.h:  Fl.  IS,  —  Spreiigel,  .S>'.  i.  r,t;,"i.  _  Duii.  r/.,,. 
.S>^  iv.  ;iO.  —  Dirtridi,  Si/ii.  i.  (121.  —  .Siiacli,  KUl.  (Vy 
is.  .'iSS.  —  Nuttiill,  S;il,-o.  iii. ;!,-.,  t.  '.12.  —  A.  ill'  Ciinilnllr, 
I'rnilr.  v\\\.  IS'.).  —  C'hapiimii,  AY.  27.".  —  Vjv:\.\.  S<iii.  I'L 
A'.  Am.  ii.  (IS.  —  .Saryent,  Furest  Tmx  A'.  Am.  \Oth 
C'/ii,s-».<  r.  S.  ix.  Idl. 
Si(^oroxylon  tenax,  Limui'iis,  .M-mf.  18  ( 1 7(17 ).  —  .laiciuiii, 
Ci/.'/.  ii.  202.  —  Lamui'ck,  />|V^  i.  215;  ///.  ii,  12.  — Swait/., 


Sideroxylon  serioeura.  WaluT.  J'l.  On:  lim  (1788), 
Siduroxylon   chrysophylloides,   Micliaiix,   F/.   ISnr.-Ain. 

i.  12:1  (isii;;,. 
Buiuolia  chryaophylloides.   I'lirsh,  Fl.  Am.  .S.'/.t.  i.  l,")."i 

(ISM).  —  Nutt;ill,  (,V«.   :     \;',r<.  —  \VaUaii.  />c,i'/i:   Jlrit. 

i,  10,  I,  111.  _  Kallriosiiiie.  F/.  J.ii'/ur;,:  r,:i. 
Sclerocladus  teuax.  Harmeaciiie,  ."ji/lra  I'fl/in:  'Xi  (1838). 
Scltirozus  tuuax,  Uidiiiusijuu,  .;.■■'   Jiul.  73  (1810). 


A  trw.  twenty  to  tliii'ty  I'ei'l  in  licijilit,  with  a  trunk  occasioniilly  live  or  si.v  inches  in  diameter,  and 
straijrjit  spreadiuf;'  ilexiljle  tonj>ii  hranciies  unarmed  or  arnied  witii  straij^ht  stout  ligid  sj)ines  sometimes 
lialf  an  incli  loiii;'.  The  hark  of  tlie  trunk  is  thiek.  lirowu  tiuLicd  uitii  red,  and  divided  irivnihirlv  hv 
(h'ep  fissures  into  narrow  liat  reticulate  ridi^es  eovered  with  minute  aiipressed  .scah's.  The  hranehlets, 
wlien  they  first  appear,  are  eoated  witli  silky  pale  pnlieseenee  often  tinned  with  red,  which  soon  liecomes 
rusty  ])rown  and  disap]iears  het'ori-  winter,  when  they  are  dark  red  anil  slightly  roughened  v.ith  occa- 
sional mini.te  dark  lenticels.  The  winter-tiuds  are  minute,  suhgloliose.  and  eovered  liy  inihricated  ovate 
seales,  rouniied  at  tiu'  apex  and  clothed  with  rusty  hrown  tomentum.  The  leaves  vary  from  ohlanceolate- 
spatulate  to  cuiu.'ate-ohovate,  and  are  rounded  w  acute  and  sometimes  aj)iculate  or  emarginate  at  the 
a[ie\  and  wedge-shaped  at  the  liase  ;  when  they  unfold  they  are  coated  with  thick  pale  or  light  red 
silky  pulieseence,  and  at  maturity  are  thin  ami  tiriii,  dark  didl  gii'eu,  glahrous,  finely  vennlose-reticulal 
on  the  tipiier  siufaee.  coated  on  the  lower  with  soft  silky  golden  ferrugineous  puhescence,  one  to  tlirti 
inches  in  length  and  one  half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  in  hreailth,  with  prominent  midrihs  deeplv 
impressed  on  the  ii|iper  side  ;  they  are  home  on  slender  hairy  grooved  petioles  half  an  inch  long.  ;ind 
turn  yelluw  ami  fall  irri'gularly  during  the  winter.  The  flowers,  which  appear  fi'nu  May  in  Florida  tc) 
.Inly  in  .North  Cainlina,  ari'  produced  in  many-flowered  crowded  fascicles  from  huds  which  at  their  first 
a])pearancc  in  the  a.xils  of  the  young  leaves  are  coated  with  bright  red  pubescence  ;  they  ,ire  an  eighth 
of  an  incli  long,  and  are  borne  on  pedicels  an  inch  in  length  aiul  coated  with  rufous  silky  pubescence,  as 
is  also  the  narrowly  ovate  calyx  with  its  obliuig  lobes,  'I'lie  ap[iendagcs  of  the  corolla  are  ovate,  acute, 
crcnate.  and  shorter  than  the  ovale  staminoilia,  which  are  ahout  etpial  to  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  in 
length.  'I"he  ovary  is  narrowly  ovate  and  gradually  contracted  into  an  elongated  style.  Tli'3  fruit 
ripens  and  falls  in  the  autumn  ;  it  is  oldong  and  varies  from  a  third  to  half  an  inch  in  length. 

Uuiik/Iii  tiHd.i-  grows  in  dr_\  .sandy  soil  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast  and  is  distributed  from 
North  Carolina  to  Cape  Canaveral  and  Cedar  Keys.  Florida. 

The  wood  of  Jiiniiilld  hnn.r  is  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  and  susce[itible  of  receiving  a  iieautiful 
polish;  it  contains  nninerous  tliin  medullary  rays  and  is  light  brown  streaked  with  white,  with  lightiu' 
colored  sapwood.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  (I.T'JIKJ,  a  cubic  foot  weighing 
A'l.  IT)  pounds. 


If  I 


l'\ 


!  I 


170 


i^ILVA    OF  SOETII  AMERICA. 


SAI'OTACEjE. 


Utaiu'iit  fouLV  appears  to  liavf  bfeii  (liscoverocl  in  South  Carolina  liy  Dr.  Aloxandor  Garden,'  who 
sent  it  to  Linnieiis;  aecordinjj  to  Aiton,-'  it  was  introduced  into  Enjjfland  in  17G.").  Oeeasionully  found 
in  European  gardens  in  tlie  early  years  of  this  century,  it  has  probably  now  disiippeared  from 
cultivation. 


'  .^>'i'  i.  40. 


'  Aiton,  llnrl.  Kew.  i.  'J(!2  (Sideroijloii).  —  l-midmi,  Arli.  liril.  ii   llfW,  f.  1(117 


HU        i 


>>  . 


KXPLAXATION   OF  THK  PLATE. 

PlATK   CCXLVI.      Hl-MKLIA   TKNA.X. 

1.  A  lloweiiiij;  liraiiili,  natural  sizo. 

'J.  DIngniiii  i>{  n  tluwur. 

i!.  A  (lii«vr.  cnlarKeil. 

4.  A  t'nrolla  lUsplaycd.  eiil;ir;;eil. 

.').  A  tlowiT,  two  of  tlif  caly\-l"l)'>8  and  the  oomlla  reiiiiivfd.  tiilar(;i'(l. 

t'>.  A  >laiiit'ii.  side  \ii'\vs.  i-nlai'i^ctl. 

7.  Vcilioal  M'Llii)ii  i>f  an  nviin .  inlargwl. 

?<.  All  iiviili'.  nmrli  inai^iiil'n"*!. 

'.'.  A  fniitini,'  lir.anrh.  natural  she. 

10.  ''ortical  scctiDn  of  a  fruit,  inlaifjed. 

11.  A  sfcd.  t'nlari^ed. 

'.■_'.  An  cnibrj-".  i'nlar|,'i'd. 

1^    A  winter  IraiichlLt.  natural  .size. 


SAPOTACEjE. 

uler  Garden,'  who 
)fcasioiiiilly  found 
disiii)pt'iiit'd   from 

rh.  Brit.  ii.  119:!,  f.  1017. 


'.1 


i  I  r     I 


■i 


i 


I  f 


'f  i 

' 

1 ';. 

i 

n 

'\J-^^-^ 


p    % 


BUMEI.IA    TENAX 


H 


il; 


I  II  • 


[ 
'  If 

M 

'I 

bAl'UTACCA 


aiLVA  OF  NOUTU  AMKltK'A. 


171 


BUMELIA   LANUGINOSA. 

Oum  Elaetic.     Obittim  Wood. 
Leavks  nl)long-ol)ovatc  to  cunt'iite-ohoviite,  hilky-pulH'.seent  on  the  lower  surfaee. 

Bumelin  lanutflnoBa.  I'i'raoon,  Sijn.  i.  237  (IHOO).  —  I'lirali,  Chryaophyllum  Ludoviclaaum,  Kufiiiesnuu.  Fl.  Lmlucir. 

ft.  .\m.  Si'/,t.  i.   ir.ri.  —  Nultull, '»'<■«.  i.  135.  —  ItocmiT  ri.illSlT). 

&Scliiiltf»,  .S><,  iv.l'JT.  — Kllidtt,  .S'/.-.  i.'.'H«.  —  Udii,  ^'./i.  7  Bumulia    oblon«ifolla.   NuttuU,   Oni.   i.   I,'i5   (IHIH); 

Si/at.  iv. 'M.  —  A.  do  Caiuliillf, /'/w/r.  vili.  I'.to.  —  Cliap-  tSi/lru,  iii.   ii.'t.  —  .Siiiuiij,'i:l,   Si/hI,  t.  tiCil,  —  Umi,   >hn. 

man, /■'/.  !i7r).  —  Gmy,  .S'(/«.  /•'/.  A'.  ,i«i.  ii.  08 Surni'iil,  .S'//*''  '*'•  •'<•.  —  Loudon.  .Irli.  Itrit.  ii.  ll'JI.  —  Uittiicli, 

Futfut   Trei-s  X  Am.  UHh  Ven»u»  V.  S.  n.  102.  —  W«l-  Si/i,.  i,  r,Jl._A.  de  CuiidoUo,  Prmli:  viii.  lUO. 

wm  &  Cuullvr.  Uraii'H  .Mun,  lul.  ti,  .'t,'t3.  — Coulter,  Cmilrili.  Buniulla  unu-'Iinoiriua.  Uafim'«iiie.  Xfir  /'/.  iii.  28  (IS.'iG). 

r.  .'<.  Sitl.  llirh.W.'lM  iM.tii.  I'l.  W.  TiX'i')-  Bumulm    touiontoHii.    A.   dt   ('■nlollo,    I'l-odr.   viii.    I'.in 

7  Sideroxylon  tenax.  WuIiit.  h'l.  Car  loil  (not  Liiinuiuii)  <Ih||,. 

(1T>X).  Bumulia  forrutjinaa,  Niittiill.  .s'.v/  vi,  iii.  .'U  (1819). 

Sldaroxylon  lanuKinoHum.  Micdmux,  ft.  /lur.-.tm.  i.  122  Bumulia  arborta,  lluckiej-,  yv^c.  I'/iil.  Acad.  1861,  401 

(18(i;ij.  —  I)u  Muiit  du  t'ouritol.  Ilnl.  Cult.  od.  2,  iii.  3112. 

A  troo,  8iini('tim<-H  fifty  <>r  sixty  fct-t  in  li<'ij;lit.  witli  a  tall  stiaij;lit  truiil^  occasiDiially  three  feet  in 
iliamutt'l'.  Hlioit  Hlnut  tiiiij;ii  rijriil  liraiK'iicH,  uiiariiii'ii  ni'  arimil  with  stout  rij.;iil  straii;lit  of  slij;'htly 
curved  N|iiMfH  which  frci|iiciitly  (lcvclo|i  into  H|iiiu>M'eiit  Icaly  lateral  hraiiches,  and  slender  often  some- 
wiiat  y.ifjzay;  liranchlcts,  forming  a  narrow  ohionj;-  r(iiiiiil-to|i|ic(i  head  ;  or  imuli  .smaller  in  tlie  reoion 
eiust  of  till'  .Mississippi  Uivtu',  wlicrc  it  rarely  attains  the  hci;^hl  of  twenty  feet.  Tlie  bark  of  the 
trinik  is  li.ilf  an  inch  thick,  dark  j^ray-hrown  and  usually  divided  hy  deep  reticulate  fissures  into 
niirrow  ridjjes  which  are  itrokcn  into  thick  uppressed  sealcs.  The  hranchlets,  when  they  first  appear, 
are  coated  with  thick  riifons  or  pale  tomentiiin,  ami  in  their  lirst  wintei  vary  in  color  from  red-hrown  to 

ashy  j^ray  ami  .aro  f;l.il)rons  or  ncirly  so,  ami  marked  will asional  minute  lenticels  and  with  the  small 

Heniiorhicular  leaf-scars  which  display  two  clusters  of  lihro-vascular  hiuidle-scars.  The  winter-buds  are 
olituse,  an  eijjhth  of  an  inch  louff.  and  covereil  with  broadlv  ovate  H<'ales  clothed  with  rufous  tomentuni. 
The  leaves  are  ohlon^j-ohovatr^  lo  cuneate-ohovatc.  rounded  and  often  apiculate  at  the  apex  and  gradually 
narrowed  at  the  base;  when  they  unfold  they  are  coated  with  pale  or  ferruj^ineous  tomentuni,  which  is 
thick  on  the  lower  and  loose  on  the  upper  surface,  and  at  maturity  they  are  thin  and  Hrm.  (hirk  <;'reen 
and  lustrous  above,  and  covered  below  with  loose  dull  and  usu.iUy  pale  tomentinu.  which  varies  jjreatlv 
in  amount  an<l  sometinu's  almost  disappears.  They  vary  from  an  iiu^h  to  two  inches  and  a  half  in 
leufTth  and  from  (Uie  third  to  three  (piartcrs  of  an  inch  in  width,  and  are  borne  on  >liort  .slender  hairy 
|ietioh's;  they  fall  irre;^ularly  during  the  winti'r.  The  llowers  are  |produccd  in  sunouer  in  sixteen  to 
eifjhteen-tlowered  fascicles  on  hairy  pedicels  and  are  an  ei'^hth  of  an  iiuh  lono;.  The  calyx  is  ovate. 
with  ovate  rounded  lobes,  coated  on  thi'  outer  surface  with  pale  or  ferrujyincous  tomentuni,  and  rather 
shorter  than  tlu!  tube  of  the  corolla.  The  staminodia  are  ovate,  acute,  remotely  and  slia;litly  denticulate, 
and  as  loufj;  as  tlu^  lobes  of  the  corolla,  which  are  furnished  with  ovate  acute  appendaijes.  The  ovary  is 
hirsute  and  abruptly  contracted  into  a  slender  elon^jalcd  style.  The  fruit  is  oblouj;-  or  slij'htly  obovate, 
half  an  inch  lon)r,  and  borne  on  slender  droopin;;  stalks ;  it  ript'4is  anil  falls  in  the  autumn. 


m 


I  liii  li 


IIIIIIJIIIO. 


.■«i  is  distributed  f'ntni  southern  (^i 


fia  and   northern  Florida  to  the  shores  of 


Mobile  Hay,  Alabama,  and  from  southern  Illinois  ami  southern  Missouri  tlirou<rh  Arkansas  and  Texas 
to  the  mountain  slopes  of  Niu'vo  Leon.  Nowhere  common  east  of  the  Mi.ssissippi  River,  where  it  usually 
(frows  in  dry  and  rather  sandy  soil,  it  is  very  abundant  and  reaches  its  larjjest  size  on  the  rich  river- 
bottom  lands  of  eastern  Texas, 


^, 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


Ui|2^    12.5 
Ui  Uii   12.2 

Kl    13/,      ■■■ 

Mluu 

iim 

U    IIIIII.6 


V] 


Vl 


/ 


/ 


V 


7 


y^ 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WIBSTIR,N.Y.  145M 

(716)  t72-4S03 


0 


9f 


^ 


%° 


f 

^' 

if 

\ 

H 

) 

fr 


111 


|»  if  i. 


!i?ii|i[ 


172 


SILVA    OF  KOnril  AMKRICA. 


SAPOTACE^E. 


;fi 


The  wood  of  Jiumclia  laiuif/iitosa  is  heavy,  r.ithcr  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  with  many  thin 
niedulhiry  rays,  and  is  light  brown  or  yellow,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood.  The  specific  gravity 
(if  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  0.().')44,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  40.78  pounds.  In  Texas  it  is  sometimes 
used  in  cabinet-making.  The  clear  viscid  Tum  which  exudes  in  considerable  quantities  from  the  freshly 
cut  wood  is  used  domestically. 

Jliiuuli't  hmuijihtiitn  was  first  distinguished  by  the  French  botanist  Michaux,  who  found  it  in 
(u'orgia  ;  it  was  introduced  into  cultivation  early  iu  the  present  century  and  is  still  occasionally  found 
in  European  garden?. 

In  the  region  adjacent  to  the  siuithern  boundary  of  the  United  States,  from  western  Texas  and 
Xuevo  Leon  to  Arizona,  a  form  '  occurs  with  more  rigid  spinescent  branches  and  with  thick  coriaceous 
leaves  which  kary  from  obovate  to  cuneate-oblanceolate,  and  are  rather  more  than  an  inch  in  length  and 
a  ijuarter  of  an  inch  in  width ;  at  maturity  they  are  covered  on  the  lower  surface  with  sparse  pale 
tonientum  or  are  nearly  glabrous.  It  is  a  small  tree  eighteen  to  twenty-five  feet  in  height,  with  a  short 
trunk  covered  with  red-brown  bark  divided  into  long  appressed  ridge-like  scales  broken  into  minute 
Hakes,  and  inhabits  dry  gravelly  mountain  slopes  in  the  neighborhood  of  .streams. 

Tiie  wood  of  JJuDiiTia  lunuijiiionu,  var.  riijiiln,  is  heavy,  hard,  and  very  close-grained,  with  thin 
obscure  medullary  rays,  and  is  a  light  ricii  lirown  or  yellow,  witii  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood.  The 
specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wooil  is  O.CiGOIJ,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  41. l."/  pounds. 


*  /UtttifUa   ianufjitwaa,  \:iT.  ri'jijii,  IWyy,  Sijri.  F!.  \.  Am.  cd. 'J, 
ii.  OS  (ISSC). 

lUiinilui  fjntiosa,  Wiit-ion,  Proc.  Am.  .\c(ni.  xviii.  11-  (imt  Vc 


t'iinilnlli')  (IH8;i).  — .Sarpiit,  Fimst   Trn.i   .V.  Am.  lOlh  Cernma 
r.  S.  ix.  lU-J. 


EXPLANATION  OF  TIIK   PLATE. 


I  H 


Pl.ATK    CCXL\'n.       HlMKI.I A    l.AXliilXliSA. 

1.  Flowerini,'  lininclics  of  the  tyjiiciil  luiil  nl  tlu'  i-pincscent  forms,  natural  size. 

'-'.  A  flciniT.  iMil;ir;;e(l. 

•  I.  .\  tliiwer,  with  the  corolla  displnyt't!,  fiilnr^'cil. 

I.  I'loiit  iiiul  rear  views  of  a  slanun.  eiilar^ail. 

.'.  .\  fniiting  liiaiiL'li,  natural  si/.e. 

t'l.  Viiticat  section  of  a  fruit,  natural  size. 

7.  A  seed,  natural  »i/.<'. 

.'<.  An  iMnl>ryii.  i  atur.al  size. 

V)  A  winter  branclilLt.  natural  size. 


8apotace;e. 

id,  with  many  tliiii 
'he  specific  gravity 
!xa8  it  is  Hometimt'S 
es  from  the  freshly 

;,  who  found  it  in 
occasionally  found 

western  Texas  and 
ith  thick  coriaceous 
inch  in  length  and 
^e  with  sparse  pale 
height,  with  a  short 
broken  into  minute 

B-grained,  with  thin 
)red  sapwood.  The 
ounds. 

'I'rtes   S.  Am.  lOlh  Census 


1  si/o. 


•->    <l 


! 


I    -; 


)' 


,lif 


i     i 


(I 


I 


11 


n 


,1' 


li^Urt: 


1 


t'pllv-l    'il      l;nl  "i    /.;h-l  1' 


•a  5-«m  ^ 


I 


IcM'efuAt/  . 


f/;/:Mvi  .M 


HIJMKLIA     LANUGINOSA.  l->rf 


W   .'iVt  ."'vv*.;-   .uri\r' 


fii'ur  /\truf 


;  hi 


^ 


HlIN 


: 


f  ■ 

:  r 

:  \ 

' 

^   i 

i 

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SAPOTACKil';. 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


173 


BUMELIA   LYOIOIDES. 

Ironwood.    Buckthorn. 
Leaves  oblancfolatc  to  obovato-ohloiif;,  tliin,  finely  vcnulosc-rcticulatc. 

Bumelia    lyoioidea.   Ca'i trier    f.    Fnirt.   iii.   127.   t.  '.'1)2  2G6-2(;'.).  —  Cuultur.   Contrih.    I'.  .V.  \at.  Herb,  il  257 

{1,S(I,-,). —  I'ersoon,    Si/n.   i.   2,'!7.  —  WilUliMiow.    Kiiitm.  (Moii.  I'/.  M'  Timv/s ) . 

219:    Ilirl.  litinm::.  I'd.  2,  UH.  —  I'lusli,  /•'/.  Am.  .Si'/jf.  Sideroxylou  lycioides.  Liiinieus,  .s>fc. ed. 2,  279  (1762). — 

I.    1  ;")•'>.  — NuttiiU.  (li'ii.  i.  1,'3.") :  Si/lni.  iii.  ;U,  t.   1)1.—  WanKenlieim.   .Vnnlaiii.   Ilnh..   117.  —  Liiraaick,  Dirt.  i. 

Kdciiur  A  Silmlti's.  .S7y,«^  iv.   I'.t.'..  —  Hiiyiif.  Viii'li:  Fl.  210;    ///.  ii.  42.  —  WiUilenow,   iSy-'-.  i.  pt.  ii.   U)!)0. — 

19.  —  Elliott,  .s'/,.  i.  287. —. S|lrcllJ,'l■l.^>^  i.()(>4.  — Don,  Michaux.  Fl.  llm-.-Am.  i.  122. —  Dii  Mont  ile  Courset, 

'.'('/».  .V'/.-Mv.  :«).— Diotiich.  .Vv(i.  i.  (;21.—Sp:icli.  y/iV.  lint.  Cult.  vA.  2,  iii.  3(11.  —  .Inuiiie  St.  Ililaire,  f/oce  et 

Inj.  ix.  :iS8.  —  A.  lie  CaiiiluUo.  I'r.ulr.  viii.  1,S9.  —  C'lmp-  I'nniom:  v.  t.  ISl. 

man,  Fl.  27,"). — (!ray,  Kipi.  Fl.  A',  .^m.  ii.  08.  —  Hems-  Sideroxylon  deoandrum,  Linnajus,  Mant.  48  (17G7). — 

ley.  Hot.  /lint.  Aw.  Cnit.  ii.  298.  —  SarKcnt,  Forest  Trres  AVilMeiinw,  Si«i:  \.  pt.  ii.  1091. 

A'.  Am.  \Otli  CniKim  I'.  .S',  ix.  102.  — Watson  &  Coulter,  Sideroxylon  ItBve,  Walter,  Fl.  Car.  100  (1788). 
arKi/'n  M,ni.  c.l.  fl.  .■!;/.'.  — KVillon.  7/ iV.   I'/,   xi.  2,".,".,  f. 

A  tree,  twcntyTlivc  to  thirty  fi'ct  in  lu'ij^lit,  with  a  short  trunk  rarely  more  than  six  inches  in 
(lianu'ter,  stout  lloxililo  liranchi's  usually  unariiii'd  or  Fiirnislu'd  with  short  stout  slightly  curved  spines 
which  occasionally  develop  into  leafy  spiiiesceiit  branches,  and  short  thick  spur-like  lateral  bvanchlets. 
The  i)ark  of  the  trii'ik  is  thin  and  lij^ht  rcd-hrown,  the  (Generally  snu)oth  surface  heinjf  liroken  into 
small  thin  persistent  scales.  The  hranchlets,  when  they  first  appear,  are  sli^;Iitly  iiuberulous  but  soon 
become  {•labrous  ;  in  inidsuminer  they  are  lij;ht  red-brown,  rather  lustrous  and  marked  by  numerous 
minute  i)ale  Icnticels,  and  in  their  second  year  are  dark  or  lii;ht  brown  tinged  with  red,  or  ashy  gray. 
The  winter-buds  are  minute,  obtuse,  lu'arly  iunnersed  in  tiie  bark  and  covered  with  pale  dark  brown 
glabrous  scales.  The  leaves  are  oblanceolate  to  oblong-oliovate,  acute  and  rounded  at  the  apex, 
graduallv  narrowed  at  the  base,  bright  green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  light  green  on  the 
lower  surface,  which  is  sometimes  coated  at  first  with  pale  pubescence,  thin  and  rather  firm,  finely 
ven\ilose-reticidat(>,  an  iiicli  and  a  half  to  four  inches  long  and  half  iin  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half 
broad,  with  pale  thin  conspicuous  midribs  and  primary  veins  rounded  on  the  upper  side ;  they  are 
borne  on  slender  slightly  grooved  petioles  half  an  inch  in  length  :.nd  fall  in  the  autumn.  The  flowers, 
which  appear  in  midsummer  in  crowded  many-tlowereil  fascicles,  are  Ixu'ne  on  slender  glabrous  pedicels 
half  an  inch  long.  Tiie  calyx  is  glabrous,  ovate-eampaiudate,  with  rounded  lobes,  and  rather  .shorter 
than  tiie  corolla.  The  staminodia  are  broadly  ov.ite  and  denticulate.  The  ovary  is  ovate,  slightly 
hairy  toward  the  base  only,  and  gradually  contracted  into  a  short  thick  style.  The  fruit,  which  ripens 
and  falls  in  the  autunni,  is  ovoid  or  obovate  and  about  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long. 

fUmnlht  hjciiiUh  .s',  which  .selects  low  wet  soil  along  the  borders  of  swamps  and  .streams,  is  di.strib- 
iited  from  the  coast  of  Virginia  and  southern  Illinois  to  Mosipiito  Inlet  and  the  shores  of  the  Caloosa 
Kiver  in  Floritla,  and  through  .southern  Missouri,  Arkans.as.  and  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Concho. 

The  wood  of  /liiiiiilid  li/rlohh.t  is  heavy,  hard,  luit  strong,  and  close-grained,  with  -.lumerous  thin 
medullary  rays  ;  it  is  light  brown  or  yellow,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood.  The  i.pecific  gravity  of 
the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  ().74()7.  a  cubic  foot  weighing  -t()..">:{  pounds. 

The  earliest  account  of  liuxulii'.  hjciiiiilts,  prepared  from  a  plant  grown  in  the  Botanic  Garden  at 
Leyden,  was  published  by  Hoerhaave  in  17'2().'     According  to  Alton  -  it  was  cultivated  by  Philip  iMiller 

1  Arhnr;    fnlin   Sn\,ci.<:   viriili,  allinn,  ,«;i/fii</. ii(,' ;    s/'iriu  Iciigii,  Shliron!.«.   fpimmnii,  /uliis   ,leci,luis ;    sU-e   Lycwides,  Duliiiniel, 

iiU.rwi,  ,1,1  „;„A/nli„ru,„.  I„,l.  Ml.  Ilnrl.  ImI,j.  Il,ii.  ii.  'M.i.  Tnui:  ,le.i  Arhm,  ii.  IJCO.  t.  IW. 

Lijcw„Ut.  Limueus,  Hurl.  CUff.  4.S8  (exel.  Imli.).  ''  Ilnrl.  Kcw.  i.  '.iO'i  (Sideroxylon). 

t.  lOlti. 


■  l,o\ulun.  .\rh.  Ilril.  ii.  lliia. 


174 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


SATOTACtA: 


ill  17<>8  in  the  Plnsie  Garden  nt  Chelsea  near  London.     It  is  still  an  occasioial  inhabitant  of  liotauic 
yrardens. 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATE. 

Platk  CCXLVIIL     Humklia  lycioides. 
1.  A  tlunvring  hrancli,  iiatiiml  »\ie. 
'i.  .\  llciwcr,  tlio  rorolla  tlixplnycd,  enlarged. 

3.  Front  aid  rear  views  »{  a  sUiinen,  enlar);i'il 

4.  An  ovary  ilivided  transversely,  enlarfjed. 

5.  Wrtic'al  section  of  an  ovary,  enlarged. 
0.  A  fruiting  liranch,  natural     le. 

7.  Vertical  aectimi  of  a  fruit,  slightly  enlarged. 

8.  A  .seed,  slightly  enlarged. 

0.  An  enil)ryo.  sliglitly  ciilarged, 
10.  A  winter  branehlet.  natural  size. 


:  I'f 


'■  I 


SAPOTACtA; 

bituiit  of  botauie 


i! 

I   MU 

TM 

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J  i  i  { 

:!■■!■■.,.„•':  J.'l 


BUMKl.lA     LYCIOIDES 


A  Huiri'tU.l    Jtl:\i 


Tmf  h.  !lt!u'ut\  i'titi^ 


I 


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HAPOTACF./K. 


SILFA   OF  NOItrn  AMEIilCA. 


17.-. 


BUMELIA   ANGUSTIPOLIA. 

Ants'  Wood.     Downward  Plum. 

Lkavks  spatiilatc  or  linoar-olilanct'olate  to  broadly  obovntc-cuneatc,  o})tusc,  coria- 
ceous, obscurdv  vcmilosc-rcticulatc. 


Bumelln  ntiKUBtifolia.  Niiiull.  St/lm.  iii.  .'18.  t.  U.'l  ( 181'.)).  —     Bumelin  parvifoUa.  Clmpmao.  Fl.  275  (not  A.  do  Camlolle) 


Umllkdfer,  Sttt.  M'ilh.l'/i;/.i.  CI.  Ai-ml.  Miineh.  xiv.  |>t. 
iii.  481  —  Gray.  Si/n.  Fl.  X  Am.  eU.  3,  ii.  (i8.  —  Sargent, 
U'inleii  and  t'orent.  ii.  It".  —  Coulter,  Cunlrili.  I'.  S,  Sul. 
Ilrri,.  ii.  '.'.■.7  (.I/.(«.  J'l.  W:  Trxus). 
Bumelia  reclinata.  Tnrn.y.  lint.  Mtx.  Itmnd  Surf.  KK) 
(nut  Venteuut)  (18u'J). 


(lH(i.-|). 
Bumelia  cuneata,  (irny,   Siin.   Fl.  A'.   .Im.  ii.  08   fiiot 
.Swait/.)    (1H7K).  —  llenisley.    />'"^    Hi'l-    .\m.    Cent.    ii. 
'!07.  —  Sargent,  funst  Treta  S.  Am.  lOlh  Censiia  U.  S. 
\\.  lO.J. 


A  trw,  soiiu'tiiiies  twenty  fi'<'t  in  lieij^lit,  with  a  short  trunk  niri'ly  cxpppdiiijj  six  or  eififht  inches  in 
(iiameter,  (jriicel'iil  |it'n(bil(ms  liniu'lii's  which  form  a  fonipiict  round  hwul,  .iiid  ri^id  siiinesci.nt  diverji;ing 
liittTal  branchlets  ot'tfu  arnifd  with  arute  slenth'r  spini's  soniftinics  .m  inih  in  Icaj^th  ;  or  oct'asionaliy  in 
Texas  a  h)W  shruh  witli  spreading  stums.  The  hark  of  the  trunk  varies  from  one  tliinl  to  one  half  of 
an  incii  in  tiiickness,  and  is  jjray  tinjjed  witli  red  ami  dt'i'iily  diviih'd  hy  lon<ritudinal  and  cross  fissures 
into  tihlony;  or  nearly  square  plates.  Tiie  luancldets.  when  tiiey  fhsl  iippear,  are  tiiiekiy  routed  witit 
loose  pale  or  dark  hrown  toinentum  which  soon  disiippears,  r.nd  they  become  lif^ht  brown  tinpcd  with 
red  or  ashy  f^ray.  The  winter-buds  ,ire  ovate,  acute,  and  coated  with  rufiius  tonientum.  The  leaves 
are  spatulate  or  linear-oiilonjif,  or  sometimes  broadly  obovate-cuneate,  rounded  and  occasionally  emarjji- 
nate  at  the  apex,  jjradualiy  narrowed  at  th  •  base,  and  entire,  with  sliLrhtly  thickened  and  revoluto 
niarfjins ;  they  are  glabrous,  thick,  and  coriaceous,  pale  blue-jjreen  on  the  upper,  and  paler  on  the  lower 
surface,  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  lonjj  and  a  (|uarter  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  (piarter  wide, 
with  slender  pale  midribs  and  very  obscure  veins  and  veinlits ;  they  are  boiiie  on  petioles  wiiich  are 
rarely  a  (puirter  of  an  inch  in  Ien<^th,  and  usually  remain  on  the  branches  until  the  end  of  their  second 
winter.  The  (lowers,  which  ffcncraiiy  ajipear  in  October  and  November,  barely  exceed  one  sixteenth  of 
an  inch  in  leiii^tii,  and  are  borne  in  few  or  many-tlowcred  crowded  fascicles  on  slender  glabrous  pedicels 
seldom  more  than  half  an  inch  long.  The  calyx  is  glabrous  and  divided  nearly  to  the  ba.se  into  narrow 
ovate  lobes  rounded  at  the  apex  and  half  the  length  of  the  divisions  of  the  corolla,  which  are  furnished 
with  linear-lanceolate  apjiendages  as  long  as  the  ovate  acute  denticulate  staminodia.  The  ovary  is 
narrowly  ovate,  slightly  hairy  at  the  very  base  oidy,  and  gradually  contracted  into  an  elongated  style. 
The  fruit  is  oidong-oval  and  two  thirds  of  an  inch  in  length,  with  thick  sweet  flesh  ;  it  hangs  on  a 
slender  drooping  stem,  usually  only  one  fruit  being  developed  from  each  fascicle  of  flowers,  and  ripens 
in  the  spring. 

In  Florida  /{ii)iii>iii  (tniinnt'ifoliit  is  distributed  on  the  cist  coast,  where  it  is  common,  from  the 
shores  of  Indian  Uiver  to  the  southern  keys,  and  on  the  west  coa:t,  where  it  is  much  less  abundant, 
from  Cedar  Keys  to  Cape  Rtniiano,  being  most  freipiently  found  on  rocky  shores  and  in  the  interior  nf 
low  barren  islands.  It  also  inhabits  the  Uahania  Island.s,'  the  valley  of  the  Kio  Grande  below  Laredo. 
Texas,  and  Nuevo  Leon. 

The  wood  of  Jlioiulin  <ii)'jii.ilij'(>fli(  is  heavy,  hard,  although  not  strong,  and  very  close-grained, 
with  a  satiny  surface  susceptible  of  receiving  a  beautiful  polish ;  it  contains  many  thin  medullary  rays, 

'  KggerB,  N"    1118  ;  an  uiiusuiilly  iiarrdw-U-avi'il  funii. 


h 


' 


M'f 


>{! 


n:^ 


176 


SILVA   OF  NOIiTU  AMERICA. 


SAl'OTACE.K. 


and  is  light  brown  or  orange-colored,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood.     The  specific  gravity  of  the 
a1)suliitely  dry  wood  is  O.?!*.")'.),  a  culuc  foot  weighing  4!».(J0  ponnds. 

nnmclla  mujustifolki  was  first  discovered  on  Key  West  by  Dr.  J.  L.  Blodgett.     In  the  valley  of 
the  Rio  Grande  it  was  first  collected  near  the  city  of  Matamoras  by  Jean  Louis  Berlaudier." 


'  .Sec  i.  H'-'. 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE   PLATE. 


1. 


PlATK    CCXLIX.       lil-MI-.l.lA    AMlL'IiTIK(>I.I.V. 

A  riDweriii;,'  liraiicli.  niituiul  si/,u. 

A  tlower,  I'lilar^iMl. 

liili'iior  vii'w  iif  !s  cciri)ll;i  (li»i)luyi'<1,  I'lilarjfeil. 

FWtorior  view  nf  a  I'onilla  li'  plavi'il,  i'nl.ir;,'<'(l. 

A  tli.wcr,  tl.e  ninilla  rciiiovfil,  with  llii'  ov.iry  rut  transversolv,  cnlaii;>'cl. 

Vertical  section  of  an  ovary.  ciilai|,'eil. 

A  fniitiii,;  iirani'li,  natural  ^i/'!. 

Vertical  sectioii  of  a  friiil.  natural  sijo. 

A  socil.  sliL;litly  cnlarijccl. 

An  finluyii.  slightly  enlarged. 


\iv 


sai'OTAcka;. 
gravity  of  the 

[n  the  valley  of 

n:' 


ll-L'.'ll. 


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if  , 

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Siivd  ui    Ivor'h   America 


I- 


BUMKl.iA    ANGUSTIKOLIA    :iM 


.■I  !u,;  >,;,./■  .:,' 


H  Tiitit'iif  :  /''-'.r 


If 

rf 

9b 

II 

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SAl'OTACK/K. 


SILVA    OF  NORTU  AMERICA. 


177 


DIPHOLIS. 

Flowers  perfect ;  calyx  5-lobcd,  the  lohcs  in  one  series,  imbricated  in  aostiviition, 
persistent ;  corolla  gamopetalous,  o-lolicd,  the  lobes  furnished  with  lateral  petal-like 
appendaj;es  and  staminodia,  imbricated  in  icstivation  ;  stamens  5  ;  disk  0 ;  ovary  siijje- 
rior,  a-eelled ;  ovules  solitary  in  each  cell,  ascending.  Fruit  a  fleshy  usuidly  1-celled 
l-seeded  berry.     Leaves  alternate,  petiolate,  coriaceous,  persistent,  destitute  of  sti])ules. 

Dipholia,  A.  .U-  Candollc  Pmdr.  viii.  18S  (ISU).  —  lion-      Bumelia,  liaiUon,  Hist.  VI  xi.  277  (in  part)  (1891). 
lliam  iV  Iluokir.  den.  ii.  C(j(t.  —  K[it;lfr  A;  I'laiitl,  Vjlaii- 
zt'ii/'ini.  iv.  pt.  i.  145. 

Glabrous  or  imbosci'iit  trees  or  shrul)s,  with  terete  iiniirmed  I)r!Uiehes  and  naked  buds.  Leaves 
coriaeeous,  elliiitical  to  oltlonj^-lanceoluto,  acuniinaU',  short-iietiolate,  pennivelned,  the  .slender  veins 
arcuate  and  iniited  near  the  margins,  entire,  bistrous,  persistent.  Fh)\vers  minute.  sh()rt-i)edieeHate, 
in  many-ilowered  faseicies  in  tins  axils  ol'  existing-  k'aves  or  from  the  k'atless  nodes  of  previous  years. 
Pedicels  clavate.  ehracteolate,  from  the  axils  of  minute  deciduous  bracts.  Calyx  ovate,  deeply  five-lobed, 
the  lobes  nearly  eipial,  ovate,  rounded  at  the  apex.  Corolla  campaiuilate,  short-tubed,  hypogynous, 
white,  five-lobed,  the  spreading  lobes  furnished  on  each  side  at  the  base  with  exterior  linear  or 
subulate  appendages.  Stamens  five,  inserted  toward  the  base  of  the  corolla-tube  opposite  its  lobes, 
exserted  ;  filaments  filiform ;  authors  ovate  or  oblong-sagittate,  attached  on  the  back,  extrorse,  two- 
celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally.  Staminodia  five,  petaloid.  ovate,  acute,  mostly  erosely  or 
fimbriatcly  cut  on  tlu.  margins,  obliijiie,  keeled  on  the  back,  inserted  in  the  same  rai>.k  and  alternately 
with  the  stamens.  Ovary  oblong  or  narrowly  ovate,  gradually  contracted  into  a  .slender  .style  shorter 
than  the  corolla  and  stigmatic  at  the  apiculate  apex  ;  ovides  solitary  in  each  cell,  attadied  to  an  axile 
placenta,  ascending  from  near  the  bottom  of  the  cell,  anatropous  ;  raphe  dorsal ;  micropyle  inferior. 
Fruit  ovate  or  oblong,  tipped  with  the  remnants  of  the  persistent  style,  mostly  one-seeded  ;  pericarp 
thin  and  fleshy.  Seed  ovate  or  sidirotund  ;  testa  thick,  coriaceous,  ami  lustrous  ;  hilum  oblong,  basdar 
or  slightly  lateral.  Embryo  erect  in  thick  fleshy  albumen  ;  cotyledons  ovate,  flat,  nuich  longer  than  the 
short  terete  radicle  turned  towards  the  hilum. 

Dipholis,  which  diil'ers  chiefly  from  Sideroxylum  in  the  presence  of  the  exterior  appendages  to  the 
corolla-lol)es  and  from  Bunu-lia  in  the  cojiious  albunuMi  of  the  seed,  is  We.st  Indian '  and  Floridian.  Of 
three  species  which  are  recognized,  one  inhabits  southern  Florida. 

Dipholis  produces  strong  hard  wood,  but  is  not  known  to  he  otherwise  valuable. 

The  generic  name,  from  hii  and  <fio?.i;,  relates  to  the  uppeiulages  of  the  corolla. 

'  A.  (If  Candolle,  I'rmlr.  viii.  IS.S.  —  (Irisi'liiioli,  /•'/.  Ilrlt.  W.  Iwl.  UK). 


hi 


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ii 


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ii 

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1 

sai'OTacka: 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


ITtt 


DIPHOLIS   SALICIPOLIA. 


Bustic.    Cassada. 


Fl-()\VF,u-ci,u.  TF.RS  shorter  than  the  petioles.     Leaves  obloug-lunceolate  or  obovate, 
f^radually  contracted  into  slender  petioles. 


Dipholis  salicifolia.  A.  de  CamloUo,  Prmlr.  viii.  18H 
(IHIIl.  — IX'lisseit.  hon.  Select,  v.  17,  t.  10.  —  Minuel, 
M'lrfliis  t'l.  Hmnil.  vii.  4."),  I.  IS.  —  Chiiiiniaii,  Fl.  '.'71.  — 
(iriiy.  >*>','/«•  /•'.  X  Am.  ii.  G7.  —  Sai'ijuiit,  J-'ore.it  Trees 
.V.  .im.  \Otl,  CeiisiLt  U.  S.  ix.  101. 

Achras  aalioifolia.  Liiiiiii'iis,  ,s'y/ec.  uil.  I',  470  (1702). 

Bumella  salicifolia.  .Swait/.,  Pnxli:  50(irS.S);   Fl.  I  ml. 


Ore.  i.  41)1.  —  Willilenow.  Sj.er.  i.  jit.  ii.  lOHO  (cxcl.  .S'i(/i- 
ruxi/liiin  M'tstiehmleiiilruii).  —  Aitiiii.  Jlnrt.  Keir.  eel.  'J. 
ii.  '15.  —  Kocim'f  iV;  .Si'lmUus.  Sijft.  iv.  4'.l4.  —  Don.  <ien. 
Si/.it.  iv.  '.".t.  —  Dietiicli,  Si/ii.  i.  (llil. 
Sideroxylum  aalicifolium.  Laiiiarcii,  ///.  ii.  42  (1793). — 
i;aMtiiur  I',  friiel.  in.  124,  t.  L'OL'. 


A  trui',  in  Florida  sometimes  forty  to  fifty  feet  in  height,  witli  a  struigiit  trunk  eighteen  or  twenty 
inches  in  diiimeter,  slender  upriglit  hranehes  forming  a  narrow  graceful  head,  and  thin  terete  hranchlets. 
The  iiark  of  tiie  trunk  is  a  third  of  an  inch  thick  and  is  l)roken  into  tiiick  s(inare  jilate-like  hrown  scales 
tinned  with  red.  The  hranehes,  when  they  first  apiiear,  are  coati-d  with  r-.fous  puhescence,  and  later 
hc(  onie  ashy  gray  or  light  hrown  tinged  with  red,  and  are  niarkeil  hy  nmnerous  circular  pale  lenticel- 
and  hy  small  elevated  oihiculur  leaf-.scars,  displaying  near  tlie  centre  a  compact  cluster  of  fil)ro-vascular 
Imnille-scars.  The  leaves  are  olilongdanceolate  or  narrowly  ohovate,  acute,  acuminate,  or  rounded  at  the 
aiiex,  gradually  contracted  at  the  hase,  and  entire,  with  sliglitly  thickened  cartilaginous  wavy  margins; 
when  they  unfold  they  are  thickly  coaled  with  lustrous  rufous  puhescence.  and  at  maturity  are  thin  and 
firm,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  jialc  yellow-green  on  the  lower,  three  to  five  inches 
long,  half  an  inch  lo  an  inch  and  a  (piarter  liroad,  and  glabrous  or  slightly  puherulous  on  the  lower  side 
of  till'  narrow  pale  niidrihs.  with  inconspicuous  veins,  reticulate  veinlets,  and  slender  petioles  varying 
from  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  i)i  length  ;  they  appear  in  Florida  in  the  spring  and  remain  on  the  hranehes 
hctweeli  one  and  two  years.  The  fiowers.  which  open  during  March  and  April,  are  an  eighth  of  an 
inch  long,  and,  produced  in  dense  many-Howered  fascicles  crowded  on  the  hranchlets  of  the  year  or  of 
the  previous  year  for  a  distance  of  eight  or  twelve  inches,  are  home  on  thick  pedicels  a  (piarter  of  an 
inch  long,  coated  with  rul'ous  puhescence  and  ileveloped  from  the  axils  of  ovate  acute  .scarious  hracts 
barely  a  twelfth  of  an  inch  in  lengtli.  Tiie  ealyx  is  half  the  length  of  the  corolla,  its  outer  surface 
being  covered  with  rusty  silky  puliesceiu'c  ;  the  linear  acute  exterior  ajipeiulagcs  of  the  corolla-lobes  are 
as  long  as  the  ov.al  acute  irregularly  toothed  staniinodia,  these  being  shorter  than  the  stamens,  which 
are  coin|)osed  of  slender  filanu-nts  and  ohlong  anthers.  The  ovary  is  narrowly  ovate,  glabrous,  and 
graduallv  contracted  into  a  slender  style  shorter  than  the  corolla  and  stigmatie  at  the  a|)ex.  The 
fruit,  which  is  solitary  or  rarely  clustered,  is  produced  in  Florida  rather  sparingly  and  ripens  in  the 
autunui  ;  it  is  oblong  or  subglobose,  black,  and  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long,  with  thin  dry  Hesh  and  a 
single  ohlong  seed. 

DI/)/t<>li.-<  .•«dlrij'<tlh(  grows  in  Florida  on  the  shores  of  Ray  Riscayne.  on  rich  hummock  soil,  with 
the  Mastic,  the  Live  Oak,  the  Cuban  Pine,  the  Palmetto,  the  Black  Calabash,  the  Marlherry,  the  Gund)o 
Limbo,  and  Eiujenla  (uirbrri,  and  on  several  of  the  .southern  keys,  although  here  it  is  nowhere  common. 
It  also  inhabits  the  Hahamas'  and  many  of  the  West  Indi.cn  islands.- 

Tiie  wood  of  Dij)holU  sulicifolia  is  very  heavy,  exceedingly  iiard,  strong,  close-grained,  and 


Il.'.clu'nfli,  Hep-  .'/i.«imn  Hot.  (iiinl.  iv.  M\. 


'  A.  Ricluml,  /■'/.  Cull.  iii.  85,  t.  54".  —  tirisoljach,  /•'.'.  Jin!.  11', 
Iwl.  m  ,  Cnt-  /'.'.  Cub.  ItU. 


vfKi--'.v'im*m^'^ 


v*?»«5;ifi^«>'s?s«ss?s^!(«^sf?*^ 


% 


>  f 


I,  . 


180 


SILVA   or  XOUTII  AMKUICA. 


SAPOTACE^K 


MisiTptible  of  rei'eiviii;!;  a  boiiutifiil  polisli ;  it  ooiitaiiH  iiiinu'rous  larjjo  open  ducts  aiH'  obscure  lui'diil- 
larv  I'.ivs.  ami  is  liaik  Incwii  or  red,  with  tliiii  sapwooci  coinposcd  of  four  or  five  layers  of  annual 
j;rowtli.  Tile  specilii'  jjravity  of  tiie  absolutely  dry  wood  is  ().'.II)l(j,  a  cubic  foot  wei^jliinp;  n.S.dO 
pounds. 

iJlp/ioUx  /ii(/icil'oli'(  appears  to  have  lieen  discovered  in  Jamaica  by  Sir  Hans  Sioane,  and  the 
earliest  description  of  it  is  foMii!  in  his  CataUM^ue  of  .laniaica  Plants,  published  in  l(>!t(i.'  In  Floriila 
it  was  detected  by  Ur.  .1.  L.  IJlod^att. 

*  Silticin/niio  Ultn  ipifn'lriitftfirf'i'rjIorif'U.'i  ffirns  fnilulf  liitti.i  /t-  -i-  Ai-hrtu  ^    Fn!iiii  oh!>i»tji^  mtitli^  utrin'/w  imt'lwlix,  floril'im  cmiffrli*^ 

tnf>fttilii  i  rttiti'in'rum  'nurif'ii.^  co'{f*rtim  txt'ttulifiu.^t  17(1 ;  .\>iL  Uist.  itWH'iiim  inint  fr  utt'S  sj^irsLi,  hrnvvtif,  .\iit.  tliM.  Jam.  UUl,  t.  17, 
Jim.  ii.  98,  t.  'JOO,  f.  i.  t.  i. 


KXl'LANATION   OK  TIIK   I'l.ATK 

i'l.  VIK    CCl..        DnilMl.Is    -  vl.lrlKHl.IA. 

I.  A  tiowtM'in^''  liiiiiit'l).  natural  si/.i*- 
'J.    Oia^raiii  i>f  :v  tiowi'V. 

•'f.    A  lliiwiT.  I'tilali;,..!. 

I.  A  lliiH-iT.  wiili  tlu'  c'limlla  ilis]ilayoil.  cnlnrp'il. 

."p.  Viiliial  "I'ltiiiTi  iif  an  iivnry,  cnlargvil, 

6.  An  iivuli ,  iniicli  niai;nitu><l. 

T.  A  frullini;  liranch.  natnral  «i?.p. 

S.  ViTtiral  wctioTi  iif  a  I'niit,  tiilari^oil. 

'.I.  A  -iMil.  tMilari;>'il. 

10.  An  iMnlirvo.  mncli  nia'^nil'ioil. 


i.!';i 


SAl'lvrACE-K. 

l)s«'Uie  nii'dul- 
iTs  of  annual 
■ifrhing  58.00 


oiine,  and  tlie 
I.'     In  Fl(iri(lii 


fr.<,  florif'iii  I'tn/frtii, 
iM.  Jan.  •M\,  t.  i", 


1i 


i 


I' 


i  I'   ! 


i  I 


U 


I 


I         t|. 


[ 


I     ■ ! 


i  i 


I 


0    9 


I 


^^      ^M')/"' 


niPHui.is  sal:c!Folia 


I  ;u,i.rfu.f   'Uf'U 


f.f-      !    .Aiu'ttt     ■  <l't.' 


f     \ 

•  > 

'1 

l' 

II 


l.(  I 


I  )l 


y» 


u  I  '• 


ii! 


,1 


il: 


\i   '  I , 


SAl'ilTALX^E 


aJJA'A    OF  JS'OliTIl  AMKUlt'A. 


in 


MIMUSOPS. 


Fi.oUTRs  pprffPt ;  c.'ilyx  0  in  S-partcd,  tlic  divi-iioiw  in  tno  scrio,  those  of  tlic 
exterior  valvate  in  lustiviitioii,  tin-  otlieiN  iiiilniciited,  jHr^isteiit  ;  corolla  j^aiiiopet.iloii'*, 
(t  to  K-lol)efl,  the  lobes  imltrit  ated  or  sidteoiitorted  in  a'^ti^ati(»ll  and  furnished  at  tiio 
l)a>e  with  a  pair  of  petaMiki'  appendages  and  with  seali -like  or  petaloid  staniinodia ; 
stamens  ({  to  S;  (li>k  (»;  ovary  >iiperior,  ({  to  M celled ;  ovules  solitary  in  each  cell. 
Kruit  a  filolio«.e,  usually  1-sceded  herry.  Lciivcs  alternate,  corhiceous,  persistent, 
destitute  of  stipules. 

Mlinuaopa.  Liiiini'ii.,  Aufi  n.  i.  ;i".t7  ( ITI'.t).  —  A.  L.  <lo  .Iii«-  Oi'ii.  '.Til.  —  Knilliclicr,  Gen,  711.  —  lU'ntliam  &  Hiiokor, 

•  wn.liiii.   l.VJ.  —  Mii-iiiT,  (li'ii.  J'll.  —  Kiidlielicr,  (liii,  '/' /i.  ii.  t'liU. 

711.—  H.'Ml'iiim  it  llmik^p,  di-n.  ii.  061.—  Ilartu],',  •/..»<•.      ?Phlobolithis,  (ia'itmT,  AV»r^  i.  'JOl,  t.  .|;i,  (.  2  (178S). 
/lof.  xvii.  .(."H  — Kiiu''<T  it  I'raiitl.  I'llaifnni'ini.  iv.  |il.  i.      Syniirrhona.  Kiichii-  it  Miyi-r.  /'»//.  .I';i,l.  S''l.  .S7.  l','tn'M. 

I>n,i,y.  viii.  '.'.")  (IHIl).  — Kiidlicliii-.  'ii'ii.  .Siippl.  iii.  SI. 
Dolastren.  A.  d.-  t':iiiili)lle,   /'/■.«/,•.  vlii.   \'X>  (nut  Tiilusno) 

(LSI  1 1. 
Liibrnmin,  A.  il.'  C'aiHl..llo,  /VWr.  vlii.  fl72  ( \HM). 
EichltTia,  llmlci),'.  .A"(c  /(.'.  \vi.  7'-'  (imt  I'luijcl)  (IS7.SI. 
Murioa.  Iliiitui,'.  Joni:  llii.  xvi.  II.")  (1S7S). 


1.".0.  f.  N'J.  —  llnilloii.  Il!*l.  I'l.  xi.  .■!'Kt  (ill  jmrl). 
Manilkara.  .X.lan^iin.  /•'■////.  /'/.  ij.  ICiil  (17(l.'l). 
Biiu^ctaria.  ri.iNk:il.  /■'/.  .l:':/;i/,i.-.h-'ili.  S'^i  (177ri). 
Siis.soria.  s.'M|i,,li,  li,ff-l.  I'.t'.l  (1777i. 
Imliiicaria.  A.  I.,  ili'  .Iii«»iiMi,  tifn.  I.V.'  (17S'.l).  —  Mci^iicr. 


Tici's,  or  r.ircly  slinilis,  with  stout  ti'ittc  iiiianiit'il  luaiiclics,  scaly  hiuls,  ami  sweet  milky  jiiici-. 
[.^■:lVl^^  alteiiiilc.  iisiially  clustcri'd  at  the  eliils  (if  file  hranehes,  |ieti(ilato,  iieiiiiiveiiu'tl,  with  slender 
im'iins{)ieiioiis  triii-^ver>e  veins  ami  minateiy  reticulateil  \eiiil(ls.  |ier>istent.  Flowers  small,  jiedieellato 
I'nini  leai-lieaiini^'  or  oMcr  iealless  nodis.  Pedicels  elaviilc  >liiiit  or  elmiijiiteil.  eliracteolate,  [irodared 
IVoiii  the  axils  of  iiiiimte  deeidiloMs  hracts.  Calyx  six  to  eii;lil-l(ilicd,  the  Inlics  in  twii  series.  Corolla 
hv|io^\  noiiN,  white.  Iiirclv  lon!;-er  than  the  calyx,  sulirot  ite,  usa  illy  dilati'd   in   the  throat,  the    divisions 

ovate-hint late.  ai'Ute.  entire   or  v.iiioiwly  eat,  each  l'iiriii>lici|  at  the  haso  on  either  side  with  an  exterior 

|ietaloid  aiipeiida^fe.  Stami-ns  inserted  on  the  tnhe  of  the  corolla  opiiosite  its  hihes  ;  lilameiits  short, 
dilated,  free,  or  iiniteil  with  the  staminodii  into  ,1  s|ireadini;'  tnhe;  aiitiiers  lam  eolate.  attached  on  tlio 
hid;  lielow  the  niiildle.  extrorsely  or  snlilater.illv  "lehiscent,  two-celled,  the  celU  oiienin<f  longitudinally, 
the  eomieetive  exeiirreiit.  acute,  or  soinetinies  aii-^t.ite  at  the  a|iex.  .Staniinodia  ns  many  as  the  lolics  of 
the  corolla,  >cale-like  or  petaloid.  entire,  two-lohed  or  laciniate,  in>erteil  in  the  same  rank  and  alter- 
II  iiely  with  the  stamens.  Ovary  ovate,  hirsute  or  |iuheruloiis,  six  to  ei;;lit-celled,  jjradiially  narrowed 
into  a  sleinler  style  stii;inatie  ;it  the  :ipex  ;  o\iiles  solit:irv.  attached  to  an  axile  iilaienta  [irojeeted  from 
the  inner  anu;le  of  the  cell,  suhliasilar.  ascendini;'  or  hori/ontal.  anatropoas ;  raphe  dorsal;  micropyle 
inl'ciior.  Fruit  jjlohose  or  sliy;htly  ohov.ite.  one  or  few-seeded  hy  ahortion,  tipped  with  a  thickened 
persistent  style,  ami  surroiitided  at  the  hase  hy  the  calyx;  epiearp  erustaeeoiis.  iiiihir.ite  ;  endocarp  thick 
and  tieshy.  Set'd  ohloui^-ovate,  slightly  compressed  ;  test.i  (aaistaceons  or  hard,  ehestnut-brown.  lus- 
trous ;  hiliim  eloni;'ated  and  lateral,  or  minute  ami  hasilar.  Hmliryi)  surroundei)  liy  thick  tlesliy  alhu- 
iiieii ;  cotyledons  Mat,  thick,  and  tlesliy,  nnieh  loajjer  than  the  short  terete  erect  radicle. 

Minuisops.  with  thirty  or  forty  speeies,'  is  widely  di.strihuted  throuj'ii  the  tropics  of  the  two  liomi- 

'  A.  lie  Cuniloll.'. /'r.,./r,  \iii.'.'ii-.'.  —  \Viil|icrs, /.'.71.  vi.l,")0;  Awi.  mil.  iv.  '.'SI.  —  Olivir,  R  yv../).    l/>.  iii.  ."0.",  ."1O8  (InilirM'ariii)  — 

iii.  la. —  .\.   Uii-liard,    7Vn/.   y-V.  . I '"/*<.  ii.  -2.  —  SiiikUt,  Lifininit  Kan,    Furt'ft    Fl.    lint,    littrm.  ii.    rJ2. —  Itakcr,   Ft.    Maur.  und 

viiii.   71.  —  .Miiiui-1,    .U.irli.u    Fl    /.Vii.i/.  vii.  ;«»;    Ft.   iwl.    />'«(.  %<•*.  l»l.  —  llixikir  f.  H. /.Vi/. /w/.  iii.  .">48.  —  Kiiglcr, /Jk/.  ,/<(/ir/<. 

.i    1(V4'.'.  —  <!ris<'lmeli,  /'/.  Itrii    If   /-.</    KX).  —  HoiitliaiM,  /•7.  .1>,,<-  iii.  .V.';l 


»iaflM|j«;),=,»» 


is-j 


SJ/.VA    OF  XOUTII  AMKIULA. 


SAroTAcr..!-, 


^]i1k'1i's,  ii  siiiu'lf  spicics  inhabiting  the  islnuls  of  southern  Florida.  Several  species  of  Mimusops  j)ro- 
(luce  hard  heavv  tiiiiiier,  fragrant  Howers,  edilile  fruits,  and  valuable  milky  juiees.  Mlmnxopn  Jinldlu.^ 
the  l)idlv-tiee  or  ISaiata  of  the  West  Indies  and  (Juiana,  where  il  grows  to  Mie  height  of  a  hundred 
liet  and  [iroduees  trunks  six  fei't  in  diameter,  is  a  valuable  tindier-tree  ;  '  it  vields  a  snuill  delieiouslv 
flavored  liuit.  and  abundant  sweet  milky  juiee  whieh  is  used  as  food  iiy  the  natives  of  Guiana,  and 
in  recent  years  has  been  imported  into  tiie  I'nited  States  and  Kurope  in  the  form  of  an  elastic  ductile 
nuni,  tile  balata  of  eomiueree.'  In  \\\iW\\  Man iisit^is  In  .iiiiidrK  '  is  often  cultivated  as  a  fruit-tree,  and  its 
liar<l  tough  even  grained  wood  is  used  in  the  eonstruction  of  iuiildings,  in  turnery,  and  for  gun- 
stocks.'  Miiiii'siijis  iJ/(  inji.'' :i  native  of  southern  India  and  Ceylon,  is  also  eultivaied  in  ln<lia  and 
liiMuiah  for  its  fragrant  star-shaped  (lowers,  which  are  usimI  in  garlands,  and  tor  its  edible  fruit  ;  oil  is 
piesscil  from  its  seeds,  and  its  bark  is  used  nu'dicinally  in  native  practice.'  MiuiKynji.i  Kdiiki"  of  liur- 
mah.  the  .Mal.iv  I'eniusula  and  Archipelago,  and  of  .\u>tralia,  is  often  cultivated  in  tropical  countries  as 
a  fruit-tree  ;  '  and  Miiidisu^is  pitrvifulm  '"  of  .\ustialia  exudes  a  thick  milky  edilile  s.ip  with  the  taste  (d' 
fresh  cream." 

The  sigiiiticance  of  the  generic  nam.',  from  '/I'/n  and   dtri;.  given  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  the 
corolla,  is  not  ap[iareiit. 


!   i 


i    ! 


!|i 


'  (liiMtli.T  f.  Fnicl.  lii.  l:!;t.  t,  'J(l,"i  (ISliro.  —  A.  .!.■  ('.iiuli.ll,-, 
l*r<ntr.  viii.  *JIH>.  —  Mi>|tU'I,  Miirlius  /■'/.  lini^i'.  vii.  1-1.  —  lU';ui\  i^.ti,'*', 
(h-iijiiiff  llotnni'i'iin  */«=  /<i  liullii-I'trrfnt.  ."it. 

.l<-*r,i.<  llil!ut,i,  Aiililit,  /'/,  'iiwl'i.  i.  aos  (IT"."!  I. 
'  Miinusni'^  j/('(»/)iw(j,  (iicrOuT  1'./.  ('.  i:i'J,t.  -tK-j  (ISO,-.).  — liri^i-- 
Lnch,  n  lint.  If.  Iml.  IIHP. 

.S'.I/.i'M  .l^J,Vrl,  Itlrl'klnil.  .lr,r,.  .S",-|.  Sill.  >(<r.    l.vii.  -J'J.'i  (1S,"j7) 
'  It.  .Sfiioiiil'iiriik.  .1  l>> ^iTijitinu  I'l'  '!ri[t.-<h  fiitiitiui,  X\.  —  l.a.-.lclt, 
Tiill.''t  r  ilii'l  Tiinf.f  r-trn.<,  ItiO. 

"  Italiltjl-^iim  U'lii'it  <lri.'<i  rf^cniMi'..  li.itinT  aiiil  i>  lir:iM.*r  ttiaii 
w.tt.-i-.  'IVt-ati'd  with  Mil). liur  it  I'ornis  a  \iiKaltizi'il  cla.^lu'  Mipiilr 
Mil.st.tiui'  iiiti-nufiliati'  in  it>  |trnin*i-tii'>  lictwcfii  ^'iitta-iM-r<-lia  ami 
lii.iia -nililn'i-.  W'luii  lii>t  iutliniiu-ril  it  was  <>xti'iiMvi-ly  nii- 
liloy.'il  fur  ixilatiii;;  ttl4-;;rai>h  «iri'^  ;  its  huk  tif  iltiraliility  wlii-n 
t'xpt'sfil  tn  tl:.'  ;.if.  liKUfviT,  U's\fiiH  its  value  for  this  piirpci.Hc,  anil 
it  is  n»iw  litil.'  iisfil  rxi-.  [It  an  an  ini;irilii-nt  in  rlii-wiii^-}run),  fi.r 
wl. it'll   i>iiri>i.st'   it%   .sv\r.lii..^s  ami    ixi-rllfiit    iiia>tii'at"ry   qiialitii-s 

I.;aki'    it    \:i!ilaMi.      To   ol-t.un    till'   |;mil    till arse   nllti-r   lialk    is 

rciii.'M.I    II tlic  Irn-s  ami  a   iiaint.rr  "f  .ilili.iii.-  iM^.-rtiniis  ari* 

niaili-  Ml  till'  iliiar  liark  t.i  til.'  hii(;lil  of  alniiit  si-M  li  f.'it  flnin 
till-  fjt.iuml  :  .1  riii^  i.f  .lay  wraiipi'il  arniinil  tin*  liasi-  of  iIh'  Iiii' 
fulloi'ts  the  sap  a.-*  it  tiows  frnni  tin'  cuts.  Tlir  i|iiantily  iif  sap 
i.btailii-il  from  a  tn-,'  varii-s  from  six  lotliirty  oiiiu'i's,  wliii-li  proilui-.- 
fn'ln  tliri'i'  ifiartiTs  uf  a  poiinil  to  a  poini.t  of  tin'  ilri.-il  ^nini.  Tins 
priK-css,  it  is  sjiiil,  iliH'.s  not  iiijiiri'  tlif  tm  s.  Tlicy  ari'  often  i-iit 
ilowii,  liowcvi-r,  iinil  the  sap  cxtrat'tcil  from  woninls  mailr  uloii^ 
till'  whiili'  length  of  till*  Irnnks  ;  in  this  way  il.s  nnu-h  as  fort\-tivv 
pKiiiiiis  of  (Irit'il  f^nni  havi-  )••'■  ii  olilaiiu'ii  from  a  sin^lr  tri'i*,  while 
till'  avrrai,'!'  amoinit  is  fli-v,-ii  poiimls.     ( Si-,.  Itlci-kriHl,  /.  «'.  *J'JU.  — 


Martins.  /■'/,  r,nisi!.  vii.  ll'J.  —  finili.iait.  Hist.  /'p.;/.  i.l.  7.  ii.  lien  — 
>poiis,  /•Jiiff/rlu/ntiti'l  I'/  Oil  IniliL-triil'.  .Ir/s  Miliiiit\li'lnrt:<,  iiitii  limi' 
i'ommircitil  Priiilufty,  ii.  lti;i.~i.  —  tlai-ks.in,  Cimtiui'ri'ittt  liniwui  of 
III,    Siniliiiith  l'i-iiti,rii,X\.) 

*  K.ixliUiKli,  I'l.  Coriim.  i.  li'.,  t.  l.".  ( IT'.Oi.  —  A.  .!,■  Camlollc.  /.  .-. 
'jol        llookiT  f.  /■■/.  Uril.  /ii./.  iii.  .-.lit 

.MiiiiiKi'p'  luiliiii,  .\.  ilr  I'anihilli',  /.  .-.  'Ji."i  (ISIIi.  — Tlnvaili's, 
i'.iium.  I'L  /ii/liiu.  17."i.     -  lliaialis,  /■',.;-..:  /■'..  Unl.  /•,./.  'J'.ll. 
"  Itialiilis.  /.  .-.  —  Italfour.  Timlnr-tn. >  ul  Imhil,  i-.l.  '-'.  II'.S  ;   A'.,- 
<•'/'  i'"/"i'/"/  "''  /i.'/iii,  I'll.  II,  ii.  !l."iU. 

»  l.nnia'iis,  Sim:  ;il'.l  (l"'">:i)—  Uoxl.iii^li,  /. ..  I.\  t.  11.  —  (iu'it- 
mr,  l'n„-l.  i.  1".)S,  t.  I'J.— A.ilr  I'an.loll,-.  /.  .■.  '.III'.'.  _  Thwait.s. 
;   ,-.  -  lll-anilis,  ;.  r.  'JOa.  —  Kiir/,  /.  .'.  —  llookir  f.  /.  r.  .MS. 

'   liiil.l..in.',  /■■/.  Siili:  .S-.  /„,/.  i.  t.  4(1.  -  llalfonr,  /.  ,-.  H17  ;  /  . 
'  l.mna'iis, /.  ,-.  (I7."i:!).  —  Ii   Itrown,  l>r,-lr.  .".ai.  — A.    il.-  Can- 
ilollf ,  /.  I'.  'Jtia.  —  Mi,|ii.l,  /■•/.  h.il.  Ilill.  ii.    KUL'.  —  Il.iokir  f.  .    . . 
.-.HI. 

.l/imii...;..*  ./I'.w./.i.    l;    Ill-own./..-    (ISUI).  -   /;.,.'.    t/,/./.  In    t. 
:ll.-,7        A.  .1,-  Caii'loll,..  /   .-.  'JOI. 

.\/o,ii,<../.<  /;.i.'..M.  lllimii'.  l:,jilr.  Ft.  Sill.  Ii.ii    Il7:l  (not  (ia-rt- 
hir  f  )  (ISi",). 

.Vii/.'.,..'/..*   Kii'di,  var.   linnrnniint.   A.   ili-  t'aiitlolU-.  .'.  c.  'Jtt,'l 
(IHll). 

.lfi«,.i.<"/.,<  ll.inkiri.  A.  ill'  Camlolh',  /.  .-.  'Jul  (IHll). 
Mimiiiiijn  I'irim-iiiitim,  Ili'iithaiii,  /•'/.  .1  ii.</m;.  iv.  i!8.")  (istiii), 
"   llramli-,  /.  i: 

'■   It.  llrown,  /.  .-.  (ISllll.  -■  All.'  Cimloll.'.  I.  ,-.  'JOJ.  —  .Mn-llir, 
I'nii/m.  Phi/t.  .\u*tm<.  v.  lilii.     -  Ih-ntliain.  .'.  -■ 
"  .Maiili'ii,  ','.<»;/ii;  .V.ifiiv  /'I'liii/.,  i;/'.lii..;r.iaii,  15. 


SAI'OTACK.T.. 
iiiusops  pio- 

r  a  Imiiclivil 

(luliciimslv 

Guiana,  and 

'lastic  ductile 

it-ticf,  anil  its 

111(1  lov  <;un- 

liidia  and 

Iriiit  :  oil  is 

'/■('  ■  of  liiir- 

cduntiii's  as 

till'  tasti'  (if 

sliajii'  of  tli« 


iij.  nl.  7,  ii.CilHl,  — 
I'wlnrt.-i,  initt  liittr 
tutrriid    lt,<Uiuii   of 

i.  ilf  (.'aliiiiilli'.  /.  r. 

S|l>.  —  Tliwiiiti'S, 
l:ni.  h.,1.  -J'.ll. 

a,  .,1  ■.'.  ii;s;  /■;.- 

I.-),  t.  U.— IllIMl- 

'JD'J.— 'lliwilit.^, 

r,  /. ,-.  ,-.i.s. 

..Ml-,  /.  ,■,  lt)7  ;  ;  .■ 
■.:ll  —  A.    .!.■  Cau- 

. -ll,...k.'.  f.  ;.  .-. 
-  /;..(.  i/.i./.  In  I. 

1../    1:7:1  (not  {,x\l- 

tMM.li.iii-,  ,'.  ,-.  ■jii:i 

(ISlll. 
.  iv.  L'S.">  (IS(l'.i), 

.  .-. '.'03.  — MM-ll.-r. 


SAI'OTACEJE. 


SUVA  OF  js'oirni  ajiejuca. 


is;5 


MIMUSOPS  SIEBERI. 
Wild  Dilly. 

Stamixodia  seale-likc,  triangular,  ontire.    Loaves  elliptical-oblong  or  slightly  obovate, 
retii.xc. 

Mimusops  Sieberi,  A.  do  Candolle,  Pro(/r.  viii. 'in I  (18H).  Mimusops  dissects,  Griscbacli.  ^7.  llrif.  W.  Iml.  -Km  (in 

—  < 'liii|ini!iii,  /V,  'JTri.  —  (ii'iiy.  ^lin.  Fl-  -V.  Am.  ii.  tilt. —  |iiirl)   il.*<'il|. 

Sar^'piit,  F'irrxt  Trfea  X.  Am.  ln//i  Cni.iiis  I'.  .S".  ix.  lo,'!.  Achraa  Bahnmensis.   linker.  Hunker  Jr,in.  xviii.  t.  170.") 
Achrna  Zapotilla,  vnr.  parviflora,  Nuttall,  Si/lnt.  iii.  L'.S,  t.  ( Is.sS). 

'.in  1 1."i  r.l).  Mimusops  Floridana,  Kiigler,  liul.  Jnhrli.  xii.  .j'.'-l  (IS'.IO). 

A  trt'i'.  in  Florida  rarely  more  than  thirty  feet  in  lieifjht,  with  <i  short  {jnarled  trunk  twelve  or 
fifteen  inehes  in  diameter,  usually  hollow  and  defeetive,  and  stout  hranehes  and  hranchlets  whieh  form 
a  compact  round  head.  The  hark  of  the  trunk  is  a  (|uartcr  of  an  inch  thick,  and  is  irrejifularly  divided 
hy  deep  fissures  into  ridires  rounded  on  the  hack  and  hroken  into  small  nearly  s(jiiaro  plates.  The 
hranchlets.  which  are  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  hranches  of  the  previous  year,  are  coated,  when  they 
first  appear,  with  dark  rufous  |)ulpescence.  anil  at  the  end  of  a  few  weeks  arc  ^lahrons,  or  nearlv  so. 
and  li^ht  oraii'ji'-hrown  ;  in  their  second  year  thi'V  are  stout,  covered  with  thick  asliv  j;rav  or  lij-ht  red- 
dish lirown  scaly  hark,  and  marked  hy  the  elevated  olicordate  li'af-sears,  which  disjilav  three  larj^'e  dark 
eonspicuons  tihro-vascular  hundlc-sears.  The  huds  are  ovate,  acute,  and  covered  with  dark  rustv  hrown 
tomentnm.  The  leaves,  which  are  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  hranchlets,  are  involute  in  vernation, 
elliptieal-ohlonj;  or  occasionally  sli<;-htly  ohovate.  rounded  and  refuse  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  wedj^o- 
shaped  at  the  hase.  and  entire,  with  slifjhtly  thickened  rcvolute  margins  ;  when  they  unfold  they  are 
hriirht  red  and  sliijhtly  pnherulous  on  the  under  surface  of  the  midrihs.  and  at  maturity  are  thick  and 
coriaceous,  hri^i'lit  ijreen  .-ind  lustrous,  covered  on  the  upper  surface  with  a  slijrkt  (vlaucous  hloom.  eon- 
s|)icuously  rcticidatc-viMiulose.  three  to  t'our  inches  louij  and  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  liroad.  with 
stout  midrihs  j^lalirous  or  ]iuherulous  with  rusty  hairs  helowaiid  deeply  impressed  ahove  ;  they  are  home 
on  slender  ijrooved  petioles  from  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  h^Uijth  and  usually  covered  with  rusty 
pnhesccnce,  especially  while  youni,',  and.  ap[iearini;'  in  Florida  in  A[)ri!  and  May,  fall  durini;^  their 
.second  vear.  The  flowers,  whieh  open  in  the  sprin;^.  are  home  on  slender  pedicels,  coated  with  rusty 
tomentinii.  an  inch  or  more  loTij,'.  and  [iroduced  at  the  ends  of  the  hranches  from  the  axils  of  leaves  of 
the  previous  vear,  or  from  those  of  leaves  two  vcars  old  whieh  have  fallen.  The  llowei-huds  are  ovate, 
roundeil  at  the  apex,  and  clothed  with  rustv  tomentnm.  The  calyx  is  narrowly  ovate,  and  dividc.l 
nearly  to  the  hottom  into  six  lohes ;  the  lohes  of  the  outer  row  are  lanceolate,  acute,  covered  on  the  outer 
surface  with  rusty  hrown  tonuMitum  and  on  the  inner  with  pale  pnhescence.  and  thickened  at  the  hase. 
where  tliev  are  usuallv  marked  on  the  outer  surface  with  a  hlack  spot;  those  of  the  inner  row  are 
ovate,  acute,  keeled  towards  the  hase.  liL;ht  j^recnish  yellow  and  covered  with  ]iale  pnheseence.  Th(> 
corolla  is  lii;ht  vellow,  tinj^ed  with  i^'cdi.  and  two  thirds  of  .111  iiu'h  across  when  expanded,  with  six 
^preailiiiir  lanceolate  ai'iite  divisions,  entire,  or  erosely  toothed  towards  the  apex,  .mil  furnished  at  the 
liase  on  each  side  with  a  slender  acute  appendai^e  one  h.ilf  or  two  thirds  of  their  length.  The  stamino- 
dia  are  minute,  nearly  trian;^iilar.  entire,  and  free  fnnu  the  staujens.  The  ovary  is  narrowly  ovate,  dark 
red,  pidjernlous  toward  the  hase  with  pale  hairs,  and  jjradnally  narrowed  into  an  elontjated  exserted 
stvle  stiifniatic  at  the  apex.  The  fruit  is  suh<jlohose  or  sliirlitly  ohovate.  flattened  and  compressed  at  the 
.ipex,  surrounded   at   the  hase   hy   the  renniants  of   the  persistent   calvx   with   its  rellexed    lohes.   and 


'•r'*»W»WS!^-Wi>.- 


i 


■^r: 


184 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


SAPOTACEi« 


crowned  by  tlie  thickened  persistent  style ;  it  is  an  iiicli  or  an  incii  and  a  half  in  diameter,  and  is 
liorne  on  a  stout  erect  stem  an  inch  or  more  lontj,  and.  ripening  at  the  end  of  a  year  in  the  spring  or 
early  autumn,  is  still  on  the  hnmclu's  when  the  tree  is  again  in  flower  ;  the  fruit  is  usually  one-seeded 
by  abortion,  and  is  covered  witii  a  thick  dry  outer  coat,  roughened  with  minute,  nisset-brown  scales, 
and  inclosing  the  thick  sjiongy  tlcsli  tilled  with  milky  juice.  The  seed  is  half  an  inch  long,  with  an 
elor.gated  lateral  iiilum.     The  fruit  is  devoured  by  many  birds  and  other  animals. 

The  wood  of  M'niiitxiiji.<  Siihiri  is  very  heavy,  hard,  strong,  and  close-grained,  with  numerous 
obscure  medullary  rays.  It  is  rich  very  dark  brown,  with  lighter  colored  sapwood.  The  specitic  gravity 
of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  l.OSIJS,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  ((7.")  I  pounds. 

Miiiiiifi(i/is  Si'lnri  is  found  in  Florida  only  on  the  s(Uithern  keys,  where  it  is  not  uncommon  ;  it 
also  iidiabits  the  Hahamas,'  and  probably  many  of  the  other  West  Indian  iskinds. 

The  specific  nanu'  comnuMnorates  the  scientific  labors  of  F.  W.  Siei)er.-  the  botanical  traveler  aiul 
collector,  who  found  this  tree  on  the  island  of  Trinidad. 

The  Wild  Dilly  was  discovered  on  the  Bahama  Islaiuls  by  Mark  Catesby,  who  published  the  earliest 
description  of  it  in  his  yulin-nl  I/iilori/  of  CaroVinii? 


i '  • 


*  IIiU-hi<(K>k,  Rtp.  Missouri  Hot.  Gard.  iv.  KW.  Kiiropc  with  plniits  cullectod  in  the  *  Vieiit  and  iti  a  jounipy  ri'utnl 

'■'  Kninz  Wilholm  Sifbor  (ITStVlftll),  ii  imtivo  nf  I'rupu*'  aiuI  In*      tht-  witrld  wliii-h  ho  iniule  In  18'J*J-li4. 
prnfession  an  apothecary,  who  enriched  the  priiieipal  herbaria  of  '  Annua   /;*/».-.•    hiuriuii,  in   stummitntf  iurmt*  ;  frwlu   comprts.to 

sradro /ii.*i-o,  in  medio  ammint'  Umgif,  ii.  H".  t.  H7. 


EXPLANATION   OF  T»K   PLATK, 

I'l.ATK    ('CM.       MlMrsiU'S    .SiFllKUI. 

1.  A  tliiwiTiiif;  mill  fniiliii);  brancli.  ii.itural  size. 

'J.  Diaj^rnm  of  a  Hinvt'i-. 

;!.  A  tlowiT.  ciilargi'il. 

4.  ViTticnl  section  of  ,1  (lower,  cnlarKcd. 

r>.  An  ovule,  niuoli  nia(;nil|pil. 

(i.  Cross  si'dion  of  n  f-iit.  sliowiiii;  the  seed,  natural  size. 

7.  Vertical  seetion  of  a  fruit,  naturu'    ize. 

8.  A  seed,  natural  size. 

9.  All  embryo,  enlarged. 


SAPOTACEvK 

eter,  and  is 
It'  spring  or 
,■  one-seeded 
rown  scales, 
)ng,  with  an 

h  numerous 
'c'itii'  gravity 

icomnion  ;  it 

traveler  and 

il  the  earliest 


ii  jounipy  nniuil 

f'rurtu   com/m^so 


Il[ 

f 

!'  f 

1 

1 

!• ; 

t-' 

* 


I'  ! 


h^  i  il' 


I , 


1:1, 


Silv.i  ui'  North  Americ* 


MIMUSOPS    SIEBF.RI 


/••./•   a    ',l'!,-l,r  /'.'■■■•■ 


>w>sri»si«w»« 


1 

a- 

El 

|i 

•^ 

I'f 


;•!: 


INDEX  TO  VOT..  V. 


N;iims  "f  Orders  iiro  in  SMAi.l.  cavitais; 


.,r  !uliintto<l  finioiii  .11.(1  Species  nn.l  ..tl.cv  prnpiT  n......'.,  i"  roni.u.  type; 

III'  sv..oi.y.ii^t  ii.  itiilics. 


Ai-hrm  Ikiliitn,  IS'-'. 

A.hriis  nisliiln,  1(111. 

.li'AriK  jKllli'ld.  ll>">. 

,r,/ira.<  snlin/nlm,  17it. 

.l,/iri/.<  /a/iolillii,  v.ir.  /larnlliinl.  \KV 

AfHirnii,  y.t. 

Atlaiunnnil,  1'.'. 

.'.l./n./nri,  ll."i. 

.Kiiiliii.i.  S;i.iiliiii-.,rt7. 

r./;-/..i/-ii.  i-J'.'. 

Ai/titln'OniliK.  711. 

A'luifiiMtntli'  ^  Junttitftit  TA. 

.\l..iii.lil-l.r.',  l.i.li;...,  'JO. 

Alii. .'_'.:.  Cl.ilU'.isis,  l.li'.liiiil  .iscs  111,  S. 

A.iil.in'..ii^.  'M. 

.\l.ill..iil..ii  il.il.iitiM.l...  .1'-. 

.\ll;l.i.ii..iis  i.sc.lf.il;.,  'M 

AtiiU'i'iitiK  f'Unffufil,  ;1'J. 

A...l....i.e.li..  I-.;:' 

Au'ln"ii"l'i,  l!!li. 

Awlronlriht  tirhnrm.  VX"}. 

Afiiiriimt'ln  itrfiiirr.srt'U^,  Wt. 

Aiiitnmrihl  liliiitini,  litO. 

Allilriiiiifilii  fi'i  r.i(;ii.<'.i.  l''!- 

Auilmmiih    /.m.</."'".    >•"'•    nrhiirfsrms, 

i:w 

AnilrniiiMil  hnn'jinni.  v.ii-.  fruli,--iii.  Vil. 
Ai.il.'i>i.ii'il.i,  fi..if;:.l  I'.iiMi.ii's  111'.  \'M\. 
Au:lnm,i,lil  .it.inrofh f/Uil.  CHI. 
A..<li'ti..n'<l:.  .M;i.'i:i.iil,  1-^* 
Al.ilr.,..ii-.l.liiv.ilil'.iliii,  l;«'. 

Aii.ir.i....'.i.i  iMii.r.iii.i.  i:io. 
..i„./r,.,/„,/.i/"././.../.i,  i:t<>. 

Anttriiinnt't  r/tomhunialm,  IIVJ. 

Atnlrnmi'ta  ntjttht,  IIVJ. 

Afiilriimnta  ro.'iiintnniliiliil,  I;H). 

Anll,„'ltii.lro„,  nil. 

ArJliinleiiilnm  lliirnin,  1  l.'i.  110. 

Al.ti.^pilil  .■.i.-..il'.ili.ll...  ti."i 

,\..tispil;i  ..vssi'f.ilii'lhl,  71. 

A.ils'  \V,»i.l.  17.-.. 

Apl.is  Villi. ii.i.  !>4. 

Appl.i.  H.w,  II. 

Aritlia,  ."17. 

Ar.ili.i  I'l.r.fiirni.Ni,  ". 

Aratitt  fttnt'sffiis,  t)0. 

.-lrrt/(>l  ChiimLiii,  (U). 

Amliii  fmil.itu,  ■"»>*. 

Aratia  /Vc.n.f.if.ma,  iH). 

Araliti  n/i(('/.v.  .'i.'^. 

^rn/iri  ./lid/.  (iO. 

.\i-.ili.i  l.i.<piilii.  ."A 

,\l-illi;.  in..l.iliH,  ."i7. 

.\nilia  liyiiiili'...M,  ■')8. 
.•Irfi/ia  l.triHtiKU  tJO. 


riilrtilnli/, 


ratit'so')!.-!,  Tii). 
.  (.'Iiil.fi.si^,  «iU, 
.  I'l.itii.  nil. 
.  ifhibn 


1. 1 1. 


„f.  I-Jl, 


Aniliit  Miiii'hhiirini,  liO. 
.\riiliii  i....lit'it.ilis.  .".rt. 
,-lm/Hi  /V.ii..-/i...i.'i..il,  00. 
Aniliii  ip.i...|..('fiiliii.  •">>*. 
.Vn.li.i  i'ii.'1'...iisa,  .".H. 
Aniliii  r«.'( "'".'"/.  "'7. 
,lr(i/((i  nin'iiwMtf  viiv. 
Aliili.v  spii.iisi,  •->!•. 
.'lr(//i((  xpiufMdt  00. 
Amiiii  .</ii/.'..<(i,  (*..  iiO 
/lr.j/..i  >/.(mw(i,  viii' 
Arjili.i  ^pi..osn,  v.ir 
Araliii  >piiii.'ii(  Vi.i 
.■I  nilitt  ^plnosn,  v.ir 
Akamack  i;,.-.7. 
A.I1..11.-,  I'Jl. 
.\rl'..t;.»  A..ilia<  h.ii'.  1'-'-. 
.\.lii.t..^t  .\..ili"iil..ii',  I'.'. .it 
A1I1..I..M  .\.'i/".ii«i,  l'-7. 
.1  r'.../il.<  inhflrilotiil.  I'J'-'. 
Arlt>il>i.<  Ifinrifnliii,  I'Jll.  l'-'."'. 
.'  .l/7..ifi/,<  iiiii'-rniiliiillii,  I'J.". 
.\ll)..l.i.'<  Mi-n/ifsii,  I'JIl. 
.Ir/.iifii.<  .l/.ii:i(<ii.  I'-'i.  l'-7. 
Arlmttis  mnllist  1 '-'."). 

'  .lr/'.i/.i.»  iihln.ii/nh'is.  ll'.l. 

Arhnt'i.t  priK-irn,  I'JIl. 

Arhnhis  i'ntuif''>lin,  l'J.">. 

Arhul'i.<  M'rrntifolnl,  I-'-'. 

.■lr/ii|(ii,«  Teriniil,  I'-'-'i 

.\rlii.li.'-  rmilii.  I'-l 

Arlu.t.H  riiiMlii.  I'n.it  111 

Arhiilii.i  riiriiiiix.  l'.'.".. 

.\rli.it..s  X.ih.pci.^is.  l'-'">. 

Arhutfi.':  .Yii/ii/..''..<i.«,  VJ7. 

.Ir'iii/i..<  .Vii/.;/i<''..«(.s  VII.-. 

.Ir'iiidu-  \tllill»nsi.i,  \iir. 

.Ir./;<i.l,  i.-.i. 

.lr./i.«i.l  I'irhrini/io.  IM. 

Aziilea.  111. 

.i.-.i;.(i,  ii:t. 

/l;il/(il  iir/..».-.  >■.■.'".«,  110. 

Azalea  hi.;,U.  110. 

.l;i;/fil  ralrnilalilnii,  110. 

.I:(j/f(l  .■(in.'.'H>''i.'(,  lit".. 

.I;(i/i'(l  ihiiiriins.  1 10. 

A:al.<tln,'lini.  110. 

.•I;(l/ffl  Jiipoiti'tl,  1  10. 

.l.-(l/.'(I  /,(l/i;ii<iiiV'/.  HI. 

'  .l;ii/,n  /./(.. I,  llli. 

.I;.i/t'.l  mi.///.<.  1 10. 

.•I:ii/fii  iiiidilliim,  110. 

.-Ird/i'il  iirriilitilalis,  110. 

.•l;fl/((l  fHi-ietijmtniiUlea,  140. 

.lcil/..i  I'l'iitl.-ii.  ll.">. 

.led/I'd  I'lmliia,  vur.  Shiciish,  110 


,  I'Jl. 


.Ircf.iic'.i,  1J7 
7',.m.,ii.  I'J.-.. 


.l;«/«l  Smfimix,  110. 
Aznha  risrosa,  111'.. 
Azilleii.,  Illi.'.it,  110. 
.■\ziili'ii>.  luili;...,  ll'i. 
AziiliMst.....!,  111. 

lUiilnm'tiU  I't. 
liiilalii,  IS-J. 
Hiilittii-f;......  IS'J. 

liiill...  .■.ipal...,  S. 

lSiltiMl.'..ilnili,  11.-.. 
IliiliKhuiiriin,  11.".. 
lliliii'i.nilfiii  iirl'iirruni,  119. 
l!;i>.  ltu.Mi,  1 1«. 
lii'leiii'  myi'uliiilau.s,  '-0. 
lUnlhnmiiiy  OM. 
liriilhiimiil  fr'Hiifrii,  0-1. 
Ilnilhamiil  ./(i/n.i.ii  .1.  01. 
Ileiilliamiiliii,  O't. 
Ht'iilhainiili'ijloi-i'lii,  00. 
Horn,  .Miiii.ulo"^.  Itil. 
liili.eii  lis,  1 10. 
liilstid.  It). 
IliiifLltirin,  LSI. 
Bl.-.ck  (111...,  77. 
lilaik  Haw,  nil. 
Illa.kOliv.    'I'r.i. -Jl. 
ISIi.ek  l'l.....-l.v.',  II. 

Blllillila,  l.-.l. 

lUittittia  jKi'iicuitit'i  \y^. 
ui.ieii.'.-.i.s  110. 

IM.iebia'l'y.  lli-li-l".''!.,  H" 
/{(..l.'//i((,  l.-..-.. 
Il;riii,t,  lit. 

l!nri,i.l  /!....  ni.,. -J  l.'J'.t. 
Itti.iilii  Ihu-'ms.  \ai-.  amjustifiUa, 
lliifkllairn,  1711. 
Hiilly  T..'.'.  18'J. 
limiielia.  107. 
liunttliiiy  177. 

Uim.i'lia  a...i;.istit'olia,  K-". 
I'mmVui  iirarhuMha,  171. 
IhiimlUl  iirliiirnl,  171. 
Iliimilia  flirysophijUoiiUs,  10!t. 
I'tiiimlia  I'liiiiiila,  17.-.. 
Humrlia  ilidriiiro.  101. 
Ihmelia  f.rrnt/.ifd,  171. 
/I'.iwi  (ill  ./•!  liilisximii,  10,".. 
H...i.t>l[a  la.i..f;i"ii-'a.  171. 
lii.iii.'lia  laiii.!;iiio.-a.  val'.  liu'iila. 
Il.i.i.L'U.i  lyiiiiiiU-*.  17;t. 
liumil"!  li/rioiil'S,  var.  nftiiml", 
Itumelia  Miislirliodeiiilroti,  10.".. 
.'  }iitmilkl  nlilontjifoiiil,  171. 
/iami/.il  /.n/(i./.i,  itl.-.. 


•Jl. 


17'J. 
10,'<. 


;«65W!»S'-r-:*W'-?«?^«»Wf8«^ 


im 


JAMJX. 


!  I 


I 


(liytrat'iiliji. 
i'h\  li'iK'iiliii, 


|iiini-itiMr:i, 
/ii/y^iiiiii, 


liuin'ini  fiiim/iiliii,  I  To. 
Hiniii'liu  n-rliiiittii,  1(>H. 
itiimthit  rt'tiumtii,  I7."(, 

lluill.ini    ^1lli-if,>i„l.    Ki.'!,    170. 

Iluuiilui  -fniimiil,  17-. 
liinitt-lia  Icnux,  HI'J. 
/lumii'itt  liimrtiti<.-iii,  171. 

It.iMir.  17;». 

IlllttMllWOOll,  'J|. 
|llltt-'|l\VtM)l'.   Wliitf,  "JO. 

I    \.   lACKV.  ."il 

i'nrtufi  hi  Jin/nnus,  .VJ. 

'  (ic/'W  Pfriinnuus,  .VJ, 

f  'iiiliiinl'tt.  111. 

( 'it'liimfxi  ja*mtu{fi»rit,  1 12, 

('.MM/'*,  I.V.I. 

t 'fill, ilii  /lonii/t  rum.  ItM) 

Citlu-u   lliixli.  140. 

(  :(ty|)traiitlh>N,  Id 

I'liiyptraiitliivs  aniiiiatii-a.  -VV. 

*;ily|>tramli('«.  Ciiytraciilia,  iHl. 

(  :ttyptrant)i(">  (liUrai-iilia,  a.,  KOiiiii..a.  lUi. 

CiiUptranllu's  ('liytrantlia,  ,i.t  tivalls.  iHi 

i  al\|'tiiiiitlii-.  Cliytnuulia.  >,,  trii'lintniiia. 

('aly|itr:iiitlir 

:k'i. 

Cal^plraiitln 

f'nhiptrtiuth'M  JumhnUvui,  \\. 

('alyptrantlH'^  ithscura.  'X*. 

(  aly |ili'aritlii-s  |iaiiii'iitatM.  'X\ 

ralyittraiitiics  Schit-tlfaiia,  X*. 

(  alyptraiitht'H  SlilfihtcrMlalialia.  .'US 

'  'ill  i/fil  runt  fit  t  Zu:y.'/"""i  '•^'' 

f  'ii! fjfitnttilhua,  Xt. 

(   Al'Uimi.lAi  KK.  KTi. 

(  anit'ii.  "i-. 

r.tnjuf.huUns.  :\\\ 

fiiri/'iphj/liu.*  ariniiiilirH.-*,  lU 

Canada,  170. 

Cota/ipa^  10. 

Cata-'t'-ija  lianiainrliflla.  - 

('atawl>j<-i)si'  KliuiliHli-mlroris,  1  t<i.  1 17 

Cutiuf/fi,  IWl 

( \iviiiinm.  1 1.*! 

(fi  nipia  luotli.  0. 

f'rfihnli'riTVUS,  o\. 

( ''  fhiil'iphortis,  .■)! 

Cfrtitostni'fii/s,  7'<^■ 

i'lnttii^Uiihus  arhorm,  T.\ 

('i-ri'i>s|itti-a  llaiiiaiurlidi.s,  '1. 

Ccrt'iiN.  -~)1. 

rrrt'tls  j,'i;,Miiti'UH,  .*i.*(. 

(■('rfii>  rritrti-uliori^iinini,  .VJ. 

Ceri'ii-.  i'lMiivianu-,  5"J 

t't*i't'ii>  IViiij^li'i,  .VJ 

t  'rrnfarfus,  .'JO. 

' '  'hrrrnphijUnm  orfMtrrsirns, ."!'. 

riielnilii-  iiiyrohalaii-*,  'JO. 

riuTry,  I.Vt. 

CIhtiv .  Surinam,  11 

'  liirhiirr-iuin.  10. 

Oiinest-  Liijniilatiihrir,  H. 

<  liiona-pi^  NvsNic,  71 

Chittirii  W.mmI.  171. 

riioiiia^iiiiiii,  1 1I. 

flii-ysiipliylliiiii.  l."0. 
Cliry^nplivlluiri  Caiiiito,  KrO 
('hrif^uf,!,>il!iim  Ciiiuiio,  UJl. 
f'hri/sii/'fiiilliiw  f'lirolitien.if,  IfJ'.' 
Cftrifsii/tfii/llum  firruffitifiim,  KJl 
f'hrt/nophyllniii  LuilnncinuHni,  171. 


Chrt/iophnU'iin  mirrophiflliim,  1(11, 
Chrii-iitpfiifl/uiti  minii'pi/ninini,  Htl 
CliryMO|t]iylliiin  i)l)\ituriiii-,  H»l 
(^hnj^ophifllum  ohvifitrmi\  var.  nuninpifrenum, 

It'.l. 
i'linMiphylliiin  Uoibiir^'bii,  lOU. 
Cliii-lin^',  H. 
ChuuciHi,  10, 
Vhtftrtiltn,  Xt. 
Ciucht'tm  f'arihtra,  10'. 
Ctnrhotia  (^troliniiinn,  109. 
CinrhoHH  jiiinfnitti/ij,  MVX 
Ciurhoua  Jumuirt  u.ns,  \Xt. 
Ciiirftonit  Lui'iinm,  WA 
Cinchotut  nh»  itiini,  103. 
Ciiifti»aiiil'-a.  110. 
i'ldniiii/rlftfi,  ;10. 
Clrut'n'iih.-i,  ;U». 

t'luvi's  li). 

CloVt-H,  .,||  ot.    It. 

C'lnvo-^lalk.H.  11. 

C'ltivf-triT,  10, 

Cliivf-trcc,  I'ultivatioii  tif.  U). 

(.'(il('o|iliora  cnnn'Ila.  0."i 

(.'uli'n|i|itini  vilmniii'lla,  01 

('ci]i-n?<.|t(iriiiiii  \'i))iii-iii.  01, 

(  uMMia  i,%rh  K.  10. 

t'imi»'ariiii>,  "IW 

(  'iihoi-itrpus  oruli/nliii,  *1\ 

C'uiiiHariMi.H  cri't'la,  *Jl. 

L'oiiiH'urpus  tTt'ctii,  var.  arl>un>(t.  'Jl. 

('oiiiH'iirpu.-  ci-t'rtji.  var.  prtK-iiiiil»'ii.H,  'Jl. 

CoiKH-arpiis  (TiTta,  \ar  si'pici'a,  -I 

i 'i>ftfH  .trpu.".  prm'HUihm.'^t  -I 

Clttlih-iirp'iS   MI'f7H«W(l,    *J0 

(  npaliii  ti.'ilni.  M. 

(ollNArK.f.  0;i 

t'iirim>.  Vt'A 

'  ( 'nrnus  ollm,  01. 

f  ''irn  IJ.1  lilt'  r'lii,  71 . 

Ciirniis  ulh-rriit'ttlja,  71. 

( 'onius    1  »tf'»i*(»i,<i-l 

(  nnnLn  itujitriili.*,  0-1, 

<  'nrnu.t  hnirhi/p'Hlit,  04. 

(  urnii.H  capilatu,  ('►{. 

'  (  ''iruiut  i'iirnUii.  *V| 

Cormut  trispuln,  (II. 

('itriins  rfiHtmarjHi,  (VI. 

Cornus  lliiriila,  WJ. 

Corfius  jhiri'ln.  (iO. 

Curiius  tiorHla,  piMnliiloiiM  vurii'ty,  O-S. 

(■|iriiii>  tlnriila,  rfW-IiracIcil  vaiifty,  tlv 

Ciiiiui.-.,  fiin^'al  i'Mi'iiiii's  of,  0.") 

Corinis,  iri^t'ct  eiit'iiiifs  uf,  (>5. 

<*<'riiu>  K('u.-.a,  01. 

C'lrnus  liinu'iiii'i.iil,  01, 

Coniiis  iiiari'Mpliylla,  04. 

Conius  iua>.  01. 

C'onms  N'littallii.  ()9, 

CnruHs  iMii/'ut,  04. 

(.'ortm^  iit'tiiinaiis,  (>1. 

*  ('nniua  pti/i/ffitmu,  '>4. 

( 'ortitts  putti'tiitu,  71. 

('nrnu!'  ripiiriii.  71 

<^''irmi,'  ripdrui,  \x\x.  riifjosa,  71. 

^'I'ruN.v  riituuilil'tun,  71, 

'  <  'iirnus  ruhii/iiiimii,  (>4. 

(-'uriius  NUijjuiiiea,  04. 

('(iptiiis  si-rk't'H,  (>4. 

CiiniH'<  utnlitlntu,  71. 

Cnrti'x  tliyniiainatm,  H. 

('."tt'tn  iiiiiii,  H'A. 

Cranln'rrit's,  1 10. 

('I'uiilMTrv,  iMittivalioii  of  t lie,  110 


I'vaiKHMHTItMt   llli- 

f'/noii/lini,  i\[\, 

( 'i/riliii  fHtnirHliitii,  l.">;i. 

IhiphuiphijUi^pntit  rtipitiita,  73. 
Dt'trlMTry,  1 17. 
Dflil.itrni.  IHl, 

Milly.  W  ilii.  !S:». 
iJiiiitToHpiirimii  piilfhriiin,  Xt 
Ihntiirpfntulhu.i,  57, 
ihniiirftliiiittliut  iliUn.*,  00 
fhni'ir/ifiniit/iiis  Miiftitifturntiji,  I'A) 

hiplinll.,    177. 

l>i|<liMti>satirir»lia.  IV'.I 
Di^trriK'nia,  110 
l>..^r„,„.U.  00.  71 
Pti^wooO,  l-'Itiwcriiij;.  iKi, 
D.nd'l.umii,  in 
pMWiiwarii  IMiitii,  MTi. 

Ki'liiniK'frcii.s,  ."»| 
hi-hiiioii-rvHn,  ."tl. 
E'-hitintitf'tiiuthn^,  r>l. 
KcliiiiMpsis,  Ti\. 
l-:rh,n..f,s„,r,l. 
Ktrkhnii,  ISI. 
Kl.l.r.  HH.  ;H. 
Kpi^'viiiiiiii,  11(1 
'-/",'/.'/'"'"".  1 1  "'■ 

KltlCACK.f,    1|.">. 

KiianilniMH'ila.  I'Jt*. 
Kuaraliii,  .")7. 
Ktii'iMftiH,  r»i. 
K.ip'iiia,  :M». 
I'.uu^i-nia,  aroinati<'a,  40 
I'.uijiu'm  nxilliiris,  \~t. 
I'lu'iiuui  lUirutu.ii.y,  17 
I'.u^'riiia  Inuifiitiu,   13 
Kuijinut  ninjKphiilUitii.  |0 
Kugruui  *  flirfi.ii.nitit,  3-'. 
F.itgfuiit  tx'ulrtttilt  31. 
A'f**/'  "til  fnii/rini.i,  3'J. 
Kii^t-iila  <  iarlHTJ,  t'J. 
K(i|;i'iiia  •luiiihiilaiia,  11 
Kii|;rnia  .laiiiI>f>H,  I). 
l-!ii^t'nia  liiii^npt  .s,  10. 

f:H;,lUIII    .Mirhlhl,    11. 

Ku;;i'iua  M'Uitirola,  l."i 

f'lnift  iiiit  MiKini,  ll. 

Kttijmiii  uii/rtoulf.i,  43, 

Kuiimui  piiilitt.i,  34i. 

l\ui'fiiu  f'lirifniiHit,  II 

I'.iim'iiia  priM  i-ra,  17 

Eii'/iiiiii  prm'irti^  40. 

/%'n/ttna  tripliriervui,  l.*i. 

I\ui/iiiiii  triplititrviii,  }.,  huxijolut,  43. 

Kiip'iiia  iiiiiljnra,  41. 

Enijtnia  '   WUhhuiimi.  II. 

Etiijfiiiit  /Ci  i/lntiirii,  41 

Eukrnuui,  03. 

I-jirhiHlo(U>ii(lrnn,  143. 

Kuxiii-ciniuui.  1 1-*) 

Kvcryx  elm  rilii'^,  7 1 

Kxolia.Hidiiiin  AiiiIi'diih die,  13(>, 

Kxnlia>iiUuni  A/aUa-,  I  17. 

KxolKuidiiiiii  flisr<>i<lfiiiii,  1  17. 

Kxolia^idiiitii  Vacriiiii,  117. 

Kxnstfdia.  1(»3. 

Kxiistciiia  I'aiilMi'iim,  IO."*. 

Kxosti'iiiH  tluiilxiuduiii,  I0<'{. 

l-'ain-hild,  TImhiuis,  08. 
Kail  \V.  l)-\vnrni,  0. 
KarklrlH-rry,  110 


jyjJh'X. 


LS7 


Fittrtit,  V.l 

I'lttwciiiij;  nnj,'W(MHl,  iUJ. 

l-'iiri^^itl  I'lii'iiiiis  nf  Aiiilroiiii'du.  130. 

I''iinj;ul  cin-rnicH  nC  ('iiriiiiH,  (m. 

Flin^r.tl  l-lnlllll':*  of    llllMIIUUfll>,   L'. 

l-'iiuj;:il   I'lifinii'H  uf    LM[iiHliiiiiliiii'  Styrnei 
Hu:l.  !l. 

Klltl^'ul  CIlI'Mlil'S  l»f   NVMMM,   71. 

Kiiii^m)  fiiciiiii's  ut'  UliiKluili'iHlron.  117 
I''uii|;;il  fiiniiif?*  nf  S.imltiifii-..  .S(i. 
l-'iiii;;:tl  riHMiiirs  i)f  Viicciiiiiirii.  117. 
Kiui^mI  nifiiiii's  iif  Viliiiriiuiu,  IM- 

lihciit  .\Ziilt':is.  I  Ui. 

(ii1H0ll^^  Ainrrit'itii,  •'>8. 
<iirist>M^',  Cliiiu'sr,  -Vt. 
ft'i'isenff  tj'iitufuif'iiliuiu,  ,"iH. 
<iIi'iin!<.|i<)rH  ('iii'ti'<ii,  71. 
(.nu'iliiriii  su|i4'i')Mt'ripntclliit  ^■ 
t.riitt  l^uircl.  lis. 

(imifi'iri'iiii,  ',\\}. 
(iiicttiiril,  .Irait  Kdi-inii*,  111'. 
(HU'ttiinlii,  111. 
fiHi'ttanl't.  111. 
Hmtlnniti  ntn'mfun,  Il'J. 
(iutllanf,!  l.,\i>iii>ttu,  11.1. 
(iiii'ltiinla  t>lti|)tii'a,  IIK. 
iinettiirilfl  litinimnsis,  11». 
Kiiftcinlii  liii:iii(a.  1 11. 
ff'uttt'ir'fn  ni'/.xn,  I  IlV 
(iufll.iMli  >i-:tl)rii,  11'.*. 
(itittinnlti  ifitiinMii,  III. 
(iiiiM.  Hl:uk.  77. 

(;<iiti,  Coiinit,  h:). 

(iiiin  Kl.isti.-,  171. 
(ium,   Itr.l.   I'J. 
(iiiiii,  Sniir,  "7. 
(iiiiri,  Stiir-Ii-:i\.'il.  li*. 

(MItll,  .Sttl'.-t.    10. 

(iiiui.  'rui.fiu.  s:t. 

(Jiirt;iini  SiiipjHT,  Kt. 


Jl<tlesiu,  III. 
Uuti.sidiitit  Caryii't  \i. 

HaMAMM  IliK.F,  1. 

Ilaiii    Mclis,  1. 
I/'imnitu/i.-i  «N'/r■»'/v'"^  '^■ 
/Iiiinamti'it  urlninii,  'J. 
Hiimuniili.t  mrijli/'flin,  \\. 

Ilainiuiii'lis,  fiiiif^itl  fiitMiiifs  ot,  'J. 
llaiiiiUMclis,  iii-«'('t  t'luMiiii's  nf,  *J. 
IliiniaiiH'IU  .la|>(ttMi>u.  'J. 
IlixiniiiHfltA  niitrn'/ifiifllii,  'A. 
llaiM.-iini-liH  iiidllis,  'J. 
liiimniniUi  fiitrrit'iilui,  ',\. 
llaiiiaiiiclis   \'ir}rii[iaim,  3. 
Ilaiiiaiiiclis  Nir^itiiaiKi,  tlisch.irgc 


i)f  ;iOt'ii> 


nf. 


ihimiinulis  I'irijiiiiitufiy  var.  Jtifioturn,  ■_', 

lliifiuimrlis  Vinjitiittuii,  var.  jHitTif'oliii,  li. 

Iftimii'iflis  /^iiirtiritiiiitKi,  '2. 

ll,ir)ii)ilioniH  vunaiiii:^,  (m. 

ilaw,  lUa.k.  !ilt. 

Ila/.'l.  Wit.'h,  :i. 

Ilriviili's*  e'lul..  ."0. 

/iiiiirfilnmi/'i,  ',V.K 

Hii^li-lnisli  IUiH'l»'rr\ , 

'  llorivi,  '27. 


117 


lloriimphiH  lIuiMaiiiilidi!^,  2. 
Iloriiia|iliis  s|iitin<<ii.<4,  '2. 

Hu'hoHUl,    VX 

ll,\li]iaiitria  criiit'a,  *.>,  *M. 

Irarnmi,  i:.I. 

Irai-itrca  |ianiciilatu,  ITkI. 

Imhrimnu,  IHl. 

Iinliaii  Aliiiuiol-tn-f,  'JO. 

Iiiiliaii  A/ali-a.H,  Itti. 

Iitirct  rrn'iMU'H  of  ('(ninis,  t;,'i. 

liiM't't  i'iifiiiii'-<  of  llaiiiuiiiclis,  '2 

In.st'i't i'rh'tni('si)f  l.itpiittaiiiliarStyrni'illii:!, '.>. 

Ins  'ct  nu'Miiis  i»t  Nvssa,  7 1. 

Iii.-M-i'l  <-n(>Miit'^  ul  \'il)iirMuiii,  1*1     > 

Iinliwmiil,  lti>l.  17;t. 

Iv>.  110. 

•  lat'ijuiii,  Nil  nlaiis  i)ust'))li,  l"i. 

.Iai-i|iiuii.(.  1>V>. 

Jitrijiiiiiiti  iirf'oria,  1"»7. 

.Ia<'i|iiitiia  annillurit.  I.*>7. 

Jnri)<iiuia  iirniillnris,  .*.,  nrf>nrm,  l.'t7 

ilacijuiiiia  artiilllaris,  friiit.'^  or,  l-Vi 

.himhos,  :\\}. 

Jiimhiisii,  Itl*. 

JfiiiilnKit  rufiiitn.i,  \\. 

Jn.*mnmiii  filr-ntfuin,  II-. 

.fava)i<">i'  KliiHliKlcmlruiis,  1  lt>.  117 

.In..  W I.  l.-,7 

Jix^inin,  :tll 

Kaliiiia,  VM. 

Kaliiiia  ari^'ir.>tifnli.i,  \'M 

Kalinia  i'ri<-niil<-H,  |;t7 

Saltniii  i/lii't'it,  l',M- 

Kalinia  latlfnlia.  VWl 

Kaltiiia  latil'ntia.  fn-tili/atinii  nf,  1:17 

Kalinia  lalifnlia.  iiiniiv,trnu^  fuiiii  nf,  ItO 

Kalniia  imlifnlja,  i:i7. 

K.>>M.i.  in 

KiiiiukiiMiit-.  til. 
Kfiiphi'Vii,  ll>. 

/.ni'nimut,  1SI. 
I.a^iilinilaiia,  'J7. 
/.ni/iitiru!arlii  ijlihrit'nUn,  '2\\ 
Liifxiiiii-iila'-ia  riu>fniu<)a,  *J'.) 

l.tVifJrrut,  1 II. 

Liiut/ifrin,  III 

f.iiut/itriii  ftif>>iUi,  I  \'2. 

Kaiiivl.  i;(i». 

Laiini.  (ir.at.  \\^. 

I.aunl.  Muiiiitaiii,  l:il> 

I.aiii-)i>^tiiiii^,  ',M 

l.an  sf.ii,n<,i,  CO, 

la'titapi,  \Y.\ 

I.tn!a<io,  \Y.\. 

\.v  \\i)*v  till  IVat/.  17. 

!-i'|iiiinci'reii,>i.  ."I 

l.i'jitniliaiiiiiia.  lir>. 

I.,-nr.>lfi"'    MiiriarKi,  \'A0 

laiiu',  ( >;;fTt.'lu't'.  "t>. 

I.i<[iii(lati>liar.  7,  H. 

I.i'jiii'lnmliiir  iw-rifolhi,  8. 

Ki<|iii<liinl)ai'  ('alifi>i-i)ii'uiti,  7 

I.it|ui!taiiili.'U',  Cliiui'M'.  S. 

Li<(uitlatii1>ar  Knriuosaiia,  H. 

lJi|iiiilaiiibiir  Koriiuwana,  i-nrky  t'XcrescciK'cs 

nf.  S. 
Iai[ui(lanil>ar  l-'nniiosaiia,  vos\\\  nf,  8. 
/.i'luiiliiml'iir  imhtrhr,  1. 
I.i'jHiiliimhnr  uuirrnphijlhx,  10. 


/JtluUinmhar  .}fftiimniviczu,  H. 

Lii|iiiiliiinbai-,  Orictital,  7. 

Ll(|iii<liiiiil(ar  oiii'iitali-s  7,  H. 

|,ii|iii(lainli;t['  |ircitriiHiiiiii,  7. 

J.i'{ui'/unihiir,  ^|K'<ii-H.  H. 

Kiijiiiilaiiiliar  SlM-acitlua,  hi. 

Li(|iiiilatiibur  Styrucittiiu,  fuiif^nl  ciieniiLN  of, 

U. 
LH|iiiduiiiI)iii-  Styrncillim.  iimeot  riiiiiiiiv,  of, 

U. 
Ij(|iii(laiiil)ar  Styracillun,  nu'iiical  ii'.c.h  nf,  8. 
I.i'l'ii'lmnhtir  Sl'/nirifhia,  var.  }t'  rininu,  10. 
laijiiidatiiliar  Styraiitiua,  rt'^iii  of.  8, 
I.i<|uidaiM)H'i.  I'j. 
I.ii[itid  >tni-ax,  8. 
Litna  iiiutli.  0. 
Ly r..liii.  SO. 

I.vciiiia,  SO,  i:;o 

I.'/'iuia,  I'J'J, 

I.i/nriiit   f'trritijium,  llll. 
I.ijituin  Miinnmt,  IIMI. 
li,tn,iu  rhomhoi'lall.t,  V\'2. 
l.ifiiuio  riiji'lii,  lit-. 

Mnirnnn/rtu^.  HO. 
Mai'inprhiia.  110. 
Madrnna,  VS.l  V2r,,  V27. 

Maii^^iiivf,  l.V 
Maiij;n(V**.  \\  hitf,  *JU 
Munilknm,  \S\. 
Maircriavia.  L'l. 
Mai<;jrial',  (icnrji,  '2\. 
MaillHTi-y,  I.".;l. 
Mas-^aria  C'onii.  9.">. 
Ma-li.-,  lii."i. 
M.ttihinh,  111. 

Vutthi.'la  v,(,'.r,l.    Il'J. 

May  applrs,  117. 

Ml  laiii|tMna  ^iii'itpt'rtiana.  117. 

Ml  l.iin|t-iii-a  \  ;urininiiiiii.  117. 

M.tnunuiil,    Il."i. 

Mttdijiinin  oriita,  117. 

Mi»'rtijiimf'o<ti,  lilt. 

Mh'rn-.|»!ia'ia  .Mill.  ti.**.  it."». 

MiiTit'^pha'ia  \  ai"    lii,  11". 

MiiTntiim.s,  1>I>. 

Aftrrntiwi.'i,  *X\. 

Miinn.sni.s.  ISI, 

MiiiniM.ps  Halata.  IS'J. 

Miiitnstiji.s  iiii'iiffi.  IS'J. 

.ytiniiisops  lirti'i'tiiitftii,  IS'J. 

Mimiiso/>s(li,<sii-to,  ISJ.  lS:t. 

Miimi«*<tps,  fi-otinmic  |)i-np<'itit'>  nf,  18li. 

Miiiiii.Mips  Kli'ii^i,  18'J. 

Miinusofi.-t  Flin'iifii'iit.  ISIi. 

',*  Mlunisops  f/.'(t'"Wi,  18'J. 

Miniit.M>p>  li<-\andra,  IS'J. 

Mimusofx  Iloohri,  ISJ. 

Mininsiijit  Iii'liffi,  IS'J. 

.MilllllSllp^  Kauk),  18'J. 

Miiu'is-'j  s  Ku'iki,  var.  liri'irnniint.  18'J. 

Miniiisnp'.  parvillnra.  IS'J. 

Miiiiii^iips  >i»'Iifii.  ls;j. 

Mirai'ulini-i  Hcrrv.  llJI. 

MntluT-clovi's,  II. 

Mnmitain  l/'.avl.  i;iO 

M'lrlni,  ISl. 

Mi/rria  f  Huliiisiona,  ',V2. 

Mi/rcitirin,  ;tO. 

Myrnlialaiis,  "JO. 

Myi'Mltalaii.^.  Iiolcrii'.  'JO. 

Mvii.balaii-.  ilu'l.iilu',  JO. 


t 


y-''tW^.-fyT?j?*»'«9iW«W-,'!i^!iM)a'JJtJ^ 


1S8 


/\/)KX. 


»1 


'!l 


I 


MVKSINKAl  KK,   It'll. 
MvhiArl    t  ,  M. 

v.vrru.H,  ;ti. 

.y/firfiu-  iiJiu'iin.*,  \X 
J/vrfu-s  llnhilniiiii.  11. 

Mt/rlu.t  t'\rij»iih'jUu.i,  40. 
}fi/rt>i.t  t  'Si/tnirulin,  'M. 

MylH.*  ,/um''<M,  It. 
Mi/rt'i.t  Mi>ntirtila,\rt. 
Mi/rtti.*  f'ointi,  IX 
M'lrlim  yrittm,  17. 

M'/rlu-i  /.uzuiii'nn,  'M\. 
Myxtispttriimi  lutuliiii),  ^yt. 

NiikiMl  \Vn,Ml.:fJ. 
N;inii\  ln'i'ry,  '.N». 
Nr|iti*ula  iiy^siri'llii,  71. 
Ni'lirixliKi;!,  1  ]<>. 
S'lCfiititht^  /h>>'iM.  111. 
.\ijiiirifili(tn,  I.'iK. 

Nvftsii,  7;i. 

\lt!*!Ht  (IK'/'j/Md't.",  83. 

\i/isfi  (Viifhliiiii,  m;1. 
N'\osii  iu^ii.iliiM,  K\. 
.\'l/xnt  H'j<uilira,  "t't,  lit,  83. 
NysHii  ailttirt'ii,  73. 

A'/f-"*  hifffini,  70. 

.\if.itft  ( 'ithii'li  nsi*,  7.'i. 

iVyv*<i  rnnttu'iiu.t,  7\K 

iVv,i.»«i  litu'io-auit,  viir.  ijnituIiUentatiu  ^^ 

A'.'/*""  rtiftitiila,  71). 

A'/yod  i'lirnliniithfi,  75. 

A''/.""'*  i'oi'riuetl,  7'J. 

.\n*!f>t  ilttilirnltilii,  83, 

Nyssi),  fiiii^'iil  ciiriiiii'?!  of,  71. 

A'i/.«.t((  ijrnuiiuitnUiUi,  83. 

Xy>sii,  iii?n*rl  I'lii'iiiifH  of,  71. 

A'v""'  iut'ijrif'-hn,  7-~». 

Stjatn  timtitinm,  7'.». 

\y,isfi  mulitjhirn,  7'>. 

\ijs.Mi  muhijliirn.      r.  sylvtUira,  l^t. 

Nvssii  ( lj»fflii',  7ii. 

A*'/".''*!  fHthi.stri.^,  83. 

\if.i.<iii  .stsMlifinra,  73. 

XysHji  sylvatii'U,  7-"». 

Nys-*;!  Mlvatii'u,  viir.  dillurn,  70. 

A'v>'''i  ti'iufutiim,  7'.'.  83. 

Xifs.*ti  uhi/lont,  83. 

tS'iffsa  vUioiii,  7.'i. 

( >^('ri-li(')'  Ijriii-.  79. 

Oil   .>f  rI.>V<-S    11. 

Olivr-in-.'.  BIluk,  :il. 
i>}',u(hi,u  311. 
f/y.*».  3'.l. 

()|Miiii>,  1(3. 

O/iulus,  '.13. 
Un-iiiiitiiiiis,  03. 

Or.. f.'.f  <>.■(>•,  113. 
Oiinilal  I.i<|iiiil:inil)nr,  7. 
0>iii<itli;uiiniiH,  143. 
Osmotfiu-iiu-i.s,  113. 
Oxyi'oci'in.  1 17. 
<>xy<M«i-us,  1  ItJ. 

OXffWni:t,   1 1."). 

Oiyi'ovru.<  innrrororp'i.'*,  1 10. 

OrifctM'rH,t  fMilustri.i,  1 10. 

Ox'/ritrnis    /mlustrist    var.  (?)    macrocarpw, 

110. 
Oiyt'occun  vuhjiiris,  110. 


OxyitriKlruiii.  lil^t. 

4  Uvdrndt-iiin  arlHirouiii 


i;w. 


/'fi/;j*.(,  ll». 

Pitntix  Ann ri>'fiHurHf  r»8. 
Piimir  (tinsttii/,  .VH. 
ViiutiT  i(uiniiiit/iiliumt  "»H. 
/*iutii/itini,  10. 
r.|.lHTi.lp',  7.".. 

f  I 'hi.  hoi, this,  181. 
i')i>lla(tiiiia  ^niltat;i,  0.*). 
VhilhH-nhir,  31». 

iMiylltM'tiistU  liiiuiilaiiihariMollii,  0. 
IMiylliislii-la  llaiiiaini-luli-i,  'J, 
I'lidlohtii'ta  SaiTunloi,  I  17. 
I'/ii/t'iimn,  8,"i. 

I*ii  ktriHtfia  juitiiruliitu,  M't'A. 
r,rrnnHru,i,  U.V 
J'trriH'iMTtiM  thrnfu.*,  117. 
PiiriH'iiCfiut  /V«r(*/</'(N.v,  117. 
i'u'riirori-ii.i  .stumittttui,  117. 

rii'iis.  i:u). 

/'»n.»,  ii:i». 

/'irrM  nr.ili/olui,  i;U). 

rit,'H'  tiilM  rN.  8. 

Piliiccri'ii''.  ~il. 

/'./...vn-./.v,  .-.1. 

Pilittrnti.t  EuijrlmnuHt,  Tl^,^, 

PiltM-irru.t  t/ii/imttus,  ."fci. 

Pinrkiu-y,  ("liarlcs  l'..(iH\v(frth,  Ht8. 

I'iiu'kiifNa,  107. 

!*ini'kiti'\a  imlu-ii'*.  1<(1^ 

i*tucknt'ffn  fmfitsrfti.i,  101>. 

/ViM.ii,  30. 

I'liuin  fH^untirul'ita,  11. 

Vlntin  nifini,  11. 

iMiiiii,  l>ii\vii»ai'tl.  1  7>*i. 

ri.mi-nvr.  niark.  11. 

|'i>(|i>s|)|iict'ii  Muiii'iiiata,  'J. 

PdK  {tlli'IlUlS   Iliotll,  II. 

I'orni's  Kxtra.t,  4. 
Portiiiia,  130. 
P.'rt'iun,  I'Jlt, 
I'rat/,  l-i-  I'a|;t'  ilii,  17. 
I'riiar  W<H..|.  KCi. 

i'rniurtluM  Iliotll.  0. 

Pui-ciiiia  l.iiihii,  01. 
rvr'/'<.<.  151. 

RuiiDJiuia  llaiiiiinii-littis,  'J. 
linl  Ciihi.  IJ. 
H.-.l  si.,i,|., ,.  lit. 

>i  I,iiiiii'ianil)ar  Kornnisaiia.  8. 


Hrojii  nf  I.ii|iiiilaiiitiar  Styrai-itliia,  8. 
Itlii/uphora,  13. 
Iifti:opfiiira  Aintriratui,  !.■>. 
Hhiznfihiirn  iifiiriiliitti,  14. 
lthi:"j,h'irit  rtlU'f'liiri'l,  11. 
!tlii/i)|ili4»ni  (Miiijiifr;ita,  13. 
lihizd/ihi'ra  mnrriirrftizii,  II. 
Klii/iiplinra  Maii;;lf,  15. 
Ilhizi>jih'<rti  M'lHiflr,  14. 
Rhi:>>j)hi*rit  .\tauiilt\  «.,  \T). 
Iifii:"fih"ni  Mttufjh',  var.  rnrtinom,  1' 

H)li/i>|illii|-a  lllllrrniial.l.   11. 

lihiZ'i}ili<trn  r'i'')ttii*it,  15. 
Hl(I/on!OH.\tK.K,  13. 
/iuhrrCi,  103. 
Hli.Mt<Hlrn<lr<>ii.  113. 
Iiho'i».l,ndr«u,  113. 
fiKiii{iiilfuilr'iti  trrm/inonitr)),  145. 
Hliotlndt'nilr'ui  Af|rlianii-tini,  115. 
lUnHlttiliinlrcm  .\ntlniiiuj;on,  145. 


nf.  IV.. 


UlHHliHli'nilron  arb4>ri'Nci-iiM,  110. 
lthiH)(Nlt>it(lrnii  itrlHirt'inii,  1 15. 
lihf<iUnifuilrnn  iiur^um,  1 15. 
KliixliHli'iHJrnn  a/alt'iiitli'M,  110 
l{f,i*i{<»lfutir<>H  hiiolnr,  1 10. 
KliiHl.Hii'iHlniti  ralt-iHiiilurt'iiiii,  1 10. 
lifioiltklfwlrou  tiihitiiiiliiii'um,  1 10. 
ItliiHlodriHlruii  cainpuindaliMii,  115. 
Kliudmlrndnm  ('aintHcliuliriiiii,  114. 
lih<uliHhui{rim  oihtscms,  I  10. 
|{)i(Hl(Hl('iidnMi  Caiawhii-iiir,  1 17. 
IthiHliMlriidroii  chryHaiithiiiii,  145. 
IthiMliidi'Milinii  riniialiariiiiiiii,  115. 
KtuNlixlt'iidriHi  Oiii'dt'  hniliaiil.  I5<). 
lifiin{"4l,  iiilrntt  ihrtliftmiiirs,  1  |5. 
UliiHliHlriiilriiii  firi'u^MiKinn,  111. 
Khoiliidrriiti'iiii  lliivum,  1 15. 
KIltKlndrlltlriill.    fiiii^Ml  t'lU'lliH'H  of,   117 

lUii>diHlt'ndn>ii  li\)>tid.  I>i-liralis>iiiiiitii,  i'A). 
Kla>d»d.ii(lri>ii  Iiidu-inii.  140.  117. 
IIIitHludi'iidroti  ja^inihittnMiii),  117. 
Kliodndi-iidrnti  .la\a:ih-uiii,  117. 
Hill  dodi-iidnin  Iai|ipi)iiit-iiin,  144. 
UhiMlndi'itdrHri  tt>pidntuin,  115. 
Itlinilmliiidinii.  Madaiiir  vaii  Iliiiitrf,  l.Ml. 
Kliododriiilriiii  niaxiiiiiiiii,  118, 
Itliodt'dt-ridmii  iiiaxiinuin,  \ar.  alltitni,  110. 
IthiHlodt-iidruii   iiiiuiMiiiii),  \ar,  piiiptiniini, 

1 10. 
KhiHlddctKlroii  tiitixitnuni,  \ar   ru-riiiii,  1  ll*. 
ItlhHliHlt  iidroii,  iiH'diral  pittprrtics  of,  1 15. 
Uhn.l.ul.u>ln.u  nu.lh;  110. 
Kliododnidroii  iiudittnrnin.  110. 

ItlMHtiHlrlidmii  nri'ldflltal*-,   110. 

UliiMliMli-ndrnii  iMliiratitiii,  110, 
lik'^huUu,{rnnoi}inu,tl,,  115. 
HhtH|ndt'iidt-nii,  poistiiiiiiis  prtipt 
KhiHliidi'iMltiXi  rnntii-iiiii,  1  17 
li!n»ii>i{(iiilriiH    I'nuttruui,  1  15. 
Hhxi'xl-fulrnu  f,r,H;rum,  1 18. 
lih'iiliiilttnlrim  fmr/mrrum,  1 10. 
lih^"!'H!ru,frnu  rur.hu,  110. 
lifn>ilin{ftii{nm  titln/uum,  1 1.5. 
KliiHliidi'iHlrtiii  SinciiM',  I  lli. 
lihiiiliifhnilrnu  sfiti-iiKfitm,  117. 
|{|loi|ndrtli1n>ll  \i<i'oslllll.  1  |(t. 

UliMdud.ndnai  W.-llsianuin,  1.M». 

ItlitHlodi-iidniiiH,  CatawltirnM-.  MO,  117 

UliMd..dr)idn.M.^.  i-iiltivat.'d,  11.V 

U)M..lod.-iiilrMn^.  lut.nd.  1 1.'.. 

HIioiliHlt  hiliuii-;,  .lavaiii-M-,  I  |tl,  117. 

lih.Hl„.{.u,hn,,  l-JO.  137. 

/ifiujaru,  1 13. 

KhodoraMMiiii.   111. 

lihifluthinnn'iA  h'limtsrfiiiitniH,  144. 

itliyti^iiia  \'ai'('iiiii,  117. 

Ro>.-  .Vppl.-,  11. 

Husr  lta>,  118. 

UriiiAt  Kf.  103. 

liutlfifikin,  'J3. 

ftut/rma,  311. 


.Saiiilmciis,  8,'». 
.'^aitiliiii'iis  adnata,  S(t, 
y  Sutnfiiu'us  iiu-itmli.'*,  80. 
Saiidfiicii.H  liipinnata,  Hit. 
Sumhurus  fii/iitmnlit.  Hit. 
SamftunLt  Culijoruuui,  iU. 
f  Sawhiiru.i  i-nllii'iirfHtt  01. 
Saiiilaniis  {'an;ld«'ll^i«',  H8. 
Saiidiui'UH  ('aiiadriisi.s,  vur. 
SatnbuCH.f  rtrnlni,  lU.  1>'J. 
S(tttifiunt.i  Chifuttsi.'t,  HO. 
SHinbnciiH  l-3iulus,  80. 


Mcxicaiia,  i^H, 


INDEX, 


189 


i."i<i. 


117 

iiniiiM,  VM. 


iilttr,  VA\ 


SiudImicum,  fiiii^itl  I'lM'tiiii"*  nf,  H<1. 

SamiiiintA  fiiiui/tr/ifiuiliniiii,  HU. 

SlIllllllK'IH  ^luiicii,  1M. 

Siiiiihuruji  fi/iturii,  MH,  Hl», 

SiinthnruH  i/rnrrnfi  n.i,  K(l. 

Siimtiiiftui  /iuiHili.1,  H\i. 

SuiiiImk-iin  .litvaiiica,  Htl. 

SninlMinii4  Miiiliiri'ii-^i',  Htl, 

S<im/nirn.i  Mirtnimi,  >*'>*i,  tH. 

HtiKiliiiciis  iii);i'ti,  HO. 

Sdrnhnnm  iiitfni,  H.'»,  HK, 

Siiiiilmi-ns  l'ulinriiNi!4,  Hit 

HiiinhiiiMH  I'ritiv  hiiiii,  HI). 

Siiinhimts  fiulit  n.*,  H."», 

Siinihiirui  fiitlinis,  \nv,  nrhnnnn'w,  H."i. 

SumhifHA  /nilir.'trrti.i,  M.*». 

.SlIllilMlcnH  incrliinnU,  H,'t. 

Stimhitfii.i  ri'/HiiM,  Hll. 

Sttmhui-un  'I'huiihtriftHfut,  H*K 

Sitmhititi.t  vtlulihtit  HH. 

StimhuniA  )'K/(/(ir(>,  Hll. 

SamfntruM   \Villitliii.in,  H,*!. 

SuillllllCIIS  Xlllltll<>riil'|iil,  Hit, 

.SViy«./a  r(HMN/,  n'.;t. 
.S'*l/-r./ff  Mnlhri,  IH'J. 
S.\l'OTAt  K.K,  |."»t». 

Srhull,rtt  <hifn»rH.i,  I  Hi. 
Si'finmf'iHi  niinmutnhi,  'Jl*. 
SfltTiirliuluM,  Ili7. 
Splirfirlnitti.i  Unm,  lltti, 
Srlirtiziui  httiir,  \ii*.t. 
Srupt-lnHnrnil  Mi>n'uliii)rii,  'J. 
■S-ii'iilitiiii  l.i<|iiHliuril>iiriK,  U. 
Si-|iti)riii  loi'iih'iplii,  lt.'». 
Si'ptoi'lii  l.t<)iiMliiiiiliJii'it,  U. 
SlM'fpl«Try,  IMt. 

SuiiTut^lon  rhrifiopfti/IInnh*,  U'){1 
Sulrn>ji/li>ti  iltiiitnlriitn,  M'A. 
Siiifritrtftint  l<rvr,  I7!t 
Sulrmrylim  littiUf/trin,iit>ii,  171. 
SuieriiitjliiH  lifruiul*x,  I71t. 
Siitrmriflon  rrrlhtittum,  IttH. 
SuieriUfiltm  .itilu'i/nlium,  I7U. 
Siiitrinylnu  nrrut'iim,  MWi. 
^ideri'xyliiu  Irunr,  Ui'.». 
?  Suifmrijlnti  triiiiit  171. 
SidtTiixvliiiii,  Hilt. 
Si(li'rnx>  luiM  utU-iiii;iliiiii,  lltl, 

Slill-lnxyllllll   (-liNtilllllll,    Ili.'(. 

Siili'ri>x>iiitii  <lul('iti('iini,  ll»|. 
Si(|i-i'ii\)liiiii  iliti-inc,   llilt 
Silli-roxvhllM   Mjtstirl|..i|rlHtM>ll.  Kt.*!. 

SitlciDX)  liini  MiTriiiilurDi.  lli.'t. 
.'^iili mri/luiu  imlU'liiin,  U\'t. 
NirlH-r.  Kruiiz  Willi.lm.  IHI. 

SiphiiUiU'lrliit,  'A\t. 

Soit'uiiinlni,  Hi'A. 
SiilfiiDtiniii,  *.K\. 
Sitlfiinttiiiu'<,  int. 
Siiinl   Trti',  i;l,j. 
Soiir  Ihimi,  77. 
^uui  Tujifli",  7'J. 


Snitr  Wntxl,  i:t.'>. 

H)l)llliiilt  Stn|i|)tT,  l<). 
h|MirtilrlMiry.  111). 

Sfthfumitriiu*,  'It. 
Spi'iilnmii,    llilt. 
h|innl|  W I,  MO. 

StiiK  It'"*)'*  1*1*' 
Stiil-it|i|>lr.   IIM). 

Stiii-lciivi'tl  fiitni,  rj. 
Sfiunrnh/j,  'Mt. 
Slttinnih/i  Muhrlti,  II. 
Sh^n^riit,  IHI. 
StuinH  t.  I"i.  (7. 
.st<'|>)M-i,  (tiii'^i'iiii,  13. 

,Stn|i|..  I.   K.  <).    111. 
St<>{i|ti'|-,  N|iiniiiti,  lit. 
Slr(|i|..|-,  Wlltlr,    1."|. 

Sliu'iiii,  liijiiiil,  H, 

Sfnnif/ifliMiilifr,  '.\\t. 

Mm'iix  lM|iiiilii  t'oliii  minor'-,  8. 

Sitiiiiiiin  CliiTry,  11. 

SiiMiirin,  ."lit. 

Swart/.  Hint.  It, 

Swiiit/iii,  II. 

Swr<t  Ihiiii,  10. 

Siflli/iiiiin,  Itl*. 

Si/ii'irrfiiuii,  IHI. 

SyiM'hytiiiiiii  Viittiiiii,  117. 

Sii:i/f/iuni,  111*. 

Sijzfftjium  JmnhitiwiHm,  II. 

't'liiiihntiiii,  10, 
'iVniiiiialia,  MK 
T'rmifiol'ii,  lit,  -It. 
'rt'i'iiiiiii(lia  llrli'i'itM,  'JO. 

'ri-l'lliiri.lll.i  Itltrria'^,  \1\. 
'rcriiiiiiiilia  ('ut;i|>|tii,  'JO. 
'ri'i'tiiirialia  ('}irl>ulii,  '.'0. 
'rih'I'nrlliHlJMii,   1 1 1. 

7V,7r..Mi,„/,  Oil, 
'Inmn,  Olt 

ttuui.  Olt, 

't'niiijiii.i  tlrtitiitit.  It. 

Tnluf.HA,    1. 

'i'nlnjuui  tHfintli>,  It. 
'/'n/nfuij*  niifnit  It. 
't'nlii/i'H  futrrif'tilid,  .t. 
'I'nliifiti.M  riihiU'lif'oliii,  It. 
J'nliifiu*   I'ln/inini,  It, 

'/'rififfrhi.i  .\u'^lni(ii.<ii'ns,  80. 
'r!tu-<ia,  1  M. 

'rilinln,  7."i. 

7*.</W...  7lt. 

'I'liinlit  ( itilii.  Hit. 
rii|.rl..,  Smii.  70 

f'unlo,    ILM. 

Vaciiiiiuiii,  I  I.'t 
Vairiniuiii  ailmrfuni.  110. 


Viucinium  uorvmlMunih,  117. 

Krtt'iTim/H  'liff'tjiuin,  110 

yaniuiuiii  tliMiitiufrfihuiiif  117. 

K'i'riNccn  ilriiitumt  117 

Vai'i'iniiini,  iiiii^al  ciiriini -^  tif,  117. 

I'tiirinium  hi-ynlnlum,  110 

r<((fMimm  linn-fohtuiii,  117. 

VuiTiiiiiiiii  iiiai'iiK>ut'|toii.  lli> 

|'f((r(»i('(»i  nhtinmiiliiiii,  1 10. 

Vai'i-iiiinrii  M\i tilliiH,  1 10. 

Vui-i'iiiiiiiii  (H-iiclrtituli-,  110. 

Viii-riiiiHiii  (tviituin,  1 17, 

VatTiiiiiiiii  ( Ixvi'inriif,  110. 

Vitninium  (trifriii-rii:t,  110. 

Vairiniiiin  f hiftH-ruM,  \ai-.  tthlorffijuhumt  ItO. 

Vticnniuin  ttj-ijimntu,  vur.  ovitH/oliuiii,  Iltt. 

Vurrlmum  fitihH.nfiin,  110. 

VdiTiiiiuni  /mnitntuiii,  1 10. 

rufCMi/'iia  Sulinfiii^  110. 

Vuci'ininiii  siaiiiiin-iiiii,  1 17, 

N'arciiiiuiii  nli^iiiiiMiiM,  110. 

VaiH-iiiiaiii  Viti-^  lihi'ii,  110. 

Viilil.  .M;titiM.:i.'t, 

Vahha.  lilt. 

VaNa  l.ii|ui<luiiiliuiiH,  0, 

^'ilMlr1llllll,  IKt. 

I'lhiirnuiii,  Oil, 

Vifmrnuiii  ti>,M,i{,.<,  <«». 

Vilturuum  Amtn'tnmni,  *M. 

I'ihuriiuiii  tilnl^,  IM. 

VilMii'iiiiiii  t'Mipticiiiii,  *M. 

Vilmrnuui,  finical  nirmii--^  nt',  !M. 

Viluiriiutii.  iiiMTt  fiu-iiii("*  nf,  01. 

Vihiii'iiiiiii  l.untaiia,  01. 

N'iliiirnuiii  I.t'iili<;rn,  Oti. 

VilitiMinni  <)|iiilu>.  IM. 

Vifmrunm  Ofiu'ti-i  .\mfr>ctitiiini,*M. 

['ififiri)Uiii  (>}ihIhs  tihih  ^  01. 

VOmmum  Ofiuhu  IC'iri'/itiinuin,  \H. 

VihitnmiH  (t/tulns  I'iinitta,  '>!. 

I'lhtirnuin    (i[ndu,^    I'iinitiu,  var.    ■mhtonhiluiii, 

IM. 
Vihuruutn  Oif/*'orrus.  tH. 
Vihiiriniin  |)i'miil'i>ltiiiii,  00. 
Vihurtiuui  /iniiiif'uliiim,  \av.  /erntgin»nin,  0*J. 
I'ihunmm  fiifrijuliuni,  {Ht,  Oi>. 
Vilairuiiin  Tiiins,  01. 
Vifiurnttm  ('mc'ttusiinu  H4. 
Vi/'iinmiN  triliilium,  *M, 
Vinyi.  I  lit. 
Vitis  I.iaa,  no. 
I •(>(..  /././.*,  115. 

Wllitr    UllttMIIUi.nd.'JO. 

Wliitr  Maii.-^n'w.. 'JO. 

Whilf   Slnp|if|-.    1"!. 

Wil.l  Dilh.  ISIt. 
W.i.li  lla/.'l.  It. 

Zniiibia.  KU). 
i^ewthla,  V2\h 
XolLiwti,  1*J0. 


